Lavin Institute for computer science
5th stage networking
Windows server topics for year
2017-2018
Tutor
Barkhawan Othman Ameen
Study.material1960@[Link]
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Preferred topics
- Introduction
- What is Virtualization?
- Networking important terms.
- What is windows server?
- What does server do?
- Some Key terms in windows server.
- What is a Role?
- Windows server roles in short.
- What are the benefits of a Group policy?
- Apache server and Web server
- What is a Web Server?
- Routers
- How Routers Work
- Router Types
- Disk quote
- File screening
- Windows deployment service (WDS)
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Introduction
A basic understanding of windows server parts is important for anyone managing a
server. Not only is it essential for getting your services online and running
smoothly, it also gives you the insight to maintain it.
This document will provide a basic overview of some common windows server
Roles and entities.
What is windows server?
Windows Server is a group of operating systems designed by Microsoft that
supports enterprise-level management, data storage, applications, and
communications. Previous versions of Windows Server have focused on
stability, security, networking, and various improvements to the file system.
Other improvements also have included improvements to deployment
technologies, as well as increased hardware support. Microsoft has also
created specialized SKUs of Windows Server that focus on the home and
small business markets. Windows Server 2012 R2 is the latest release of
Windows Server, and focuses on cloud computing
Windows server position in an enterprise network
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What does server do?
• A server is a system (software and suitable computer hardware) that
responds to requests across a computer network to provide, or help to
provide, a network service.
• Servers often provide essential roles or services across a network, including
file server, print server, directory services server, web server, mail server,
database server, or other application server.
• While nearly any personal computer is capable of acting as a network server,
a dedicated server will contain features making it more suitable for
production environments. These features may include a faster or more
processors, increased high-performance RAM, increased storage capacity in
the form of a larger or multiple hard drives, and faster network connections.
• Servers also typically have reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS)
and fault tolerance features, such as redundancy in power supplies, storage
(as in RAID), and network connections.
• Servers may incorporate larger computer fans or water cooling to help
remove heat, and uninterruptible power supplies that ensure the servers
continue to function in the event of a power failure.
• Modern operating systems such as Microsoft Windows or Linux
distributions are designed with a client–server architecture in mind.
• Server-oriented operating systems tend to have features that make them
more suitable for the server environment, including no or optional graphic
user interface (GUI), reconfiguration without system restart, flexible and
advanced networking capabilities, automation capabilities, and tight system
security with advanced user, resource, data, and memory protection.
• Many desktop and server operating systems share similar code bases,
differing mostly in configuration.
• Microsoft requires that all clients that connect to server applications have a
license to connect to and use the services of that software. These special
purpose licenses come in the form of a Client Access License (CAL).
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• Some Key terms in windows server:
- Domain
A group of computers and devices on a network that are administered as a
unit with common rules and procedures. Within the Internet, domains are
defined by the IP address. All devices sharing a common part of the IP
address are said to be in the same domain.
- Domain controller
Abbreviated as DC, domain controller is a server on a Microsoft Windows or
Windows NT network that is responsible for allowing host access to Windows
domain resources. ... It stores user account information, authenticates users and
enforces security policy for a Windows domain. See Active Directory. See also
member server.
Domain controller with clients
- Active directories
Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) stores directory data and manages
communication between users and domains, including user logon processes,
authentication, and directory searches. An Active Directory domain controller is a
server that is running AD DS
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Active directory organizes users and groups in to specific fields
- DNS concept
Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that
translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic,
they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses.
Shows how DNS server works in simple way
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- DHCP concept
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that
automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other
related configuration information such as the subnet mask.
- Group policy
Group Policy is a hierarchical infrastructure that allows a network administrator in
charge of Microsoft's Active Directory to implement specific configurations for
users and computers. Group Policy can also be used to define user, security and
networking policies at the machine level.
What are the benefits of a Group policy?
• Group Policy provides centralized management and configuration of
operating systems, applications, and users' settings in an Active Directory
environment.
• Policy settings are defined separately for computers and for users. Computer
policies are processed at computer startup. User policies are processed at
user logon.
• Group Policy objects are processed in the following order: local, site,
domain, then organizational unit (OU). Policy settings are inherited from
one level to the next unless overridden.
• Policy inheritance can be blocked at a lower level. But higher-level policies
can be set as enforced, preventing both the blocking of inheritance and
override.
• Group Policy objects are created and maintained using the Group Policy
Management Console.
• Local policies may be set on individual computers using the Microsoft
Management Console Local Security Policy snap-in.
• By default, Microsoft Windows refreshes its policy settings every 90 - 120
minutes on workstations and member servers and every five minutes on
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domain controllers. However, some settings are only applied during startup
or user logon.
• Group Policy settings can be refreshed manually using the gpupdate
command. Active Directory supports three types of user profiles: local
profiles, roaming profiles, and mandatory profiles. Local profiles are created
automatically on each computer where a user logs on. Roaming profiles are
copied to a server share and downloaded to the local computer when users
log on. Mandatory profiles are implemented as read-only roaming profiles
What is a Role?
