Skeletal System

Lesson 04
 Overview :
Skeletal system
• The skeletal system is the body system
composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments
and other tissues that perform essential
functions for the human body.

• composed of bone, cartilage and

ligaments.

• bone tissue is called osseous tissue. is a

hard, dense connective tissue that forms
most of the adult skeleton
Support, Movement, and Protection
• skeletal system acts like a framework (框架)
• Supports the weight of the body
• Attached to the skeletal muscle for movement
• provides protection to the internal organs from injuries by covering
them
Example
Ribs (肋骨) - protects the lungs, the heart
Vertebral column (脊柱) protects the spinal cord (脊髓)
Cranium (颅骨) – protects the brain
• bone tissue acts as a storage for a number of minerals important to
the functioning of the body, especially calcium, and phosphorus.

• Bones also serve as a site for fat storage and blood cell production.
• The unique connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is
referred to as bone marrow (骨髓)
Yellow bone marrow - contains adipose tissue
Red bone marrow - where the production of blood cells (named
hematopoiesis, hemato- = “blood”, -poiesis = “to make”) takes place
Bone Marrow: Bones contain
variable amounts of yellow
and/or red bone marrow.
Yellow bone marrow stores fat
and red bone marrow is
responsible for producing
blood cells (hematopoiesis).
5 classification of
Bones
❑ long bone
❑Short bone
❑Flat bone
❑Irregular bone
❑Sesamoid bone
o cylindrical in shape, being longer
than it is wide
o the upper limbs (humerus, ulna,
radius) and lower limbs (femur,
tibia, fibula), as well as in the
hands (metacarpals, phalanges)
and feet (metatarsals,
phalanges).
o Long bones function as rigid bars
that move when muscles
contract.
o cube-like in shape, being
approximately equal in
length, width, and
thickness.
o The only short bones in the
human skeleton are in the
carpals of the wrists and
the tarsals of the ankles.
o Short bones provide
stability and support as well
as some limited motion.
o The term flat bone is somewhat
misleading (误导) because,
although a flat bone is typically
thin, it is also often curved.

o Examples include the cranial

(skull) bones, the scapulae
(shoulder blades), the sternum
(breastbone), and the ribs. Flat
bones serve as points of
attachment for muscles and
often protect internal organs.
o Do not have any easily
characterized shape and
therefore does not fit any other
classification
o These bones tend to have more
complex shapes, like the
vertebrae that support the spinal
cord and protect it from
compressive forces.
o Many bones of the face,
particularly the jaw bones that
contain teeth, are classified as
irregular bones.
o a small, round bone that forms in tendons (sesamo- =
“sesame” and -oid = “resembling”).
o Tendons are a dense connective tissue that connect
bones to muscles and sesamoid bones form where a
great deal of pressure is generated in a joint
o protect tendons by helping them overcome excessive
forces but also allow tendons and their attached
muscles to be more effective.
o Sesamoid bones vary in number and placement from
person to person but are typically found in tendons
associated with the feet, hands, and knees. The
patellae (singular = patella) are the only sesamoid
bones found in common with every person
 总
• A long bone has two main regions: the diaphysis and the epiphysis
• Diaphysis is the hollow (空心) , tubular shaft(轴) that runs between
the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
• Inside the diaphysis is the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow
bone marrow in an adult. The outer walls of the diaphysis (cortex,
cortical bone) are composed of dense and hard compact bone, a
form of osseous tissue.
• The wider section at each end of the bone is called
the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled internally with
spongy bone, another type of osseous tissue.

• Red bone marrow fills the spaces between the spongy bone in some
long bones. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis.

• During growth, the metaphysis contains the epiphyseal plate, the site
of long bone elongation
• When the bone stops growing in early adulthood (approximately 18–
21 years), the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line
• Lining the inside of the bone adjacent to the
medullary cavity is a layer of bone cells called
the endosteum (endo- = “inside”; osteo- = “bone”)

• These bone cells (described later) cause the bone to

grow, repair, and remodel throughout life. On the
outside of bones there is another layer of cells that
grow, repair and remodel bone as well. These cells are
part of the outer double layered structure called
the periosteum (peri– = “around” or “surrounding”).
The periosteum also contains blood vessels, nerves,
and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.

Tendons and ligaments attach to bones at the

periosteum.

