Changing sentence order and parts of speech (changing nouns into verbs)
1. There are several categories of race and ethnicity which include Hispanic, American Indian and
Filipino.
Hispanic, American Indian and Filipino are examples of the various categories of race and ethnicity.
2. There are three categories of rendering techniques. These are A, B, and C.
Rendering techniques can be subdivided into three categories: A, B, and C.
3. The use of a microscope is essential for a full comprehension of the technique.
Using a microscope is essential for fully understanding / in order to fully understand the technique.
4. There are a number of important differences between watching TV programmes and reading a
book.
Reading a book differs from watching TV in several fundamental ways.
5. The researchers started their investigation of the work habits of teenagers last week.
The researchers recently investigated youth work ethic.
6. Ali insisted on the truth even if it might cause her pain.
Ali`s insistence on honesty, no matter the personal cost, makes her an admirable character in this
novel.
7. Lecturers who use colloquial vocabulary can cause problems for international students.
The use of colloquial vocabulary by lecturers can be problematic for international students.
8. It is often argued that the growth of the Internet has made it more difficult for universities to
prevent plagiarism.
A common argument is that the growth of the Internet has made the prevention of plagiarism more
difficult for universities.
9. Students frequently complain about their workload.
A frequent complaint of students concerns how much work they have to do.
10. Artists need a certain amount of freedom to develop their creativity . Some people think that
artists should have total freedom to express any thoughts and ideas.
As artists need freedom for their creativity, it is thought that there should be no limits to their freedom
of expression.
Some people believe that artists require freedom to be creative and therefore should have complete
freedom to express any idea they have.
It is thought that without complete freedom of expression, an artist will not be able to be develop their
creativity.
11. His phone was stolen last week. Therefore, he was worried about the leak of his
personal and bank information.
He was afraid that his personal and bank information would be leaked out because his
phone was stolen a few days ago.
12. Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of
disease.
According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing
diseases to spread (James, 2004).
13. Many people find watching tennis interesting.
Yesterday, I stayed in the library until midnight and finished my homework.
I finished my homework at midnight in the library yesterday.
Niagara Falls is viewed by thousands of tourists every year.
Each year, thousands of people visit Niagara Falls.
In ancient times the olive branch was used as a peace symbol, as well as the dove.
Many centuries ago, peace was shown with an olive branch and a dove.
The museum has a huge collection of African art.
There is a large exhibit of African art at the museum.
With electronic cigarettes, there will be no smoky smell on your clothes or skin.
Using electronic cigarettes does not make your skin and clothes smell smoky.
My partners and I are currently in the middle of getting funding for a new business we are launching.
At the present time, my partners and I are seeking funds for our new business venture.
The price of a resort vacation includes meals, tips, and equipment rentals which makes your trip cost-
effective.
All-inclusive resort vacations make for a very economical trip.
During a cruise, you can check out the natural scenery.
You can see natural vistas during a cruise.
In the first season, Mary’s brother and sister conspired against her.
Mary’s brother colluded with her sister early in the season.
Symptoms of the flu include fever and nasal congestion.
Stuffiness and elevated temperature are signs of the flu.
Combining sentences
Example sentences:
1. The initial stages of the experiment involved sorting through potential test subjects. The scientists
had to ensure there were sufficient representatives from each gender, age group and ethnicity.
with linker
The initial stages of the experiment involved sorting through potential test subjects because the
scientists had to ensure there were sufficient representatives from each gender, age group and
ethnicity.
with linker and synonym
Before any actual testing began, the scientists reviewed possible participants because a successful
experiment depends on their subjects representing a good cross-section of the entire population.
2. On the one hand, John seems like a total loser. On the other hand, he’s a very loving father.
with linker
On the one hand, John seems like a total loser, yet on the other hand, he’s a very loving father.
with linker and synonym
John is an affectionate father, yet he doesn’t seem to be successful in other areas of his life.
3. It is undoubtedly true that studying English in an English-speaking country is the best way, but it is
not the only way to learn it.
Although it is beneficial to learn English in a country where it is natively spoken, there are other
effective ways to learn it.
Some people believe that animals should have the same rights as humans. Other
people believe that animals should be used for various needs such as food and
research.
Some people believe that animals should have the same rights as humans, while
others believe they should be used for various needs such as food and research.
Some people believe that logging is a serious problem. They believe that it may
lead to the extinction of animal life.
Some people believe that logging is a serious problem and it may lead to the
extinction of animal life.
Active - Passive
1. Norma has had a terrible five years. Someone stole her car and set it on fire in 2006. Two of her
toes had to be amputated the year after that. A road accident killed her husband in 2008. The other
driver’s carelessness was the cause of the crash. A storm damaged her house earlier this year.
