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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
SELF-HELP GROUPS
Self-help groups is small voluntary association to from a groups. It is informal
and homogenous group of members the emergence and rapid multiplication of
SHGs based on micro credit is a phenomenon that is gaining importance in the
development scenario.
SHG is a small group of rural poor, who have voluntary come forward to form a
group for improvement of the social and economic states of the [Link] can
formal or informal.
SHG is formed only for the take of savings and credit activities, motivation for
the group formation and determinant of its strength. Women groups are better able
to address the specific needs and problems of the members the role of facilitator is
critical in strengthening group process and truly instilling the concept of self-help
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Empowerment includes the action of raising the states of women though
education raising awareness, literacy, economic condition and training. Women
empowerment is all about equipping and allowing women to make life determining
decision through the different in society.
Empowerment is a process that gives a freedom in decision making
empowerment provides greater access to knowledge and resources more autonomy
in decision making. Greater ability to plan lives and freedom control over the
circumstances which influence lives and freedom from customs, beliefs and
practices. Empowerment demands a drastic and basic change in the system of
marriage and family relationship and attitude towards socialization and remarriage.
Women all over changing gender inequalities since the beginning of history.
SELF-HELP GROUP AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
The emergence and rapid multiplication of SHGs based on micro credit is a
phenomenon that is gaining importance in the development scenario. SHGs have
been viewed by state as a strategy for both women’s empowerment as well as
poverty reduction. SHGs are a conduit for routing a wide range of government

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been adopting SHGs as a strategy to being women under a collective platform

number of important players like MFIs, NGOs, corporations donors.
The levels of self-confidence and self-esteem of women increased indicating
positive changes. The women in self-help groups as more assertive of their rights
in particular when dealing with the local community and on social matters.
The self-help groups plays a role in uplifting the status of women by showing
them ways to acquaire microcredit facilities, mobilize their savings into capital and
improve their skills and knowledge through various training programs.
Self-help group women’s ability to have influential power improvement in
socially and economically. Women empowerment also depends on self-
development which could be realize through the growth of personality in terms of
ability of rural women to influence and participate in the decision in the decision
making freedom to start new micro enterprises, income, generation capacity to
grow themselves with economically.
1.2 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
Dr. Indrajit goswami, Dr. Nigel d’silva and Dr. vijeta choudary – January 2018- A
role of self-help groups in women empowerment- Research journal of commerce
and behavioral science – This study showed the various factors influencing women
empowerment and women’s perception on women empowerment the women
activity engaged in SHGs and the functionaries of different support agencies who
are directly and indirectly associated with their groups and explore their awareness
with respect laws, policies and programs.
Dr. Thirumagal J pillai- march 2015- self- help groups and empowerment- Indian
journal of applied research- This paper examines the women empowerment
through self-help groups and indepth analysis of socio economic status of self-help
group women members. The SHG is creating social, economical and psychological
empowerment among members. The SHGs access to financial services certainly
brings positive changes among group womens. There is need of employing long
term policy measure to empower women in its true sense some key issue such as
training, awareness an viability of the group activities need to be addressed in
order to strengthen women empowerment through microfinancing.
SINU M – November 2017- A study on the role of self-help group in women
empowerment- this paper present to identify the various activities of the self-help
group and to analyse the financial help and government support to their work and
also the to analyse the role of SHG in women empowerment self-help group are
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innovative organizational set up in India for women upliftment and welfare all
women in India are given chance to join any one of SHGs for training and
development so has to be prospective entrepreneur and skilled worker the seal
empowerment is possible only when a women has increased access to economic
resource more confidence and self-motivation more strength more recognition and
say in the family matters and more involvement through participation the SHG
may motive employment schems thus SHGs have been showing the way ahead
alleviate the poverty of India along with women empowerment
SIMIYON S SURESH and SARAVANAN – MAY 2013-A case study in women
empowerment through the SHGs- This study reveal that SHGs play on
instrumental role as financial intermediary between banks and SHG members and
their economic well being SHGs promote savings habits, economic independence,
self-confidence, social cohesion , asset ownership, freedom debt, additional
payment etc. microfinance offered through SHGs play an effective role in
promoting women empowerment it is not only an efficient tool to fight against
poverty but also as a means of promoting the empowerment of the most
marginalized sections of the population specially women SHG merged as the most
vital instrument in the process of participatory development and women
empowerment the specific objective to analyse the economic gains derived by
members often joining the SHGs. To examine the social benefits derived by the
members to analyse operating system of SHGs
KIRAN RANA and ANSARI M A -2017- A Case study in self-help groups and
women empowerment- a study focuses on the role of SHGs in women
empowerment social cohesion and social economic betterment of poor of their
consolidation members of SHG agree to save regularly and contribute to a
common fund the member agree to use their common fund and such other funds
which they may recive as a group to give small loans to needy members as per
decision of the group individually poor women is not any weak is socio economic
term but also lacks of access to the knowledge and information which are the most
important component of todays development process the most thrust of the women
programme is an setting up SHGs and making credit facilities available to them so
they can engage in economic activities women were confined with in the four walls
of their houses the SHGs are partially helps to their empowerment.
PRADEEP M D and RAKSHITHA RAI R P- JULY 2019- Women empowerment
through the SHGs interventions towards to socio economic welfare –this paper
describe about constitution scope and creditability of SHGs the government

