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And];Nfhtpd; gb VO cyf mjpraq;fs; :

 jh[;kfhy;
 vfpg;jpd; gpukpL
 igrh NfhGuk;
 ghgpNyhdpd; njhq;Fk; Njhl;lk;
 <gps; NfhGuk;
 rPdg; ngUQ;RtH
 nfhNyhrpak;
 jh[; kfhy;

jh[; kfhy; Mf;uhtpy; mike;Js;sJ. KOtJk; gspq;Ff;

fw;fshyhd ,f;fl;blk;> Mf;uhefupy; aKid Mw;wpd; fiuapy;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fhjypd; rpd;dkhf cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wJ. ,f;
fl;blk; Kfyha kd;ddhd \h[fhdhy; 17-Mk; E}w;whz;by;>
,we;J Nghd mtdJ ,sk; kidtp Kk;jh[; kfhy; epidthf
22>000 gzpahl;fisf; nfhz;L 1631 Kjy; 1654 Mk; Mz;Lf;F
,ilapy; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
jh[;kfhypd; ikak; ntz;zpwr; ryitf;fy;yhyhd rkhjpf;
fl;blk; MFk;. ,J rJukhd jsk; xd;wpd; kPJ mike;j> rkr;rPH
tbtk; nfhz;lJk;> tisT tbtpyhd Eio thapy;> ngupa
Ftpkhlk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJkhd xU fl;blk;. ngUk;ghyhd
Kfyhar; rkhjpfisg; NghyNt ,jd; mbg;gilf; $WfSk;
ghurPff; fl;blf;fiy rhHe;jdthFk;. ,jd; mbg;gFjp gy
miwfisf; nfhz;l xU mikg;G MFk;. ,J xt;nthU gf;fKk;
55 kPll
; Hfs; ePsk; nfhz;l fdf; Fw;wp tbtkhdJ.
 vfpg;jpd; gpukpL

fprhtpd; ngupa gpukPL my;yJ $Gtpd; gpukPL kw;Wk; rhg;rpd;

gpukPL etPd vfpg;jpd; jiyefukhd nfa;Nuhtpd; GwefHg;
gFjpapYs;s> gz;ila fPrh nef;NuhNghyp]py; mike;Js;s %d;W
ngUk; gpukpl;Lfspy; ngupaJk;> fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJk; MFk;. ,J
goq;fhy VO cyf mjpraq;fspy; kpfg;goikahdJk; ,d;Wtiu
kPz;bUg;gJkhFk;. ,J 4MtJ tk;r vfpg;jpa ghNuh $Gtpd;
rkhjpahFk;. ,J fpK 2560 Mk; Mz;L fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vfpg;jpa gpukpLfNs kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;witAk;
mwpag;gl;litAk; MFk;. nrq;fy; my;yJ ghiwfshy; fl;lg;gl;l
,tw;wpy; rpy cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa fl;blq;fspy; xd;whf
mike;jd. ngUk;ghyhd gpukpLfspd; Nkw;gug;Gfs; nts;isepw
Rz;zf;fw;fshy; kpfTk; vjpnuhspf;FkhW jPll; g;gl;bUe;jd.
,jdhy; njhiytpypUe;J gsgsg;Gld; fhzg;gl;ld. Kfl;Lf;fy;
my;yJ rpfuk; kl;Lk; fUq;fy; my;yJ vupkiyg;ghiwahy;
MdjhfTk; jq;fk;> nts;sp my;yJ jq;fk;>nts;spapd; fyg;G
cNyhfj;jpdhy; g+rg;gl;Lk; ,Ue;jJ.
fp.K 2700f;Fg; gpwF fl;lj; Jtq;fpa vfpg;jpaHfs; fp.K 1700
tiu gpukpLfisf; fl;bdH. %d;whk; tk;r fhyj;jpy; NahrH kd;dH
fhyj;jpy; MW k];jghf;fis xd;wpd; Nky; xd;whf mLf;fp Kjy;
gpukpL xd;iw fl;bdH. vfpg;jpd; ngupa gpukpLfs; fprh
vd;wtplj;jpy; cs;sd. ngUk;ghyhd gpukpLfs; iey; Mw;wpd;
Nkw;Fg; Gwj;jpNyNa fl;lg;gl;ld.
2008Mk; Mz;Lg;gb> ,Jtiu 135 gpukpLfs; vfpg;jpy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. vfpg;jpd; kpfg;ngupa gpukplhfpa fprhtpd;
ngupa gpukpl;bd; mbj;jsk; 52>600 rJu kPll; Hfs; gug;gstpy;
mike;Js;sJ. Kfl;by; gjpj;jpUe;j Rz;zf;fw;fSk;
flw;rq;FfSk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tpOe;Jtpl;ld my;yJ jpUlg;gl;L
nfa;Nuhtpy; fl;blq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

igrh NfhGuk;

cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;whf fUjg;gLk; igrh NfhGuk;