Norma has had a terrible five years. In 2006 her car was stolen and set on fire. The year after that
she had to have two of her toes amputated. In 2008 her husband was killed in a road accident. The
cause of the crash was the other driver’s carelessness. Earlier this year her house was damaged by
a storm.
Paragraph paraphrasing by stating the main idea
1. Hemmingway’s work contains a lot of symbolism. In The Old Man and The Sea, the protagonist is
struggling to capture a large marlin. His struggle against the marlin symbolizes the protagonist’s
struggle against defeat. Hemmingway’s use of symbolism truly affects the way the reader reads and
interprets his work.
Paraphrase: - When reading Hemmingway’s work, it is important to recognize how symbolism
affects interpretation. - Hemmingway’s use of symbolism affects the reader’s interpretation of the
work.
2. Organic foods are said to be healthier because they are grown without pesticides, radiation, or
genetic mutations that most non-organic food contains. Non-organic foods are often injected with
hormones and dyes, which jeopardize the quality of the food.
Paraphrase: - Organic foods are healthier than most non-organic foods.
3. “No historian should begin research with someone else’s notes. Taking notes is the first (and
perhaps most important step) in developing our own interpretation of a subject. It forces us to
decide (again and again) what is interesting and important” (Reuben, 2005, p. 413).
Paraphrase: - Reuben (2005) states that in order to develop an original analysis of their topic,
historians must commence research with their own “notes” rather than relying on a secondary
analysis of another’s.
4. “According to our survey, 30 percent of students agreed that the university should offer a
moneyback guarantee if students fail to get the job they really want in their field because many
students are finding themselves unemployed when they graduate” (Abrams 45).
Paraphrase: - Abrams’ survey reveals that the lack of job placement for university graduates has
caused some students to believe that their education should come with a money-back guarantee
(45).
- According to a survey conducted by Abrams, some students agreed that the university should
offer them a money-back guarantee if they fail to find a job in their desired field (45).
- Some students agree that universities should have more responsibility in finding their students
employment after graduation.
5. “Rapunzel had beautiful long hair that shone like gold. When she heard the voice of the witch she
would undo the fastening of the upper window, unbind the plaits of her hair, and let it down twenty
ells below, and the witch would climb up by it.” Grimm, J. and Grimm, W. (1995).
original source: Grimm’s fairy tales with illustrations by Jill Bauman. Stamford, Ct: Longmeadow
press, p. 94.
According to Grimm, Rapunzel would open the window and drop her hair for the witch to climb up
into the tower (1995, p. 94).
The witch used Rapunzel’s hair to climb up into the tower (Grimm, 1995, p.94).
Rapunzel would obey the witch and drop her long blonde hair out the window so the witch could
climb up into the tower (Grimm, 1995, p.94).
6. “English has more than 500 000 words, probably more than any other language. This exceptional
vocabulary and the power and range of expression that accompany it derive from its special mix of
word sources. Unlike many other languages, English has borrowed a large number of words.”
Fowler, H., Aaron, J., and McArthur, M. (2008). The little, brown handbook (5th Canadian ed.).
Toronto: Pearson Longman. p.514
a. English has an exceptional vocabulary of over half a million words, because unlike many
languages, English has borrowed a large number of words. This means English has more power and
range of expression (Fowler, 2008, p.514).
b. The English language has over half a million words, because it has used many words from other
languages. This huge vocabulary gives English a larger variety of descriptive words than most
other languages (Fowler, 2008, p.514).
c. The exceptional vocabulary and the power and range of expression of the English language are
from its vocabulary of more than 500 000 words, probably more than any other language. English is
unique, because it has borrowed a large number of words from its special mix of word sources
(Fowler2008, p.514).
d. English has more words than almost any other language, because it borrowed many of them
from different source languages (Fowler2008, p.514).
e. English has taken many words from other languages and should not consider its large vocabulary
as English words, because they belong to other languages (Fowler, 2008, p.514).
7. “Henry I’s success lay upon two foundations. As a vigorous war-leader he was able to contain the
threat from Denmark to the north of his duchy, and in 933 to inflict a major defeat upon the
Magyars, who had menaced the whole of eastern Germany and many points further west since their
destruction of the Moravian kingdom in 906. The scale of the threat made the dukes his far from
unwilling partners, and it brought other rulers, Wenceslaus of Bohemia chief among them, under his
overlordship. Henry’s other asset lay in the comparatively recent rise of his family, the Liudolfings;
he had been duke of Saxony only from 912, by marriage into the ducal house.” Holmes, G. (ed.).