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initiatives towards its promotion women empowerment initiatives in several areas

and analyse the impact of invention towards socio economic and development the
rules an regulations of SHGs very according to the pre-ferencess of the members
and promoters it is not formed for charity and group members are not volunteers
even through the work the work is usually unpaid members work to change their
own situation with the mutual support the members poor saving as the thrift
deposits usually work in women are being respected by the household members
and society now a days the women in the SHGs are also respected as they are
independent in earning the income and they are contributing to household income
expenditure and savings.
Mr MADNANT NAIK and DR ANTHONY RADSIGUS- JUNE 2017-Women
empowerment through SHGs realities and challenges – This paper specially
focuses on the socio economic of SHG members and also tries to understand the
challenges faced by them SHG agree to save on a regular basis and convert their
saving into a common fund SHG is seen as instruments for a variety of goals
including giving control to women increasing management ability among adverse
people and use of family planning measures it provides women an opportunity to
become socially, economically self-sufficient the participate women in SHGs as
enriched their income, savings and empowerment their involvement of the women
in the group considerably contribute to improvement and perfection in the quality
of life. Social status and confidence of the members.
Dr UMA NARANG –August 2012- Self- help group an effective approach to
women empowerment in India –this paper examines the women empowerment
through SHGs and also explains the women empowerment in India. The
empowerment approach is the most recent and is aimed at empowering women
through grater self-reliance and internal strength government of India has provide
for SHGs to them so that proper attention should be given to their economic
independence through self-employment entrupreneurial development and well
being that ultimately leads to its contribution to SHGs have been emerged as a
powerfull instruments in order to alleviate poverty and for the empowerment of
women in the rural economy women empowerment aims at realizing their
identities power and potentiality in all spheses of lives but resource more
confidence and self-motivation more strength more recognition and sy in the
family matters and more involvement through participation.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To study socio economic condition of womens in SHG

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2. To analyse the role of SHGs in women empowerment

1.4 METHODOLOGY
This section outlines the source of data sampling collection of techniques and
other methods employed In data analysis data was derived from both primary and
secondary sources a structured interview scheduled helped in collecting primary
data from sample SHG members qualitative methodology is adopted using self
reporting method. It involves data collection in numerical form in order to explain
or predict the phenomenon of interest. A comparison was made between the levels
of empowerment before joining the SHGs and their conditions after joining group
in order to see the extent improvement after programe intervention.
The primary data has been collected from 40 women from various SHGs village
considered. A serve method had been conducted from bellary district, Karnataka
state.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The proposed research is to specially focus on the growth of women
empowerment through SHGs. This research would also focus on further
development of SHGs and find out the promotional schemes and systems available
to the growth of SHGs.
This research would analyse and evaluate the entire position of SHGs women
and their empowerment through SHGs. The existence of gender bias all over the
world, particularly in developing countries is quite boundless. the government
through policies and programs evolves strategies not only to reduce to the gender
inequalities but for the overall development of women.
The important aspect of the programs in recent times is encouraging the
formation of SHGs that will faster the needs of women development. The scope of
the studies to analyse the womens development programs and rural women
empowerment contest of SHGs
1.6 NEED FOR THE STUDY
Villages are faced with problems related to illiteracy, lack of skill, health care,
economic condition etc. these art problems that cannot be tackled individually but
can be solved through group efforts. Today these groups are known has SHGs have
become the vehicle of change of the poor and marginalized people.

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The study focuses on determining the financial and social status and empowerment
of women with SHGs. The many SHGs are interlinked with the banks to get micro-
facility. The banks are providing needed facility to all SHGs to achieve their social
needs and financial goals. The SHGs more focusing on rural background and poor
people because to develop their living status they are empower to many of the
short comings.
1. To mobilize the resources of individuals for their development
2. To create habit of savings among people
3. To create awareness about the rights
4. To identify the problems of individual women
5. To help to cover loans
6. To educate and create economical stability to the people
7. To make independent and generate employment opportunities
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. The research is confined to particular village only
2. The information presented as per response of respondents
3. The data collected by randomly selected SHGs
4. The research less time to complete the task

CHAPTER SCHEME
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: THEORTICAL BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 3: PROFILE OF SHGs
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRITATION
CHAPTER 5 : FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER- 2
THEORTICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 INTRODUCTION
SELF- HELP GROUP MEANING
Self- help group are small groups of poor people the members of an SHG face
similar problems they help each other to solve their problems SHGs promote small
savings amount their members. The savings are kept with the bank this is the
common fund with the name of SHG. The SHG gives small loans to its members
from its common fund.
SHGs also known as mutual help or support groups are groups of people who
provide mutual support for each other.
A SHG is a supportive educational usually change oriented mutual aid group
that addresses a single life problem or condition shared by all members its
leadership is indigeneous to the group members. Participation and contributions are
voluntarily professionals rarely have an active role in the group activities
boundaries all who qualify for membership by having a problem situation or an
identity in common with other member.
It is one voluntary group formed by likeminded people living in a street, block
or village. In fact they are small groups formed by poor and financial unsound
people. They want to unite together to solve their social issue, financial issues and
the problems related to their livelihood. They help each other to solve their
problems.
A self-help group is a collection of people who have common problem that
cannot be solved individually and have therefore decided to form a group and take
joint action to solve the problems.
A self-help group is a financial intermediaries committee mutually composed of
25 to 40 women or men. Most self-help groups are located in India thought SHGs
can be found in other countries, especially in south Asia and south East Asia. SHG
is nothing but a group of people who are on daily wages. They form a group and
form that group one person collect the money and give the money to person who is
in need. Member also makes small regular savings contributions over a few months
until there is enough money in the group is being lending funds may be lent back

