Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Voltage drop can be calculated from the following relation
single phase circuit
Vd=2*IL (Rcosɸ+Xsinɸ) V
Three phase circuit
Vd= √3* IL (Rcosɸ+Xsinɸ) V
Vd = voltage drop
I = load current
R = AC resistance
X = Reactance
Cosɸ = power factor
L = length
X = ω l x 10^-3
Relation between Cosɸ and Sinɸ
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Another method to calculate Voltage drop simply
VD = Ib x L x cable vd factor / 1000
Where :
Ib = Base current or load current (A)
L = cable length (m)
Cable Vd factor and we get it from the tables below
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Now we calculated the Individual voltage drop
To calculate the accumulated from the following relation
Accumulated V.D = Individual V.D + Up stream voltage drop
V.D % = 𝐕.𝐃 (𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝) / (𝐯)𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 (𝐯) 𝒙 100
The voltage drop on any branch circuit shall not exceed 3 % and
the accumulated V.D % = 5 % according to NEC
Accumulated V.D % = 2.5 % according to Egyptian , KAHRAMAA
and (MEW) Kuwait codes
Accumulated V.D % = 5 % according to DPS
Accumulated V.D % = 4 % according to ADDC and DEWA
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Maximum voltage drop according to IEC60364-5-52
Starting current of a motor can be 5 to 7 times its full-load value (or
even higher). If an 8 % voltage drop occurs at full load current, then a
drop of 40 % or more will occur during start-up.
It is recommended that the maximum value of 8 % in steady operating
conditions should not be reached on circuits which are sensitive to
under-voltage problems
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Maximum voltage drop according to IEC60364-5-52
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
الكود المصري المجلد االول الباب الخامس
NEC-210.19
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
DEWA regulation 4.2.3
KAHRAMAA-604
Life Safety and central Battery system
Voltage Drop Calculations
Life Safety and central Battery system
POWER SYSTEM
DESIGN
Short Circuit
Calculations
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
How to calculate the short circuit ?
• By using manual calculation.
• By using Schneider electric tables.
• By using supplier catalogues and Egy. code.
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
𝑉𝑛.𝑙
Is.c = short circuit current (KA)
𝑍𝑡
Where:
Vn.L = No load ( L-N ) secondary voltage of
distribution transformer (V)
Zt = Total impedance contributing in s.c level
(m.Ω)
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
The electrical network contain
Upstream (medium voltage) network
Transformer
Cables
Busbars
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
Short circuit of upstream (medium voltage) network
Rup = Z cosɸ 10^-3 Xup = Z sinɸ 10^-3
Cos ɸ = 0.15 & Sin ɸ = 0.98
Z = V^2 / MVA(sc)
MVA(SC) is obtained from electrical authority.
R & X in mΩ therefor “Medium voltage impedance (neglected)”.
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
S.C at the secondary terminals of distribution transformer
Is.c = 𝑰b 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 / 𝒁% ….. (KA)
Where:
Ib = (𝑺 𝒙 𝟏𝟎^3)/(𝑽𝑳 𝒙 √𝟑) ….. nominal current (A)
S = KVA rating of transformer
Z% = p.u impedance of transformer=Usc%
VL = L-L secondary Voltage on open circuit (V)
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
S.C at the transformer
Transformer Impedance
𝑉𝐿2
Ztr = xZ%
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑡𝑟
Where:
Ztr = Actual ohmic impedance (m.Ω)
VL = L-L secondary Voltage on open circuit (V)
KVAtr = Transformer rating in KVA
Z % = p.u. impedance of transformer
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Example
400 kVA transformer, 420 V at no load
Z% = 4 %
Ib=(400 𝒙 10^3)/(420 𝒙 √3)=550A
Isc=(550 𝒙 100)/(4)=13.7KA
Ztr = [(420^2)/400,000] 𝒙 4 = 0.17 m.Ω
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
S.C at the transformer
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
S.C at the transformer
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
S.C at the busbar
R = ρL/A X = 0.15L mΩ
ρ(CU) = 22.5
ρ(AL) = 36
L Length A cross section area
ZB.B = √(R^2 + X^2)
ZB.B busbar impedance very small value can be (neglected)
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Manual calculation
S.C at the cable
Rc = ρL/A , Xc = 0.08 L (3 ɸ cables) , Xc = 0.12 L (1 ɸ cables)
ρ resistivity constant of conductor material
L Length of the conductor (m).
A cross section area(mm2)
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
S.C at the cable from supplier catalogues
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
S.C at the cable from supplier catalogues
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
S.C at the cable from supplier catalogues
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
S.C at the cable from supplier catalogues
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
S.C at the cable from Egy. Code:
Where:
Isc = Short circuit rating of cable (kA)
A = Cross sectional area of conductor (mm2)
t = Time to trip (seconds)
K = Cable short circuit factor
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
S.C at the cable from Egy. Code:
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Schneider electric tables
By knowing the cable length and cross section area and the
upstream short circuit current
We can use the below tables to determine the down stream
short circuit current
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations
Schneider electric tables
Life Safety and central Battery system
Short Circuit Calculations