Velocity Bunching: ORION,

PLEIADES, and Neptune

J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
5/3/02
 Applications of compressed, ps-pulse
high brightness beams

• SASE FEL (LCLS w/2 compressors)

• Thomson-scattering sources
(PLEAIDES)
• Plasma wake-field drivers (FNAL);
emittance not a big issue?

Main issue: can one maintain phase space density

(focusability) during compression? Diseases include
non-inertial space-charge, CSR,...

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

Damage from bends 1: phase space
bifurcation at Neptune (last week)

Undercompressed Fully compressed

23 300

22.5 250

22 200

Count
21.5
γ

150

21
100

20.5
50

20
-0.12 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0
ζ (mm) 20.1 20.4 20.7 21 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5
γ

5/3/02
Longitudinal phase space bifurcations and distortions also seen in simulation
PBPL seminar series
Damage from bends 2: coherent synchrotron
radiation instability (2 weeks ago)

70 160
60 140
Current (A)

Current (A)
50 120
40 100
30 80
60
20
10 No compression 40
Mild compression
20
0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time (ps) Time (ps)
700
600 Strong compression
Current (A)

500
400
300
200
100
00 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time (ps)

Strong energy modulations observed at 70 MeV in SDL

experiments (W. Graves, Berlin CSR Workshop, 1/02).
Potentially disastrous for LCLS and TESLA FEL.
5/3/02 PBPL seminar series
Damage from bends 3: Phase space distortions in
high gradient UCLA/FNAL PWFA experiments

Distribution of highly decelerated beam after plasma.

Spectrometer bend is horizontal,chicane bend plane is vertical.
Vertical distortions very reproducible; emittance grows from 20
to 50 mm-mrad.

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

 Velocity Bunching:
a Cure for “The Bends”?

• Proposed by Serafini, Ferrario (2000) tool for

SASE FEL injector, avoids magnetic
compression and associated problems
• Compression effectively done at low energy
• Inject emittance-compensated beam at 5-7
MeV into slow-wave linac
• Perform one-quarter of synchrotron
oscillation to compress beam
• Similar to manipulations in thermionic injector
bunchers, but with high phase space density
(emittance preservation???)

Longitudinal phase space

schematic for velocity bunching

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

 Options for Velocity Bunching 1:
“Slow-wave capture”

• Long slow-wave structure

– Choice of phase velocity gives
flexibility in optimizing capture
– Not really necessary...
• Can tune ω (new source)
• Can tune k (new structure)
• Final bunch length dominated by
rf nonlinearities
• Proposed for INFN FEL
injector test facility SPARC HOMDYN simulation of INFN test facility case

(slow-wave integrated system)

• Variation proposed for LLNL
PLEIADES
5/3/02 PBPL seminar series
 Options for Velocity Bunching 2:
“Ballistic Bunching”

• Alternative: use only short 0.2

bunching section to split

functions of bunching and 0.15

acceleration

(mm)
• Short section is “thin lens” 0.1

• Good for compact systems

z
σ
0.05

• Proposed for ORION facility at S-band RF gun

SLAC 0

– S-band injector
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S-band PWT Buncher z (m) X-band travelling wave linacs

– S-band PWT buncher

– X-band linacs (NLCTA)
HOMDYN simulation of ORION system

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

 The ORION proposal
• PBPL is lead on 2

injector/beamlines

[mm-mrad]
1.5
rms beam radius
normalized emittance

• Great emittance (scaled 1

ε x,n
Ferrario WP)

[mm],
0.5

• Lousy energy spread (6 ps

r
σ
0
0 1 2 3 4 5

injected)
z [m]
2

• Small energy spread for (mm), p/p (%)

1.5 rms bunch length
rms energy spread

bend transport a la ATF

δ

• Need extremely small

z
σ

0.5

energy spread for laser 0

acceleration expts. PBPL seminar series

0 1 2 3 4 5
z [m]
5/3/02
 ORION velocity bunching
3500

• First PARMELA studies of VB; 3000

1 nC design point (PWFA case)

2500

2000

B (G)
• Need to decelerate — beam to 1500

rigid at 7 MeV 1000

• Showed emittance can be

500

preserved 0 50 100 150 200

z (cm)
250 300 350 400

80

• Need ramped magnetic field 70

profile to match beam plasma 60

frequency
50

40
γ

• NLCTA source has magnets! 30

20

• Need to avoid longitudinal 10

cross-over 0
0 100 200 300 400 500
5/3/02 PBPL seminar series z (cm)
Compression similar to HOMDYN

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
(mm)

0.4

0.3
z
σ

0.2

0.1

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
z (cm)

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

 Structure in longitudinal phase space

73

72.5

72
No longitudinal cross-over
71.5
z
βγ

71
1500
70.5

70

69.5
1000
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
ζ (cm)
I (A)

500

High current!
0
-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03

z (cm)

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

Control of transverse beam size with
ramped B-field...

1.5
(mm)

1
x
σ

0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
z (cm)

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

Gives emittance compensation (tricky!)

3.5

3
(mm-mrad)

2.5

1.5
ε n,x

0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
z (cm)

Fast plasma oscillations with increased current

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series
Transverse phase space can be
filtered…
83% of charge inside of collimators has
1 mm-mrad normalized emittance
0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02
x

0
βγ

-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
x (cm)

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

 PLEAIDES

• Sub-ps beam for high flux sub-ps x-rays

• Need very low energy spread and
emittance for focusability (<15 microns)
– Also PM to get rid of chromatic aberrations
• Forget chicane!
• Compress at 5 MeV
• Experiments this year
– Phase space tomography
5/3/02 PBPL seminar series
PLEAIDES linac scheme

• Four 2.5 m linacs (independent phase)

• Very high current beam for positrons —
solenoids wrapped on each individual linac
(independent focus)
• Run first linac near zero crossing (initially
decelerating)
• Works down to 25 MeV

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

1st PARMELA study for PLEIADES
3000

2500
B-field tailored for beam
2000
plasma frequency
B (G)

1500
z

1000

500
100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 80
z (cm)
60
γ

40

Do not decelerate 20

beam much... 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
z (cm)
5/3/02 PBPL seminar series
 Beam size and emittance
oscillations controlled
1.4

1.2

1
σ (mm)

0.8

0.6
x

0.4

0.2
6
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
5
z (cm) (mm-mrad)
4

Emittance compensation not 3

perfect. 2
n
ε

0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series z (cm)

 Bunch length and energy spread
exactly as needed!
1

0.8
(mm)

0.6
z

0.4
σ

0.2
7

6
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
5
z (cm)
δγ/γ (%)
4

Current is 1.2 kA! 3

0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
z (cm)
5/3/02 PBPL seminar series
Start-to-end simulations (35 MeV case)

Simulation by Winthrop Brown (LLNL)

5/3/02 PBPL seminar series

 Experimental outlook

• Ballistic bunching
studies at Neptune
0.6
σ = 0.39 psec
t
0.5
from UCLA filter model analysis
– Bunching

Autocorrelation signal

(normalized)
0.4

– No post-acceleration 0.3

– Emittance dynamics? 0.2

– Superior bunching! 0.1

Linearity of rf... 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

• “Slow-wave” (rephased
t (psec)

speed-of-light wave)
Pietro will talk about this...
studies at LLNL
– Tomography (BNL)
5/3/02 PBPL seminar series