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to members are to other in the village for any purpose. In India many SHGs are
‘Linked’ to banks for the delivery of micro credit.
SHG is a holistic programme of micro enterprises covering are aspect of self-
employment, organisation of the rural poor in to self-help groups and their capacity
building, planning of activity culture, infrastructure build up technology, credit and
marketing.
It lays emphasis on activity cluster based on the resources and the occupational
skills of the people and availability of markets.
SHG refers to self-governed, free controlled, informal group of people with
same socio economic background and having a desire to collectively perform
common purpose. Here poor people voluntarily come together to same whatever
amount they can save conveniently out of their earnings to mutually agree to
contribute a common fund and lend to the members for meeting their productive
and emergent needs.
SHGs have been able to moralize small savings either on weekly or
monthly basis from persons who were not expected to have any savings.
They have been able to efficiently recycle the resources generated
among the members for meeting the emergent credit needs of the
members of the groups.
SHG is a group formed by community women which has specific
member of members like 15 or 20. In such group the poorest women
would come together for emergency, disaster, social reason, economic
support to each other have ease of conversation social interaction an
economic interaction.
A SHG is an informal association to enhance the member’s financial
security as primary focus and other common interest of members such as
area development, awareness, motivation, leadership, training and
associating in other social intermediation programmes for the benefits of
the entire community.
SHG are informal associations of people who choose to come together
to find ways to improve their living conditions. Village face numerous
problems related to poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, lack of former

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credit etc. this problems cannot be tackled at an individual level and

need collective efforts. Thus SHG can become a vehicle of change for
the poor and marginalised SHG rely on motion of self-help to encourage
self-employment and poverty alleviation.
2.2 FUNCTIONS OF SELF-HELP GROUPS
1. It looks to build functional capacity of the poor and marginalised
the field of employment and income generating activities
2. It resolves conflicts through collective leadership and mutual
discussion
3. It provides collateral fee loan with terms divided by the group at
the market driven rates.
4. Such groups works as a collective guarantee system for members
who propose to barrow from organised sources the poor collect
their savings and save it is banks in return their receive easy access
to loans with a small rate of interest to start their micro unit
enterprise.
5. Consequently SHGs have emerged as the most effective
mechanism for delivery of micro finance services to the poor.
2.3 FEATURES OF SELF-HELP GROUPS
1. SHGs are were well accepted and established by the government
NGOs.
2. They can open accounts in the bank in its own name receive
government grants and funds for various expansion activities.
3. They perform various activities as social intermediaries and often
involved in numerous social activities.
4. They keep their own books of accounts. It is a structured body,
including electives, group president, secretary and treasurer.
5. They have the self-governing body. SHGs activate small savings
and rotate it in a group.
2.4 OBJECTIVES OF SELF-HELP GROUPS
1. To inculcate the savings and banking habits among members.
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2. To secure them from financial, technical and morale strengths.

3. To enable availing of loan for productive purpose.
4. To gain the economic prosperity through loan/ credit.
5. To gain from collective wisdom in organising and managing their
own finance and distributing the benefits among themselves.
6. To sensitize women of target area for the need pf SHG and its
relevance in their empowerment.
7. To create group feeling among women.
8. To enhance the confidence and capabilities of women
9. To develop collective decision making among women.
10. To encourage habit of savings among women and facilitate
the accumulation of their own capital resource.
11. To motivate women taking up social responsibilities
particularly related to women empowerment
12. It acts as the forum for the members to provide space and
support to each other.
13. Not only economical progress but also an entire development
is the aim and mutual trust around the members is the credit of
SHGs.
2.5 WORKING OF SELF-HELP GROUPS
1. GROUP FORMATION
The group formation is proceeded by a village level of serve
together the baseline area. To facilitate sustainability, the total
number of members of the groups should range between 12 and 20.
The age limit for membership will be 21 to 60. The group must be a
homogeneous one through not necessarily from the same caste or
religion. The target group must be the poorest.
2. MEETINGS
The group must meet weekly or fortnightly for collection of
savings and repayment of loan amount and for discussing all other
matters. The group meetings need to be conducted at president’s
house, members of groups or gram panchayat or temples, with a

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certain discipline in relation to regularity, time and items to be

discussed.
3. GROUP SAVINGS
The group members must be encouraged to save as much as
each can without it being a uniform amount for all. Usually the SHGs
start off with a minimum savings of all members. As the years pass,
they may opt for optional savings according to the each member
4. ROTATION OF GROUP FUND
All savings and excess of common fund would be rotated as
short-term loans amongst the members at rat of interest decided by
the majority members of groups and loan is given to needy
members on the priority basis.
5. BOOKS AND REGISTERS TO BE MAINTAINED
The books and register to be maintained by treasurer /literate
members of group to ensure proper accounts are given below for
transparency. Attendance register, minute book, savings ledger,
loan ledger, general ledger, cash-book, individual pass book and
payment voucher etc.
6. TRAINING
The training staff of NGO, DRDA and bank staff imparts training
of skill development, self-employment like fenile making,
agarbatti making, soap making, making dairy products etc. through
MICON and entrepreneurship development. So as to start his own
business for the betterment of life.
7. ANNUAL AUDITING
A qualified auditor should audit the annual accounts of the groups
annually. The SHGs should meet the audit cost. But the
most of SHG could not audited annually.
2.6 INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES OF SOCIAL HELP
GROUP
1. Agriculture

