Chapter 19 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: The Later Years
1) In 2015, people aged 65 and older made up about what percentage of the U.S. population?
A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
2) It is estimated that by the year 2030, the elderly will account for about what percent of the
American population?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
3) Which U.S. ethnic group is growing at the fastest rate?
A) Native American
B) Hispanic American
C) African American
D) Asian American
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
4) The fastest growing U.S. population subgroup is
A) adolescents.
B) adults age 65 to 74.
C) adults age 75 to 84.
D) adults age 85 and older.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
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5) A person over the age of 100 years is referred to as a(n)
A) nonagenarian.
B) septuagenarian.
C) octogenarian.
D) centenarian.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
6) Since the opening of the twentieth century, the average life expectancy in the U.S. has
increased by
A) just over 10 years.
B) nearly 20 years.
C) about 25 years.
D) more than 30 years.
Answer: D
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
7) The age to which the longest-living member of the species has lived is called the
A) life expectancy.
B) life span.
C) life time.
D) life-term.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
8) Currently, the human life span is
A) nearly 79 years.
B) 83 years.
C) 100 years.
D) 122 years.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
9) Violet is 88 years old. She lives in an assisted living community, where she does her own
shopping and housekeeping, swims, golfs, and plays tennis. She sleeps well, rarely feels ill, and
takes no prescription medications. Violet is demonstrating
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A) delayed aging.
B) health-related quality of life.
C) chronologic aging
D) active senescence
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
10) Oxidative stress is cited as evidence in support of the
A) error theory of aging.
B) programmed theory of aging.
C) endocrine theory of aging.
D) Hayflick theory of aging.
Answer: A
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.2
11) The proposed mechanism of aging known as glycosylation results in
A) deposition of glucose in the brain and an increased risk for dementia.
B) impaired storage of liver and muscle glycogen.
C) loss of flexibility in tissue proteins.
D) insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes.
Answer: C
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.2
12) Biologic age can be accelerated by which of the factors below?
A) gender
B) genetics
C) heavy alcohol consumption
D) a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.3
13) Smoking cigarettes increases
A) chronologic age.
B) biologic age.
C) respiratory age.
D) cardiovascular age.
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Answer: B
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.3
14) The term used to describe the age-related processes that increase risk of disability, disease,
and death is
A) senescence.
B) pre-programmed aging.
C) morbid aging.
D) life span.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
15) The condition, common in many elderly adults, of experiencing abnormal taste perception
when eating is called
A) dysgeusia.
B) xerostomia.
C) dysphagia.
D) senescence.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
16) Aging is often associated with dysphagia, which is the condition of
A) slowing of the gastrointestinal tract.
B) difficulty swallowing foods.
C) abnormal taste perception.
D) decrease in muscle strength.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
17) Aging is often associated with xerostomia, a condition characterized by
A) vision disturbances.
B) dry mouth and decreased salivary production.
C) decreased sense of smell.
D) problems chewing.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
4
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
18) Achlorhydria may lead to which of the following?
A) limited absorption of minerals and certain B vitamins
B) excessive absorption of minerals and certain B vitamins
C) impaired digestion of the energy-yielding nutrients
D) peptic ulcers
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
19) Age-related changes in the release of CCK and ghrelin may MOST contribute to
A) sarcopenic obesity.
B) achlorhydria.
C) the anorexia of aging.
D) constipation.
Answer: C
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
20) What percentage of older Americans has at least some level of lactose intolerance?
A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%
Answer: D
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
21) An age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function is known as
A) sensescence.
B) sarcopenia.
C) sarcopenic obesity.
D) the atrophy of aging.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
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22) Which of the following statements is MOST characteristic of body composition changes
associated with aging?
A) Men experience a greater increase in percentage of body fat than women.
B) In the decades between age 60 and 70, both men and women lose about 25% of their lean
body mass.
C) With aging, body fat storage shifts from subcutaneous stores to visceral sites.
D) In a large sample of older Americans, about 85% of males and females were diagnosed with
sarcopenia.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
23) The AMDR for total fat for older adults is
A) 5 to 20% of total energy.
B) 10 to 25% of total energy.
C) 15 to 30% of total energy.
D) 20 to 35% of total energy.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.5
24) Many researchers argue that older adults need a protein intake of up to
A) 0.9 g/kg/day.
B) 1.0 g/kg/day.
C) 1.1 g/kg/day.
D) 1.2 g/kg/day.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.5
25) The recommended fiber intake for older adults is lower than for younger adults because
A) they are likely to develop diverticular disease.
