University of Duhok

College of Engineering
Department /water resources engineering
4th stage / Project report

Student name:-
I-Sipan jalal issa II-Aras sabah ahmed III-Ahmed moayad jameel
IV-Awkar salah V-Hadar abdulrazaq

Supervisor:-
Sayran ahmed Ibrahim
 Table of Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

Project location .............................................................................................................................................. 3

Project objective ............................................................................................................................................. 4

Component of project ................................................................................................................................. 4

Collection ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
Transportation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….5

Processing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

Landfill ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

Effect of project ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Advantage of project…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….7

Disadvantage of project ……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………..7

Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………..9

Reference ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………10

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Introduction:-

A waste can be defined as any unwanted and useless material. The waste can be either
solid, liquid or gaseous. Solid Waste in general can be defined as ‘As a material which
has negligible value to the producer and there is no direct consumption of the generated
waste’. It is generated due to various activities that can be residual and commercial,
agricultural, etc. Whatever the origin, content or hazard potential is, solid waste must be
managed systematically to ensure environmental best practices.

Solid Waste Management is defined as the discipline associated with control of

generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid
waste materials. Solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial,
engineering and legal functions in the process of solving problems arising from waste
materials. The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating
adverse impacts of waste materials on human health and environment to support
economic development and superior quality of life

Project location:-
The project is located in kashe which is

about (20km) north west from center of

Duhok(4094259,44m N. 304890,55m

E). The recycling and separating waste

solid

Figure (1):-Location of waste solid management ( kashe)

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Project objective:-

1- Energy saving strategy in a long-term strategy and reducing thermal emissions and
polluting gases from the environment resulting from waste transfers and sorting
processes in laboratories and emitted from landfills due to their decomposition, and to
preserve the environment (atmosphere, soil, groundwater) by sorting waste

2- Sorting processes at the source will reduce the amount of waste that will be buried in
landfills at a high rate, and this result will reduce the amount of gases emitted from the
degradation of waste that produces gases causing environmental pollution, as well as
reduce the amount of polluted water leaking from waste to water Subterranean in the
earthen layers.

3- The economic aspect: The source sorting operations will be of economic importance
in terms of obtaining recyclable materials of high quality

Component of waste solid management:-

Component of Waste solid management

Collection Transportation Processing Landfilling

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Collection:-
Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management. It is the transfer of solid
waste from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill. Waste
collection also includes the curbside collection of recyclable materials that technically
are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program

Proper solid-waste collection is important for the protection of public health, safety, and
environmental quality. It is a labor-intensive activity, accounting for approximately
three-quarters of the total cost of solid-waste management.

Transportation:-

The transportation of waste is the movement of waste over a specific area by trains,
tankers, trucks, barges, or other vehicles. The types of wastes that may be transported
range from municipal garbage to radioactive or hazardous wastes.

Hazardous wastes may be transported to be treated, stored, or disposed of. Facilities that
generate hazardous waste are required to prepare a shipping document, or "manifest," to
accompany the waste as it is transported from the site of generation. This manifest must
accompany the waste until its final destination and is used to track the wastes from
cradle-to-grave.

Processing:-
Processing technic are used in solid waste management system, improve the efficiency
of solid waste disposal system and to recover resource and to prepare material for the
recovery of conversion product and energy

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Landfill:-
A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. Landfill is the oldest
form of waste treatment, although the burial of the waste is modern; historically, refuse
was simply left in piles or thrown into pits. Historically, landfills have been the most
common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the
world.

Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary
storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment,
or recycling). Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or
soil liquefaction of the ground during a large earthquake

Figure(2):- landfill

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Effect of project:-
 Solid waste changes properties of soil, air, and water causing pollution.
 Solid waste produces foul smell, breeds insects and organism.
 Leads to spread of many diseases, infections, etc affecting human and animal
population.
 Harmful chemicals are released into the environment

Advantage of project:-

 This practice is highly lucrative

 Keeps the environment clean and fresh

 Saves the Earth and conserves energy

 Reduces environmental pollution

 Waste management will help you earn money

 Creates employment:

Disadvantage of project :-
 The process is not always cost-effective
 The resultant product has a short life

 The sites are often dangerous

 The practices are not done uniformly

 Waste management can cause more problems

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Discussion:-
The our project discuses about waste solid management in duhok, the waste solid in
duhok city is about (450-550)ton per day, the waste solid of one person is about (1kg )
per day, the most of waste in our city is food it is about 40% this amount is more and we
can in this quantity produce gas mithan (CH₄) this gas is using to produce electric energy
but this serves in not available in our country or using to create anesthetic this is useful
in the medical field, and other waste is about 60% this quantity include ( plastic, metal,
carton, wood ………...etc), this waste is collected at select place and then transport to
kashe factory, in kashe factory the process of separating and landfilling is done, the total
waste that is came to kasha every day is about (600-650)ton per day, the company has
capable to separating (250-300) tones per day.

But now in kashe factory the work is not done perfectly, the most important causes that
are make it work not done perfectly is, the waste is mixture, and the number of workers
is less, and there are many machine in kashe factory is broken or out of work, and the
quantity of money that government give the company is less

A company specialized in collection and transporting waste in duhok is (artosh) in this

company the number of worker is about (550-600) this number of workers is separated
in city in two day once cleaning the residential place, and the commercial place is
cleaned four time in day, and the tourism place is cleaned once in day, and the total
machine that is required to handling and transporting waste is 150 ( trash truck, vehicle,
garbage, shovel, …..etc)

The salary of each worker is about (400-500$), 80% is stranger worker and 20% is local
workers in duhok city

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Conclusion:-

Now in duhok city the most cost is used to cleaning the city, the aim of this project is to
reduce this cost and to (reduce, recycle, reuse ) the waste, if we reduced, recycled and
reused the waste the cost automatically will reduce, there are many way to reduce the
cost, the first way if we give every house two or three container one for dry material and
the second for wet material, in this way we can reduce the problem of mixture waste,
this point is the most important point for factory, in this way the process of separating
will be done easily.

The second way is to Provide the number of development machine that are the factory is
needed and fix the machine that are out of work and provide the sufficient number of
workers for factory and provide the special budget annually for this purpose.

The third way Serious attention, along with awareness, started from the child, school,
education, through audio, video, and audio methods, and activating civil society
organizations for the purpose of moving forward in knowing how to deal with waste. As
we have noted, the economic situation in duhok is booming and the amount of waste
generation is increasing, so it must move quickly to This side.

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Reference:-

 Director of the municipality of Duhok Governorate.

 Waste solid factory in Kashe .

 Artosh company.

 [Link]

 [Link]

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