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2. Chicken shops
3. Animal husbandary
4. Mess
5. Hosier
6. Mid-day meals
7. Candle preparation embroidery
8. Cane items
9. School uniform stiching units
[Link]
[Link] making
[Link] leather items
[Link] making
[Link] and weaving
[Link]
[Link] making
[Link] blankets weaving
[Link] making
[Link] of fruits
[Link] making
[Link] vending
[Link] making
2.7 ROLE OF SELF HELP GROUPS COVERS THE FOLLOWING
AS UNDER
1. To mobilize the resources of the individuals members for their
collective development and unlifting the living conditions of the
poor
2. To create the habit of savings and utilization of local resources in
form of utilizing individual skills for group interest
3. To create awareness about rights that help in financial assistance
4. To identify linkages with institutions of NGOs
5. To help recovery of loans
6. To gain mutual understanding, develop trust and self confidence
7. To build up team work

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8. To develop leadership qualities

9. To use an effective delivery channel for rural credit.

2.8 HISTORY OF SELF-HELP GROUPS

The origin of SHGs is from the child of Gramin Bank of
Bangladesh, founded by the economist, Prof. Mohammed Yunus
of Chittagong University in 1975, to provide micro finance to rural
women. In Bangladesh, micro-finance has been established has a
most powerfull instrument to tackle poverty. In India, even though
it started functioning in 1975, was initiated by National Bank for
Agriculture and rural development (NABARD) during 1986-1987
and real effort was taken during 1991-92 by linking it with banks.
2.9 BENEFITS OF SELF-HELP GROUPS
1. SOCIAL INTEGRITY
Self-help groups encourages collective efforts for
combating practices like dowry, alcoholism etc.
2. GENDER EQUITY
Self- help groups empowers women and inculcates
leadership skill among them. Empowered women participate
more actively in Gram Sabha and elections.
3. PRESSURE GROUPS
Their participation in governance process enables them to
highlight issues such as dowry, alcoholism, the menace of
open defecation, primary health care etc. and impact policy
decision.
4. VOICE TO MARGINALIZED SECTION
Most of the beneficiaries of government schemes have
been weaker and marginalized communities and hence their
participation through SHGs ensure social justice.
5. FINANCIAL INCLUSION
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Priority sectors lending norms and assurance of returns

incentives banks to lend to SHGs. The SHG-Banks linkage
programme pioneered by NABARD has made access to
credit easier and reduced the dependence on traditional
money lenders and other non-institutional sources
6. INFACT ON HOUSING AND HEALTH
The financial inclusion attained through SHGs has led to
reduced child mortality, improved maternal health and the
ability of the poor to combat disease through better nutrition,
housing and health- especially among women and children.
7. BANKING LITERACY
It encourages and motivates its members to save and act as
a conduit for formal banking services to reach them.
8. There is a evidence in this country as well as elsewhere that
formation of SHGs has a multiplier effect in improving
women’s status in society as well as in the family leading to
improvement in their socio-economic condition and also
enhances their self-esteem.
2.10 CHALLENGES OF SELF-HELP GROUPS
1. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
Lack of knowledge and proper orientation among SHG-
members to take up to take up suitable and profitable
livelihood options.
2. PARTRIARCHAL MINDSET
Primitive thinking and social obligation discourages
women from participating in SHGs thus limiting their
economic avenues
3. LACK OF RURAL BANKING FACILITIES
There are about 1.2 lack bank branches and over 6 lack
villages. More over many public sector bank and micro-
finance institutions are unwilling to provide financial services
to the poor as the cost of servicing remains high.

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4. SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability and the quality of operations of the SHGs
have been a matter of considerable debate.
5. NO SECURITY
The SHGs work on mutual trust and confidence of the
members. The deposits of the SHGs are not secured or safe.
6. Only a minority of the SHGs are able to raise themselves
from a level of micro-finance to that of micro
entrepreneurship.
2.11 MEASURES TO MAKE SELF-HELP GROUPS EFFECTIVE
1. The government should play the role of a facilitator and
promoter, create a supportive environment for the growth and
development of the SHG movement,
2. Expanding SHG movement to credit deficient areas of the
country- such as Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, State’s of the
North East.
3. Rapid expansion of financial infrastructure (including that of
NABARD) and by adopting extensive it enable to
communication and capacity building measures in these
states.
4. Extension of SHGs to urban/ peri-urban areas- efforts should
be made to increase income generation abilities of the urban
poor as there has been a rapid raise in urbanisation and may
people remain financially excluded.
5. Positive attitude- government functionaries should treat the
poor and marginalised as viable and responsible customers
and as possible entrepreneurs.
6. Monitoring- need to a separate SHG monitoring cell in every
state. The cell should have direct links with district and block
level monitoring system. The cell should collect both
quantitative and qualitative information.

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7. Need based approach-commercial banks and NABARD in

collaboration with the state government need to continuously
innovate and design ne financial products for these groups.
2.12 EMPOWERMENT
Authority or power given to someone to do something.
The process becoming stronger and more confident especially in
controlling one’s life and claiming one’s rights.
The act or action of empowering the granting of the power, right or
authority to perform various acts or duties.
To give power or authority to authorise especially by legal or official.
A management practice of sharing information, rewards and power
with employees so that they can take initiative service and performance.
Empowerment is based on the idea that giving employee skills
resources, authority, opportunity, motivation as well holding them
responsible and accountable for outcomes of their actions will contribute
to their competence and satisfaction.
2.13 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Empowerment is a process that gives a person freedom in decision
making. Empowerment provides a greater ability to plan lives more
control over the circumstances which influence lives and freedom from
customs, beliefs and practices. Empowerment demands a drastic and
basic changes in the system of marriage and family, husband and wife
relationship and attitude towards socialisation and remarriage. Women
all over world have been challenging and changing gender inequalities
since the beginnings of history.
The word empowerment is defined as the process by which women
take control and ownership of their choices. Empowerment is a process
of awareness and capacity building leading to greater participation to
greater decision making power and control and transformation action.