B) their digestive tracts would be overwhelmed with higher fiber.
C) they are at increased risk for constipation.
D) they are likely to consume less energy.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.5
26) In older adults, adequate status of which of the following micronutrients is CRITICAL to
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maintain the health of the immune system, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system,
pancreas, and possibly even the brain?
A) vitamin A
B) folate
C) vitamin D
D) copper
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
27) Which factor below MOST increases the need for supplemental vitamin D?
A) sunscreen use
B) excessive sun exposure
C) vegetarian diet
D) use of calcium supplements
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
28) Iron needs in elderly women decrease due to reduced muscle mass and
A) decreased sun exposure.
B) the cessation of menstruation.
C) the onset of dementia.
D) reduced vision capacity.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
29) The AI for fluids
A) increases with age.
B) is the same for all adults regardless of age.
C) decreases with age.
D) fluctuates in the elderly as a consequence of shifting health status.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
30) For which of the following micronutrients does absorption increase with age?
A) iron
B) calcium
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C) vitamin B12
D) vitamin A
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
31) Which of the following is TRUE about multi-vitamin/multi-mineral (MVMM) supplements
for older adults?
A) Because of the physiologic changes of aging, the Institute of Medicine recommends that all
older adults take an MVMM supplement.
B) Many healthcare providers recommend an MVMM supplement for older adults, unless the
older adult suffers from depression or dementia.
C) Many healthcare providers recommend an MVMM supplement for older adults, as well as a
single-nutrient supplement for vitamin B12.
D) Many healthcare providers recommend an MVMM supplement for older adults, as well as a
high-potency single-nutrient supplement for vitamin C.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
32) Mortality rates are higher in older adults who are
A) underweight.
B) normal weight.
C) overweight.
D) dieting.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
33) Which item below is NOT one of the "nine Ds" of geriatric weight loss?
A) depression
B) delirium
C) dysgeusia
D) dysphagia
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
34) Onset of osteoporosis in men usually happens later in life compared to women because
A) men typically have higher peak bone density.
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B) testosterone levels do not decline until men are in their 70s and 80s.
C) older men live longer than older women.
D) men's biologic age increases more rapidly.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
35) Which of the factors listed below is the MOST likely source of constipation problems in
elderly adults?
A) dementia
B) immobility
C) weight loss
D) weight gain
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
36) A “wear-and-tear” disease of the joints that is common in older adults, especially those who
are overweight, is
A) osteoporosis.
B) osteoarthritis.
C) rheumatoid arthritis.
D) Parkinson's disease.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
37) Which of the following foods would be suitable for an older adult with constipation and
dental problems?
A) raw carrot sticks
B) a bagel and cream cheese
C) steak
D) a bowl of oatmeal
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
38) The leading cause of blindness in the elderly in the United States is
A) cataracts.
B) presbyopia.
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C) age-related macular degeneration.
D) vitamin A deficiency.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
39) Two large studies have found that supplementation with certain antioxidant nutrients and
phytochemicals may
A) slow the progression of osteoporosis.
B) slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.
C) halt the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
D) heal pressure ulcers.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
40) The most common form of dementia is
A) Alzheimer's disease.
B) Parkinson's disease.
C) Crohn's disease.
D) senescence.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
41) Because of a concern about increased risk for liver damage, the common painkillers
ibuprofen and acetaminophen should not be taken with
A) supplemental vitamin E.
B) alcohol.
C) antacids.
D) caffeine.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.8
42) The concurrent use of more than five medications is called
A) polypharmacy.
B) drug abuse.
C) excessive polypharmacy.
D) prescription drug syndrome.
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Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.8
43) Many diuretics
A) disrupt the activation of vitamin D.
B) increase the kidneys’ excretion of sodium and potassium.
C) increase the excretion of fat-soluble vitamins.
D) cause weight gain.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.8
44) The MOST common cause of food insecurity and hunger among older adults is
A) unavailability of quality food.
B) inability to cook.
C) poverty.
D) depression and withdrawal from life.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.9
45) Which of the following older adults would be at HIGHEST risk for food insecurity?
A) three Caucasian couples sharing a home together in Oregon.
B) an African American male living in an upscale assisted living community in Massachusetts.
C) a Hispanic couple living with their adult daughter in California.
D) a depressed widow living on her Social Security benefits in Arkansas.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.9
46) Participation in ________ MOST improves the dietary quality and nutrient intakes of at-risk
older adults.