A server role is a set of software programs that, when they are installed and
properly configured, lets a computer perform a specific function for multiple
users or other computers within a network. Generally, roles share the
following characteristics. They describe the primary function, purpose, or
use of a computer.
Windows server roles in short:
• The Active Directory Domain Services role enables the server to be
configured as a domain controller to centrally manage, authenticate, and
authorize users, groups, and computers on the network.
• The Application Server role supports hosting and managing high-
performance distributed business applications through the .NET Framework,
web services, and application communications services.
• The DHCP Server role allows the server to provide IP addresses and other
settings to network clients.
• The DNS Server role allows the server to provide host name to IP address
resolution for Internet names, as well as hosting name resolution for local
domains.
• The File Services role supports file sharing, DFS, NFS, and SMB.
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• The Hyper-V role supports hosting and managing virtual machines,
including both Windows and non-Windows guests.
• The Network Policy and Access Services role supports RADIUS
authentication, routing, and remote access through VPNs.
• The Print Services role supports printer sharing.
• The Terminal Services role supports access to remote desktop services,
remote applications, and may function as a gateway to remote clients.
• The Web Server role allows the server to host HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP sites.
• The Windows Deployment Services role supports network-based installation
of Windows and other operating systems through PXE boot.
• The Group Policy Management feature allows administration of Group
Policy objects through the Group Policy Management Console.
• The .NET Framework 3.5.1 feature installs support for .NET 2.0 and .NET
3.0 applications through the .NET Framework.
• The Remote Assistance feature supports requesting and offering GUI-based
remote assistance.
• The Remote Server Administration Tools feature supports remote
administration of Windows servers from another server.
• The Telnet Client feature installs a Telnet client, useful for both connecting
to Telnet servers (including routers and switches), and testing text-based
network services such as HTTP and SMTP.
• The Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment feature installs
a GUI for developing, testing, and running PowerShell scripts.
The Windows Server Backup feature installs a Microsoft Management Console
snap-in, comnand-line tools, and PowerShell cmdlets to support backup and
recovery of Windows servers.
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Networking important terms:
• Firewall: A firewall is a program that decides whether traffic coming into a server
or going out should be allowed. A firewall usually works by creating rules for
which type of traffic is acceptable on which ports. Generally, firewalls block ports
that are not used by a specific application on a server
• VPN: VPN stands for virtual private network. It is a means of connecting separate
LANs through the internet, while maintaining privacy. This is used as a means of
connecting remote systems as if they were on a local network, often for security
reasons
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IP
The IP protocol is one of the fundamental protocols that allow the internet to work.
IP addresses are unique on each network and they allow machines to address each
other across a network. It is implemented on the internet layer in the IP/TCP
model.
Networks can be linked together, but traffic must be routed when crossing network
boundaries. This protocol assumes an unreliable network and multiple paths to the
same destination that it can dynamically change between.
There are a number of different implementations of the protocol. The most
common implementation today is IPv4, although IPv6 is growing in popularity as
an alternative due to the scarcity of IPv4 addresses available and improvements in
the protocols capabilities.
Static IP
A static Internet Protocol (IP) address (static IP address) is a permanent number
assigned to a computer by an Internet service provider (ISP).
dynamic IP
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide customers with a dynamic IP addresses
because they are more cost effective. Instead of one IP address always being yours
(a static IP address), your IP address is pulled from a pool of addresses and then
assigned to you
What is Virtualization?
• Virtualization is the simulation of a hardware platform, operating system,
storage device, or network resources using software.
• In hardware virtualization, the host machine is the actual machine on which
the virtualization takes place, and the guest machine is the virtual machine.
The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is
called a hypervisor or virtual machine manager.
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• Hyper-V is Microsoft's hypervisor, available in in two variants: a free stand-
alone product called Hyper-V Server, and an installable role in Windows
Server 2008 and later as well as the x64 edition of Windows 8 Pro.
• The Hyper-V role may be added to either full or server core installations.
• Hyper-V is a kernel mode (Ring 0) hypervisor rather than a user mode (Ring
3) hypervisor, resulting in better virtual machine isolation and better
performance.
• Hyper-V requires a minimum of 2 GB of RAM, but each virtual machine
running on the Hyper-V server requires its own memory.
• Hyper-V uses the VHD (.vhd) virtual hard disk file format, with Windows
Server 2012 and Windows 8 also supporting the newer .vhdx format.
• The VHD file format may contain what is found on physical hard disk
drives, such as disk partitions and file systems, which in turn can contain
folders and files.
• VHD files have a maximum limit of 2 TB for the size of any dynamic or
differencing VHD.
• Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2 and later operating systems support
creating, mounting, and booting from VHD files.
• Virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for
multitasking kernels that allows the operating system to use secondary
storage as virtual memory address space and move memory pages between
physical memory and virtual storage as needed.
• A virtual network is a computer network that consists, at least in part, of
virtual rather than physical network links. The two most common forms of
network virtualization are protocol-based virtual networks such as VLANs,
and virtual device networks such as those connecting virtual machines inside
a hypervisor.