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Empowerment of women signifies harnessing women power by

conscientising their tremender potential and encouraging them to work
towards attaining a dignified and competence as person with self-
respect rights and responsibilities. the core elements of empowerment
have been defined as agency( the ability to define ones goals and act
upon them) awareness of gendered power structure self-esteem and self-
confidence.
Empowerment as a concept was introduced at the international
womens conference at Nairobi in 1985 the conference defined
empowerment as “a redistribution of social power and control of
resources in favour of women it is” the process of challenging existing
power relations and gaining greater control over the source of power.”
Empowerment is a multi-faceted process which encompasses many
aspect i.e enhancing awareness increasing access to resources of
economic and social and political etc.
“Secent years women empowerment has become a subject of great
concern for the nations all over the world especially in poor and
developing countries. The impact of globalization is seen eventually on
position of women in some form or other in most of the developing
countries with the variation of degree. The united nations has also
retrived hard in an incredible way draw the due attention of the world
community on this issue in the past years.
Women empowerment refers to an increase in the strength of women
such as spiritual, political, social or economic. The most common
explanation of “women’s empowerment” is the ability to excise full
control over one’s actions. Thus women empowerment occurs in real
sense when women achieve increased control and participation in
decision making that leads to their better access to resources it often
involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities.
Women empowerment is empowering the women to take their own
decision for their personal dependent empowering women is to make

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them independent in all aspect from mind. To provide security, safety

for women to improve the standards of living and for getting equal
opportunities to women in every sector for best identity the UHGs is
boosting up as per united nation development fund for women
(UNFEM) the term women’s empowerment means acquiring knowledge
and understanding a gender relationship developing a sense of self-
worth, gaining ability to generate choices excise bargaining power,
developing the ability to organize and influence the direction of social
changes. To create a more just social-economic and political progress,
educating makes difference in the lives of women it helps to improved
economic growth make lower population growth and etc.
2.14 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA
The year 2001 has been declared by the government of India as
“women’s empowerment year” to focus on a vision where women are
equal partners like men because the constitutional of India grants
equality to women in various fields of life in the past, the position of
women was miserable in the society and even women were not ready to
undertake any assignment or job due to many reasons like fear, shyness,
male dominance in the society and pruda system but time has been
changed now women of today are not like the early days now, they are
always ready to come forward and what more economic Independence,
their own identity, achievements, equal status in the society and greater
freedom and government of India has provided for SHGs to them so that
proper attention should be given employment, entrepreneurial
development and well being that ultimately leads to its contribution
SHGs have been emerged as a powerfull instrument in order to alleviate
poverty and for the empowerment of women in the rural economy SHGs
through the network of commercial banks, co-operative banks, regional
rural banks, NABARD and NGO’s has been largely supply driven and a
revent approach in the provision of financial services to the and further
up grading their status in the society. In this way. UHGs are important
not only to reduce rural poverty. To promote rural savings but also to

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increase gainfull employment keeping their in mind the present study is

to the growth of SHGs and to analyse the current position of women
empowerment and the study the economic improvement of women after
their joining SHGs the information for the study has been collected from
secondary sources i.e various books, journals, newspapers, published
literature, websites, and annual reports.
2.15 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
Government support accelerated SHG movement. World bank (2001)
collaborative efforts by government, NGOs and SHGs to promote micro
enterprises in the long run generates huge employment opportunity to
rural women to reduce poverty in the rural areas. According to
chelladurai (2004) specific policies shall be formed to bring
occupational diversity by encouraging rural industries and support
services. Rural banks made phenomenal progress to increase poor
people’s access to financial services. Schemes aims at institutional
capacity building, promotion of women SHGs, strengthening the
capacity of central and state level agencies, income generation,
investment of fund, technical support, access to social programmes and
use of funds for community asset such as drinking water, sanitation, day
care centers, health and child care, according to carr, marylin chen and
renana jhabvala (19900 study on rural and tribal women in Maharashtra
with 239 families among which mothers of 64 families involved with
SHGs have better awareness about child health care, family planning
than non participants in the villages. Following are some of the major
initiatives of governmentt towards SJHG movement.
DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN RURAL
AREAS (DWCRA)
Groups with maximum membership of 15 are formed by department of
rural development. The scheme focus on organization of women into
groups to foster a collective approach to their problems and to enhance
their bargaining power. Rs. 25000is given as lump sum grant. The

19
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members can collectively use it for any income generating activity.