The periosteum covers the entire outer surface except

where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints
• Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer
of diploë (spongy bone), covered on either side by a layer of compact
bone.
• Flat bones does not have a medullary cavity

• The two layers of compact bone and the interior spongy bone work
together to protect the internal organs. If the outer layer of a cranial
bone fractures, the brain is still protected by the intact inner layer.
• Osseous tissue is a connective tissue and like all connective tissues
contains relatively few cells and large amounts of extracellular matrix.

• Osseous tissue matrix consists of 1/3rd collagen fibers and 2/3rds

calcium phosphate salt.

• The collagen provides a scaffolding surface for inorganic salt crystals

to adhere The collagen provides a scaffolding surface for inorganic
salt crystals to adhere(坚持)
• salt crystals form when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
combine to create hydroxyapatite

• Hydroxyapatite also incorporates other inorganic salts like magnesium

hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate as it crystallizes, or calcifies, on the
collagen fibers.

• The hydroxyapatite crystals give bones their hardness and strength,

while the collagen fibers give them a framework for calcification and
gives the bone flexibility so that it can bend without being brittle
• bone cells compose
less than 2% of the
bone mass
• 4 types of cells are
found within bone
tissue:
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoclasts
OSTEOBLAST OSTEOCYTE OSTEOGENIC CELL
• responsible for forming • They are mature osteocytes that are • Also called Osteoprogenitor
new bone trapped and calcified (钙化) within the cell
surrounding matrix • the only bone cells that
• found in the growing can divide
portions of bone • located in a small cavity in the bone tissue
called a lacuna (lacunae for plural) • found in the cellular layer of
• they synthesize and the periosteum and the
secrete the collagen matrix • maintain the mineral concentration of the endosteum.
and other proteins matrix via the secretion of enzymes
• When mature , it forms into
• Can no longer divide an osteoblast

• cells responsible for bone resorption (吸收) , or breakdown

• These multinucleated cells originate from monocytes and macrophages
• Both osteoclast and osteoblast helps maintaining homeostasis
• Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their
distribution and concentration vary based on the bone’s overall
function.
• Although compact and spongy bone are made of the same matrix
materials and cells, they are different in how they are organized.
• Compact bone is dense so that it can withstand compressive forces,
while spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) has open spaces and
is supportive, but also lightweight and can be readily remodeled to
accommodate changing body needs.
❑the denser, stronger of the two
types of osseous tissue

❑It makes up the outer cortex of all

bones and is in immediate contact
with the periosteum. In long
bones, as you move from the
outer cortical compact bone to
the inner medullary cavity, the
bone transitions to spongy bone.
❑ the microscopic structural
unit of compact bone .

❑ also called a Haversian

system

❑ Each ring of the osteon is

made of collagen and
calcified matrix and is
called a lamella (plural =
lamellae)
❑ Running down the center
of each osteon is
the central canal, or
Haversian canal, which
contains blood vessels,
nerves, and lymphatic
vessels
 Osteocytes

Osteon
❑ horizontal canals that are
adjacent (相邻) between 2 Haversian Canal
osteons Periosteum

❑ Serve as passageway(通道)
blood vessels, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels

Blood and lymph

Volksmann’s Canal vessels
 Osteocytes

Osteon
❑ osteocytes are trapped within
their lacuane, found at the Haversian Canal
borders of adjacent lamellae. Periosteum

Blood and lymph

Volksmann’s Canal vessels
❑ also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in
lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric (同心) circles

❑ the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice (格) -like network of
matrix spikes (尖 峰) called trabeculae (singular = trabecula)

❑Spongy bone provides balance to the dense and heavy compact bone
by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily
❑ The arteries enter through the nutrient foramen (plural = foramina),
small openings in the diaphysis
❑The osteocytes in spongy bone are nourished by blood vessels of the
periosteum that penetrate spongy bone and blood that circulates in
the marrow cavities
❑blood vessels, nerves follow the same paths into the bone where
they tend to concentrate in the more metabolically active regions of
the bone.
❑ The nerves sense pain, and it appears the nerves also play roles in
regulating blood supplies and in bone growth, hence their
concentrations in metabolically active sites of the bone.
The Process of Bone Development is called Ossification
There are 2 types of Bone Ossification

a. Intramembranous ossification - bone development directly from

sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue .
Occurs in the flat bones
b. Endochondral ossification - bone development by replacing hyaline
cartilage. It takes much longer than intramembranous ossification