(1995). The oxford illustrated history of medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.149
a. Henry I was successful for two reasons: he defeated his military enemies and married into the
rank of duke (Holmes, 1995, p.149).
b. Henry I’s success was based on two foundations of being a vigorous war-leader against the threat
from Denmark and the Magyars, and the recent rise of his family by marriage into the ducal house
(Holmes, 1995, p.149).
c. Henry I was a successful war-leader who was braver than many other dukes, because he was able
to defeat the Magyars when the other dukes were un-willing to help him. Also, he married into the
ducal house in 912 (Holmes, 1995, p.149).
d. Having other rulers under his overlordship helped Henry I inflict a major defeat on the Magyars.
His family, the Liudolfings, obtained a duchy by marriage and Henry I was able to contain the threat
from the northern neighbor of Denmark (Holmes, 1995, p.149).
8. Data collection and analysis ii
Three sets of data were gathered on these students after they had been attending reading classes
for three weeks: an oral reading interview, a sample of oral reading, and a retelling (summary) of the
oral reading. As discussed earlier, the reading interview provides information about the students’
model of reading - that is, their mental image of reading. In order to examine the interaction
between their reading model and their reading behaviour, a detailed analysis of the oral reading
samples was performed to identify mis-pronunciations. Profiles of the students’ use of various clues
in the text (sound/letter, grammatical and meaning clues) were established. The retelling or
summaries of the oral reading were transcribed and evaluated on a scale 1-6 from very poor to
excellent, depending on the quantity and accuracy of the information that the student could provide
about the characters, events and implied meanings of the reading text. All the data were evaluated
and checked by at least two researchers.
Paraphrasing:
Data were collected on tree growth: density per hectare, diameter and height. The trees in the
sample area were counted and then the tree density was calculated by dividing their number by
the area. Each tree was measured for its diameter as breast height (dbh) in centimetres and the
total tree height in metres. Next, the tree growth model was calculated by using the regression
and interpolation model, in which the factors above were the ordinate factor and growth the
abscissa factor.
Source: Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The
Fate of Human Societies. New York and London: W. W.
Norton & Co., 1999. 159.
"The ways in which domesticated animals have diverged
from their wild ancestors include the following. Many
species changed in size: cows, pigs, and sheep became
smaller under domestication, while guinea pigs became
larger."
There are many differences between domesticated and wild animals.
Source: Moers, Ellen. "Female Gothic: The Monster's
Mother." Frankenstein. Ed. J. Paul Hunter. New York and
London: W. W. Norton, 1996. 214.
"In Gothic writings fantasy predominates over reality, the
strange over the commonplace, and the supernatural
over the natural, with one definite authorial intent: to
scare. Not, that is, to reach down into the depths of the
soul and purge it with pity and terror (as we say tragedy
does), but to get to the body itself, its glands, epidermis,
muscles, and circulatory system, quickly arousing and
quickly allaying the physical reactions to fear."
According to Ellen Moers, Gothic writings "get to the body itself, its glands, epidermis,
muscles, and circulatory system, quickly arousing and quickly allaying the physical
reactions to fear" (214).
Original text
The United States, Germany and Japan and other industrial nations are being transformed
from industrial economies to knowledge and information based service economies, whilst
manufacturing has been moving to low wage countries. In a knowledge and information
based economy, knowledge and information are the key ingredients in creating wealth.
From: Laudon & Laudon (2000), Management information systems: managing the digital
firm, p 31.
The United States, Germany, Japan and other economies are being dramatically
changed from industrial economies to knowledge and information based service
economies as manufacturing shifts to countries where the wages are low cost.
In knowledge and information economies, knowledge and information are the
focus in economic growth (Laudon & Laudon, 2000).
The United States, Germany, Japan and other economies are being dramatically
changed from industrial economies to knowledge and information based service economies
as manufacturing shifts to countries where the wages are low cost . In knowledge and
information economies, knowledge and information are the focus in economic
growth (Laudon & Laudon, 2000).
Paraphrase 2
As manufacturing has moved to economies where wages are low, developed
countries such as the United States, Germany and Japan have had to turn to
knowledge and information-based services to drive economic growth (Laudon &
Laudon, 2000).
summary
Original text
Studying in a new environment is different and therefore can be stressful. Tertiary students
come from a variety of backgrounds and are studying for different purposes. Students may
have come straight from secondary school, they may be a ‘mature age’ student who has
decided to pursue another career, or they may be an international student and have just
arrived in Australia. For many students whatever their background, tertiary learning is
different from their previous studies. Students may be worried about the amount of reading
required, or whether they will be able to study efficiently enough to get through their
exams. They may also worry about the tertiary learning expectations and requirements.
Paraphrase 3
For many students, including those from diverse backgrounds, it is often difficult to adapt to
new tertiary learning environments. Managing workloads, understanding expectations and
how to study effectively for exams can be extremely stressful.