Thrift is used as tool for entry and members are encouraged to save their
money in a common fund and training in leadership, attitudinal change,
skills for income generation is provided under the scheme
SWARNAJAYANTHI GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA (SGSY)
It is a modified version of IRDP with the focus on group approach. Cost
of group formation and development is met from the scheme fund
amounting to Rs 10000 per group over a period of 3-4 years. Grading of
group is done once in six months to ascertain their status of performance
and corrective capacity building is undertaken. Economic activities are
assisted through bank loan cum subsidy.
ANGANAWADI GROUPS
This group is formulated under the department of women welfare at the
habitation level for implementing health, nutrition, and literacy
programmes for rural women. Micro finance facility is availed to the
members for taking up income generating activities.
JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT GROUPS
Village communities in notified forest areas are formed into vana
samrakshana samithis (VSS) to conserve forest wealth, social
mobilization and village communities are exhorted to take up alternative
income generating activities.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT GROUPS
Farmers in the watershed areas are formed into groups for implementing
improved techniques of watershed development with the intervention of
a facilitating agency, normally an NGO. On-farm development activities
are funded through grant support, these groups are also encouraged to
take up microfinance with thrift as an entry point activity

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RASHTRIYA MAHILA KOSH (RMK) group formed by NGOs and

founded by RMK, a fund set up by the government of India for
associating women to undertaken income generating activity.
THE COUNCIL FOR ADVANCEMENT OF PEOPLES ACTION
AND RURAL TECHNOLOGY (CAPART)
It is set up by the ministry of rural development, government of India to
fund voluntary organizations and community based organizations
engaged in serving rural areas. It occupies a significant space in shaping
the development and innovation of NGOs and catalysing development of
government of India to facilitate the implementation.
SWA-SHAKTI PROJECT (ASSISTED BY IFAD AND WORLD
BANK)
Rural women’s development and empowerment project encompassing
states of Bihar,Gujarath,Haryana,Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh
with a central project. 24 supports units in the department of women and
child development of government of India to facilitate the
implementation.
KUDUMBASHREE PROJECT
The project is launched by the government of Kerala with the support of
government of India and NABARD for wiping out absolute poverty
within 10 years. The project implemented through community based
organizations for empowerment of women, formation of informal banks
for the poor, promotion of micro enterprises and established of rural
marketing networks and convergent community action.
DISTRICT POVERTY INITIATIVE PROJECT (VELUGU)
In Andhra Pradesh with the aid of world bank, the project aimed to
organize the poorest of the poor in selected districts through
convergence of resources, organization capacity building, linkages and
capital support. The project envisages “common interest group”
members are motivated to take up economic activities and community
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welfare programmes through the common investment fund of Rs

20,000/-
SWARNA JAYANTHI SHAHARI ROZGAR YOJANA (SJSRY)
It is an anti-poverty programme launched by the government of India for
eradicating absolute poverty from urban areas. The community
development structure provide the channel for the delivery system of
scheme through Urban self employment programme (USEP) and
development of women and children in urban areas (DWCUA) helps
poor women in setting up gainfull employment through group activity.
BANK AS A SELF-HELP PROMOTION INSTITUTION

Since the nationalizing of the commercial banks there has been a

commitment at the highest policy levels, towards improving access to
financial services for the poor. Several policy measures like allocation of
small loans at subsidized interest rates ranging from 4% to 10% for
micro loans, and opening of small rural branches. Linking bank credit to
a targeted program of the government of India. For ex, the integrated
rural development program (IRDP). Linkage programme of NABARD
through its networks and some NGOs act as banking intermediaries,
channeling finance through centralizing accounts and financial system at
the NGO level.

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CHAPTER-3
PROFILE OF SELF-HELP GROUPS
3.1 LOCATION
Uchangidurga is located 30 km from davangere on the anaji route. After taking a
left turn the fort is visible from the junction. There is route from aluru deviation
too, which is not recommended since the road condition is bad the road proceeds
towards jagaluru.
3.2 HISTORY
Uchangidurga during the kadamba time was known has “uchcharsing” a greate
battle between pallava king nanakkadas and kadamba king Krishna Varma was
fought in this very place according to the 4 th century inscription found at anaji. The
latern suffered a huge befeat at the hands of the pallavas and Krishna Varma was
forced to recreate to banavasi. Later chalukyasreignend supreme and bought this
area under their control. They defeated pallavas, who had occupied the territory
and chased them further [Link] the middle of 12th century when chalukyas
became weak and fading, pandyas took charge of this region
tribhuvanmallapandya, vijayapandya deva and veerapandya deva ruled over the
region. Uchangidurga was the capital of the pandyas who claimed to be from the
Yadav race and that their capital was Kanchipuram.
Hoysalas took charge of their tritory by defeating the pandyas in the 12 th century
king vishnuvardhana routed then in the battle and the took charge of the strategic
uchangidurga fort after the fall of the hoysalas the vijaynagar rules took over and
dominated the region and it was given to nayakas to govern hanumappanayaka was

23
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the first to govern later followed by timmannanayaka. Timmannanayaka was

considered to be courageous and during soldier it is said he once snuck into the
enemy camp and rode off with generalise horse, earning him instant recognition
from the vijaynagar emperor. He was asked to lead the army against Gulbarga
sultanate. He was successful in defeating the bahamani sultans in recognition of his
feat he was given charge of uchangidurga however he abducted a courtesan from
the vijaynagar empire and provoked the worth of the emperor he escaped to
mayakonda and then to the jungles of guntur he was ultimately forced to surrender
at rangapatna to the emperors forces and was imprisoned at chitradurga fort for his
treason.
His son obananayaka was installed to the throne at chitradurga. After he fall of the
vijaynagar empire in 1565. He assumed the little of the madakarinayaka.
He declared his independence and then constructed the fort of
chitradurgakallinakote this territory was sand witched between the marathas and
hyderali by doing their uchangidurga formed a pivot during the reign of the
nayakas through constant battle some of the nayakas took protection under
marathas and soon this region was captured by hyderali thereafter tippu sultan took
over the territory till 1799 AD when he was defeated by the british in the anglo-
mysore wars.
3.3 POPULATION
Particulars Total Male Female
Total no. of houses 1947 - -
Population 9781 4926 4855
Child (o-6) 1312 680 625
Schedule tribe 1265 640 625
Schedule caste 2823 1408 1415
Literacy 66.68% 75.22% 58.09%
Total workers 5792 3075 2717
Main workers 3833 - -
Marginal workers 1959 788 1171