• Physical-to-Virtual ("P2V") describes the process of decoupling and
migrating a physical server's operating system (OS), applications, and data
from a physical server to a virtual machine guest hosted on a virtualized
platform.
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• Microsoft provides the SysInternals disk2vhd utility for manually creating
virtual images of Windows computers, and System Center Virtual Machine
Manager (SCVMM) for automated P2V capability
Shows the meaning of virtualization
Routers are small electronic devices that join multiple computer networks together
via either wired or wireless connections.
How Routers Work
In technical terms, a router is a Layer 3 network gateway device, meaning that it
connects two or more networks and that the router operates at the network layer of
the OSI model.
Routers contain a processor (CPU), several kinds of digital memory, and input-
output (I/O) interfaces.
They function as special-purpose computers, one that does not require a keyboard
or display.
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The router's memory stores an embedded operating system (O/S). Compared to
general-purpose OS products like Microsoft Windows or Apple Mac OS, router
operating systems limit what kind of applications can be run on them and also need
much smaller amounts of storage space. Examples of popular router operating
systems include Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and DD-WRT. These
operating systems are manufactured into a binary firmware image and are
commonly called router firmware.
By maintaining configuration information in a part of memory called the routing
table, routers also can filter both incoming or outgoing traffic based on the
addresses of senders and receivers
Router Types
There are many different types of routers available. From least expensive to top
rated, below are some of the routers available, and they’re all available on
[Link]:
802.11ac Routers
Linksys EA6500: This is Linksys first smart WiFi router and gives users total
mobile control of the wireless network in their home.
Netgear AC1750 (R6300): A solid choice for big homes with a lot of wireless
devices.
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802.11n Routers
Netgear N300 WNR2000: This is a quality router and the limited lifetime
warranty means if you run into any issues while using it, you can contact Netgear
to help fix the problem.
TP-LINK TL-WR841N: TP-LINK routers are some of the most sought after ones
on the market. The TL-WR841N features external antennas that make for a
stronger connection.
802.11g Routers
Netgear WGR614: The WGR614 is a first-rate router with a wide signal range
(ideal for homes with brick walls or similar obstructions). And, a three-year
warranty is included.
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Linksys WRT54G Wireless-G: This Linksys router doesn't take any time to
install and its strong signal range means you won't have to worry about slow-
loading pages[1]
Disk quote
Alternatively referred to as a quota, disk quota management are permissions
given by administrators that set limits on the user, workgroups, or other groups of
storage space. By setting a quota, this helps prevents a server or share from
becoming full of data, but still allows users to save files.
Most users who send and receive e-mail or run their own web page may be familiar
with quotas because of over quota messages, which is an indication they exceed
their available space. Also, if an e-mail file attachment is too big to fit into the
available quota you'll receive a similar error.[2]
File Screening
Create file screens to control the types of files that users can save, and generate
notifications when users attempt to save unauthorized files.
Define file screening templates that can be applied to new volumes or folders and
that can be used across an organization.
Create file screening exceptions that extend the flexibility of the file screening
rules.
For example, you can:
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Ensure that no music files are stored on personal folders on a server—yet you
could allow storage of specific types of media files that support legal rights
management or comply with company policies. In the same scenario, you might
want to give a vice president in the company special privileges to store any type of
files in his personal folder.
Implement a screening process to notify you by e-mail when an executable file is
stored on a shared folder, including information about the user who stored the file
and the exact location of the file, so that you can take the appropriate precautionary
steps.[3]
Windows deployment service (WDS)
Windows Deployment Services (WDS) enables you to deploy Windows operating
systems over the network, which means that you do not have to install each
operating system directly from a CD or DVD.[4]
Apache server and Web server
Apache is the most widely used web server software. Developed and maintained
by Apache Software Foundation, Apache is an open source software available for
free. It runs on 67% of all webservers in the world. It is fast, reliable, and secure. It
can be highly customized to meet the needs of many different environments by
using extensions and modules. Most WordPress hosting providers use Apache as
their web server software. However, WordPress can run on other web server
software as well.
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What is a Web Server?
A web server is like a restaurant host. When you arrive in a restaurant, the host
greets you, checks your booking information and takes you to your table. Similar
to the restaurant host, the web server checks for the web page you have requested
and fetches it for your viewing pleasure. However, A web server is not just your
host but also your server. Once it has found the web page you requested, it also
serves you the web page. A web server like Apache, is also the Maitre D’ of the
restaurant. It handles your communications with the website (the kitchen), handles
your requests, makes sure that other staff (modules) are ready to serve you. It is
also the bus boy, as it cleans the tables (memory, cache, modules) and clears them
for new customers.
So basically a web server is the software that receives your request to access a web
page. It runs a few security checks on your HTTP request and takes you to the web
page. Depending on the page you have requested, the page may ask the server to
run a few extra modules while generating the document to serve you. It then serves
you the document you requested. [5]
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Recommendation:
The following tutorial:
1- English: [Link]
2- Arabic : [Link]
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3- Kurdish:[Link]
VLo1zNT_4uJX0AwIMGXcSlTR0m_&index=2
references
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]
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