A) social clubs
B) school and library outreach program
C) senior center activities
D) community services and nutrition assistance programs
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
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Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.10
47) Providing a favorite sweetened lemonade to ease thirst in a terminally ill patient is an
example of
A) cross-cultural care.
B) palliative care.
C) complementary and integrative care.
D) elder abuse.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.10
48) Lack of adequate transportation, language barriers, mobility restrictions, and death of a
spouse are all factors that can increase an older adult’s risk for
A) social isolation.
B) substance abuse.
C) dementia.
D) senescence.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.9
49) The primary risk factor for age-related skin discoloration and thinning is
A) vitamin E status.
B) race/ethnicity.
C) sunlight exposure.
D) gender.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.3
50) Programmed theories of aging propose that
A) aging follows a biologically driven time line.
B) aging occurs as a result of cell and tissue damage.
C) we still don't know exactly why humans age.
D) the aging process follows a random sequence of physiological events.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.2
12
51) The gene that prolongs life span in certain laboratory animals is dubbed the
A) I'm Still Here gene.
B) immortality gene.
C) I'm Not Dead Yet gene.
D) vampire gene.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.2
52) Bennie has Parkinson's disease, and finds milkshakes easier to drink than thin beverages such
as juice and water. Bennie probably suffers from
A) dementia.
B) diarrhea.
C) dysgeusia.
D) dysphagia.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
53) "Aging gut" refers to
A) an increased risk for constipation as we age.
B) impairment of the accessory organs of digestion.
C) reduction in the biodiversity of gut microbiota and increase in pathogenic bacteria.
D) an age-related increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
54) A facility that specializes in end-of-life comfort, social, and spiritual care is called a
A) hospital.
B) hospice facility.
C) terminal unit.
D) nursing home.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.10
55) Overall, the HRQOL of older Americans is increasing.
Answer: TRUE
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Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
56) The average life expectancy in the U.S. is now higher than that of any other nation.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
57) Racial disparities exist in average life expectancy in the U.S.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
58) The rate-of-living theory states that the higher a species’ average BMR, the shorter its life
span.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.2
59) Chronologic age can be greatly influenced by personal choices and decisions.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.3
60) Only females experience loss of bone mass and/or bone mineral density in older age.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
61) Dementia is an inevitable part of the aging process.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
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62) Healthy elderly adults have higher energy needs than healthy younger adults.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.5
63) The RDA for carbohydrates for older adults is 130g/day.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.5
64) Older adults have a decreased need for vitamin B6.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
65) Inadequate exposure to UV radiation increases the need for dietary vitamin D.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
66) Older adults should generally obtain vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
67) Iron needs increase with aging.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
68) Thirst perception declines with aging.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are an Older Adult’s Nutrient Needs?
Learning Outcome: 19.6
15
69) Overweight and obesity are not particularly important concerns for older adults.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
70) The very elderly, those 85 years and older, are the fastest growing age group.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
71) Mortality rates are higher in underweight older adults compared to overweight older adults.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
72) Balance exercises can help reduce the risk for fall-induced fractures.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
73) Crushing a tablet medication to make it easier to swallow is recommended for patients with
dysphagia.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.8
74) Caretaking that denies healthful foods and adequate fluids to older adults is considered elder
abuse.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Social Concerns Affects the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.9
75) More than three-fourths of older Americans receiving SNAP assistance live alone.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
16
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Social Concerns Affects the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.10
76) Describe the range of factors contributing to the increase in life expectancy over the past
century. Be specific about how conditions for aging have improved, and in what ways, if any,
they have declined.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: What Are the Demographics of Aging?
Learning Outcome: 19.1
77) Discuss the impact of obesity on aging.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: Why Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.3
78) List and describe the key physiological changes that occur in older age, including lifestyle
factors that affect aging. What are the key elements, and what is their relationship to nutrient
intake?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Do We Age?
Learning Outcome: 19.4
79) List and define the "nine Ds" in geriatric health and explain their significance.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
80) James is a 76-year-old man who has chronic mouth pain due to poorly fitted dentures. His
primary care physician has referred James to you to guide him in healthy eating habits. What
nutrition advice would you give to James? Include other aspects that may be affected by his
dental status.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Nutrition-Related Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.7
81) Explain how an incident seemingly unrelated to nutrition, such as the loss of a driver’s
license or a robbery in an apartment building across the street, can lead to malnutrition in an
older adult.
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Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.9
82) List and describe the services provided by six federally funded nutrition programs for which
older adults may be eligible.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults?
Learning Outcome: 19.10
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