3.4 WORK PROFILE

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In uchangidurga village out of total population 5792 were engaged in work

activities 66.18% (employment or earning more than 6 months) while 33.82% were
involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months
of 5792 workers engaged in main work 1064 were cultivators ( owner or co-owner)
while 1488 were agricultural labourer.
3.5 LITERACY
The 5647 people in the village are literate among them 3194 are male and 2453 are
female literance rate (children under 6 are excluded) of uchangidurga is 67%, 75%
of male and 58% of female population are literate here over all literacy rate in the
village has increased by 16% male literacy has gone up by 11% and female literacy
rate has gone up by 20%
3.6 SELF-HELP GROUP IN UCCHANGIDURGA
The main activity of the SHGs in uchangidurga village is conducting group
meetings is done in all groups. They need to discuss their savings, common
problems, performances and so on in the meeting. In addition to this the occasion
is used to discuss their economic and social problems and other issues that need to
be sorted out through intervention of group or its members. Hence, the frequency
meeting conducting meetings is once a fortnightly or in a month regularity in
attendance is also observed. The SHGs independent in conducting the meetings.
Decisions on financial transactions included in collective decision.

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CHAPTER-4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRITATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Data analysis and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the
collected information and determining the conclusion, significance and
implications of the findings. Analyizing survey consist of number of interrelated
processes that are intended to summarize, arrange and transform data into
information.
Analysis and interpretation mere preparation of plan is not sufficient, it should be
implemented in word and spirit and results are to be analysed. Analysis and
interpretation is another technique it makes the date meaningful.
This chapter gives a detailed view about field survey and also helps to find proper
findings of the study. Information which collected form survey is represented in
well-structured table and graphs wherever necessary arises.

Table no- 4.01

The table 4.01 shows the age of the respondents
Age No of respondents Percentage

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

20-30 9 30
30-40 12 40
40-50 6 20
50 and above 3 10
Total 30 100
Source: field survey

Graph no- 4.01

The graph shows age of the respondents
45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
20-30 30-40 40-50 50 and above

Column1

The above table showing 4.01 shows age of the respondents.30 percent
respondents between the age group of 20 to 30, 40 percent of respondents between

27
[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

the age group 30 to 40. And 20 and 10 percent age of respondents are 30 to 40 and
50 above. It found that majority respondents were 30 to 40 years.

Table no- 4.02

The table showing qualification of the respondents

Qualification Frequency Percentage

Below SSLC 8 26.66
SSLC 9 30
PUC 10 33.33
Graduation 3 10
Total 30 100

Source: field survey

Graph no- 4.02
The graph shows the qualification of the respondents

graduation

puc

sslc

beolw sslc

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Column1

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

The above table showing the education of the respondents. 26.66 percent
respondents are below SSLC. And 30 and 33.33 percent of respondents are
completed the SSLC and PUC. Were 10percent respondents are graduate holders.
It interrupted that the majority of the respondents completed PUC education.
Table no-4.03
The table shows the occupation of the respondents
Source: field survey
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Vegitables vendors 5 16.66
Hotels 4 13.33
Labourer 4 13.33
Tailor 5 16.66
kirana shops 4 13.33
No occupation 8 26.66
Total 30 100
Graph no- 4.03
The graph describes the occupation of the respondents

vegitable vendors hotels labourer

tailor kirana shops no occupation

The table 4.03 showing the occupation of the respondents. Most of the
respondents are no have any occupation. 16.66 percent were vegitable and tailor.

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

The other 13.33 percent respondents are the hotel, labourer and kirana shop
workers. It is interpreted the majority of the respondents are didn’t create any
occupation.
Table no- 4.04
This table shows the income of the respondents
Income Frequency Percentage
(Monthly basis)
Up to 1000 6 20

1000-2500 4 13.33

2500-5000 9 30

5000 above 11 36.66

Total 30 100

Source
s Graph no - 4.04
The graph shows income of the respondents

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
up to 1000 1000 - 2000 2500 - 5000 5000 above

The table no 4.04 shows the income of the respondents 36.66 percent of the
respondents are earning morethan 5000 and above. Were 1000-2500 and 2500-
5000 are income is 13.33 and and 30 percent respectively. The below 1000 of
income is 20 percent.

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

Table no- 4.05

This table shows problem faced before joining SHGs
Problem faced before Frequency Percentage
joining SHG
Yes 18 60
No 12 40
Total 30 100
Source: field survey

Graph no – 4.05
This graph shows problem faced before joining SHGs

Chart Title

The
table
4.05
shows
yes the
no

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

problems faced by the respondents the 60percent of the respondents are not faced
any problems and 40percent of the respondents are face the problem.
Table no- 4.06
The table shows respondents introduce the SHGs
Introduce to the SHG Frequency Percentage

Self 11 36.66

Family members 9 30

Friends and relatives 10 33.33

Total 30 100

Source – field survey

Graph no – 4.06
The graph shows respondents introduce the SHGs

friend and relative

family member

self

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

The respondents are taken a information from the various members.36.66 percent
respondents are self- introducers. 30 and 33.33 percent are family members and
friends and relatives.
Table no- 4.07

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

The table shows barrowed money from SHGs

Barrowed money from Frequency Percentage
SHG
20000-30000 5 16.66

40000-50000 4 13.33

50000-60000 5 16.66

60000- 80000 8 26.66

80000-100000 8 26.66

Total 30 100

Source – field survey

Graph no – 4.07
The graph shows barrowed money from SHGs

30

25

20

15

10

0
20000 30000
40000 50000
50000 60000
60000 80000

The respondents are money barrowed from the SHGs is 26.66 p percent 50000-
80000 amount. 16.66, 16.66 and 13.33 percent respondents amount are receive
40000,25000,30000 respectively.

