Plan (drawing)
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For other uses, see Drawing (disambiguation).
This article is about diagrams or drawings. For artistic drawing, see Drawing.
For other types of plans, see Plan (disambiguation).
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Three view plan of Latécoère 28 for presentation purpose.
Plans are a set of drawings or two-dimensional diagrams used to describe
a place or object, or to communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually
plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they can take the form of a digital file.
These plans are used in a range of fields from architecture, urban
planning, landscape architecture, mechanical engineering, civil
engineering, industrial engineering to systems engineering.
Contents
1Overview
2Plan features
o 2.1Format
o 2.2Scale
o 2.3Views and projections
o 2.4Planning approach
3See also
Overview[edit]
Plans are often for technical purposes such as architecture, engineering,
or planning. Their purpose in these disciplines is to accurately and
unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a site, building, product or
component. Plans can also be for presentation or orientation purposes, and as
such are often less detailed versions of the former. The end goal of plans is
either to portray an existing place or object, or to convey enough information to
allow a builder or manufacturer to realize a design.
The term "plan" may casually be used to refer to a single view, sheet, or
drawing in a set of plans. More specifically a plan view is an orthographic
projection looking down on the object, such as in a floor plan.
The process of producing plans, and the skill of producing them, is often
referred to as technical drawing. A working drawing is a type of technical
drawing, which is part of the documentation needed to build
an engineering product or architecture. Typically in architecture these could
include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical
drawings, electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings. In engineering, these
drawings show all necessary data to manufacture a given object, such
as dimensions and angles.
Plan features[edit]
Format[edit]
Plans are often prepared in a "set". The set includes all the information required
for the purpose of the set, and may exclude views or projections which are
unnecessary. A set of plans can be on standard office-sized paper or on large
sheets. It can be stapled, folded or rolled as required. A set of plans can also
take the form of a digital file in a proprietary format such as DWG or an
exchange file format such as DXF or PDF.
Plans are often referred to as "blueprints" or "bluelines". However, the terms are
rapidly becoming an anachronism, since these copying methods have mostly
been superseded by reproduction processes that yield black or multicolour lines
on white paper, or by electronic representations of information.
Scale[edit]
Main articles: Architect's scale, Engineer's scale, and Metric scale
Plans are usually "scale drawings", meaning that the plans are drawn at a
specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object. Various scales
may be used for different drawings in a set. For example, a floor plan may be
drawn at 1:48 (or 1/4"=1'-0") whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1:24 (or
1/2"=1'-0"). Site plans are often drawn at 1" = 20' (1:240) or 1" = 30' (1:360).
In the metric system the ratios commonly are 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100,
1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000 and 1:5000
Views and projections[edit]
Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle (right) or First Angle (left).
Comparison of several types of graphical projection.
Because plans represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional
plane, the use of views or projections is crucial to the legibility of plans. Each
projection is achieved by assuming a vantage point from which to see the place
or object, and a type of projection. These projection types are:
Classification of some 3D projections
Parallel projection
o Orthographic projection
Multiview projection, including:
Plan view or floor plan view
Elevation, usually a side view of an exterior
Section, a view of the interior at a particular cutting
plane
Axonometric projection, including:
Isometric projection
Dimetric projection
Trimetric projection
o Oblique projection, and
Perspective projection, including:
o One-point perspective
o Two-point perspective
o Three-point perspective
Planning approach[edit]
There is no universal standard for sheet order, however the following describes
a common approach:
General Information : The first sheets in a set may include notes,
assembly descriptions, a rendering of the project, or simply the project title.
Site : Site plans, including a key plan, appear before other plans and on
smaller projects may be on the first sheet. A project could require
a landscape plan, although this can be integrated with the site plan if the
drawing remains clear.
Specific plans : Floor plans, starting with the lowest floor and ending with
the roof plan usually appear near the beginning of the set. Further, for
example, reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)s showing ceiling layouts appear
after the floor plans.
Elevations : Starting with the principal, or front elevation, all the building
elevations appear after the plans. Smaller residential projects may display
the elevations before the plans. Elevation details may appear on the same
sheets as the building elevations.
Sections: Building sections that describe views cut through the entire
building appear next, followed by wall sections, then detail sections.
Details: Details may appear on any of the previous sheets, or may be
collected to appear on detail sheets. These details may include construction
details that show how the components of the building fit together. These
details may also include millwork drawings or other interior details.
Schedules: Many aspects of a building must be listed as schedules on
larger projects. These include schedules for windows, doors, wall or floor
finishes, hardware, landscaping elements, rooms, and areas.
Where additional systems are complex and require many details for installation,
specialized additional plan drawings may be used, such as:
Structural: While smaller projects may only show structural information
on the plans and sections, larger projects have separate sheets describing
the structure of the building.
Mechanical: Mechanical drawings show plumbing, heating, ventilation
and air conditioning systems, or fire protection systems.
Electrical :Electrical plan drawings may include equipment and cable tray
layout, lighting and power, grounding, telephone, local area network, special
communications or signal systems, or a reflected lighting plan.