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Table – 4.08
The table shows in rate of interest
Rate of interest(in Frequency Percentage
percentage)
0.75 2 6.66
1 10 33.33
2 10 33.33
3 8 26.33
Total 30 100
Source – field survey
Graph no -4.08
The graph shows in rate of interest

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0.75 1 2 3

Column1

The rate of interest from the barrowed money is 33.33 and 33.33 from the 1 and
2 percent respectively and 26.33 is 3 percent. 6.66 is 0.75 percent respectively.

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Table no – 4.09
The table shows aware of bank procedure
Aware of bank procedure frequency Percentage

Yes 19 63.33
No 11 36.66
30 100
Source – field survey
Graph no – 4.09
The graph shows aware of bank procedure

no

yes

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

The majority respondents are aware of bank procedure is higher then

63.33percent. and 36.66 percent are not aware respectively.

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CHAPTER- 5
FINDINGS, SUGGETIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 FINDINGS
 Majority respondents are only women’s (100%)
 On the basis of field report majority report women are working with the help
of SHGs
 Majority respondents are age between 30 to 40 years (40%)
 Majority respondents are completed the PUC (33.33%)
 Majority respondents income is 5000 and above(36.66%)
 Majority respondents are manjunatha SHG holders(36.66%)
 Majority members are not faced any problems before joining SHG is (60%)
 The 40% of the members are facing the problems before joining SHG is
(40%)
 Majority respondents are joining by self is(36.66%)
 30% of the respondents are introduced by the family members (30%)
 33.33% of the introduced by the friends and relatives
 63.33% members are aware of the bank procedure.
5.2 SUGGESTIONS
 In order to solve the various problems and issues relating to the
marketing of SHGs
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 The state level authorities should expand the activities through out the
state instesd of being limiting its operation in a particular area.
 The various SHG functioning in a particular panchyat area can from a co-
operative society
 Additionally the society can also undertake some promotional activities .
 Measures should be taken to attract to more and more people
 Illiterate and poor rest section of the rural people to becomes members
of SHGs
 Small responsible task and jobs to be done on behalf of the government
can be instructed to SHGs

5.3 CONCLUSION
The participation of women in SHGs as enriched their income savings and
empowerment. The involvement of the women in the group considerable
contributes to improvement and perception in the quality of life. Social status and
confidence of the members the SHGs in the study area are taking the lead and
playing an important role in social transformation infrastructure building and
welfare activities. SHGs scheme is one of the significant scheme through which
empowerment of women in terms of better leadership decision making utility and
skill up graduation. Considering the huge number of poor discriminated and
deprived women there is need to encourage the women to become entrepreneurs on
their own the agenda of women SHG should be to work towards the empowerment
of the members and also other unpreveliged poor women in the society one such
institution is education which will not only help in breaking the mold of ignorance
of rural women but is the right path to women social development and
empowerment.

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear sir/madam

I am Bhagyalakshmi N. Pursuing [Link] 4th semester in Department of

Studies and Research in Commerce, Davan P.G Studies, Davanagere. I am
preparing project as a part of my study. I have undertaken a project entitled
as “Role of Self-help Groups in Women Empowerment”- A case study in
uchangidurga. Under the guidance of Mr. Harish Tigari. Assistant
professor and Co-ordinator of Davan P.G Studies. so kindly request to you
to spare you precious time to fill this questionnaire. I assured you that all
information provided by you will kept as confidential and will be used for
study purpose only.

Thanking you. Yours

faithfully

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

(BHAGYALAK
SHMI N)

Name: Address:

1. Age:
a. 20 to 30 ( ) b.30 to 40 ( )
c. 40 to 50 ( ) d.50 and above ( )
2. Qualification:
a. below SSLC ( ) b. SSLC ( )
c. PUC ( ) d. Graduation ( )
3. Occupation:
4. Income: (monthly basis)
a. up to 1000 ( ) b.1000 to 2500 ( )

c. 2500 to 5000 ( ) d.5000 and above ( )

5. Marital status:
a. Married ( ) b. Unmarried ( )
6. Name of the self-help group
7. Date of membership
8. What are the problems you faced before joining self- help group?
a. Family problems ( ) b. others specify ( )
9. Who introduced you to self-help group?
a. Self ( ) b. Family members ( )
c. Friends and relatives ( ) d. others specify
( )
[Link] for joining self-help group?
a. To help family ( ) b. To Financial support (

39
[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

) c. As a source of income ( ) d. Others specify

( )
[Link] much money you barrowed by the self –help group?
[Link] of interest
[Link] being a member of self-help group what types of benefits you
perceive yourself.
a. Social ( ) b. Financial ( )

[Link] self confidence in increased after joining self-help group?

a. yes ( ) b. No ( )
[Link] better status and decision making power gained after joining self-help
group? a. yes ( ) b. No ( )
[Link] you aware about the banking procedure after joining self-help group?
a. yes ( ) b. No ( )
[Link] your suggestions to improve the functioning of the self-help groups

Date: Signature of
respondent
Place:

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[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]

41