,j;jhypapy; igrh efupy; cs;sJ. cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;whd>
igrh efuj;J rha;e;j NfhGuk;> 210 Nfhb &gha; nrytpy;> 2.5
[Link].> epkpHj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ mUfhikapNy Nfhapy; kzpabf;f
fl;lgl;l NfhGuk; filrpapy; "igrh NfhGuk;" vd;W Gfo;ngw;wJ.
1173y; %d;W khbfs; fl;lgl;l clNd> fl;blk; rhaj;njhlq;fpaJ.
,jw;F xU gf;fj;jpy; epyj;Jf;fbapy; kz; cWjpahf ,y;yhky;
,Ue;jJ jhd; fhuzk; MFk;. clNd gae;J Ngha; fl;Lkhd
Ntiyfis eLNt epWj;jp tpl;lhHfs;. mJ vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;F
vd;W njupAkh E}W Mz;LfSf;F ,ij njhlHe;J fl;lhky;
epWj;jp tpl;lhHfs;.
mjw;F gpd;dH Mapuj;jpw;F Nkl;gl;l fl;llf;fiy
mDgtrhspfs;> fl;llk; tpohky; njhlHe;J fl;l KbAk;> vd;W
muRf;F jpl;lk; jPl;b mDg;gpdhHfs;. mtHfsJ tiu glj;jpw;F
VJthd mbg;gilapy; vl;L khbfs; tiu fl;lg;gl;ld.
fypypNahTk; khbNawp tpjtpjkhd fw;fis fPNo Nghl;L>
GtpaPHg;ig gw;wp Nrhjid nra;jhH.
Mdhy; igrh NfhGuk; njhlHe;J rha;fpd;wJ vd;W
njupate;jJ. m];j;jpthuj;ij gyg;gLj;j GJtifapy; rpnkz;l;
nra;J m];j;jpthuJf;F nrYj;jp ghHj;Jk; gad; ,y;iy.
Mz;Lf;F Mz;L mq;Fyk; tPjk; rha;e;Jnfhz;Ljhd; ,Ue;jJ.
cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;whf fUjg;gLk; igrh efuj;J
rha;e;j NfhGuk; Kjy; Kiwahf rhahky; epw;gjhf
njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fle;j 800 Mz;Lfspy; Kjy; Kiwahf
,g;NghJjhd; rha;tij epWj;jpAs;sJ ,e;jf; NfhGuk; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 14 Mapuk; ld; vil nfhz;l ,e;j NfhGuk;>
1174k; Mz;L Kjy; 1370k; Mz;L tiuapyhd fhy fl;lj;jpy; gy
fl;lq;fshf fl;lg;gl;lJ. NfhGuk; fl;l Muk;gpj;j gpd;dH nkJthf
rhaj; njhlq;fpaJ. md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu njhlHe;J ,d;r;>
,d;r;rhf rha;e;J te;jJ. ,jdhy;jhd; ,f;NfhGuj;jpw;F rha;e;j
NfhGuk; vd;w ngaH te;jJ.
fle;j 800 Mz;Lfspy; NfhGuk; rhahky; ,Ug;gJ ,JNt
Kjy; KiwahFk; vd nghwpahsHfs; njuptpj;Js;sdH. ,d;Dk;
300 Mz;LfSf;F NfhGuk; ve;jg; gpur;rpidAk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;
vd;Wk; mtHfs; njuptpj;Js;sdH.
 ghgpNyhdpd; njhq;F Njhl;lk;

ghgpNyhdpd; njhq;Fk; Njhl;lk; cyfpd; VO mjpraq;fSs;

xd;whFk;. 43 Mz;Lfs; ghgpNyhdpd; muruhf Ml;rp nra;j 2k;
neGfj;Ndruhy; fp.K.600y; ,J fl;lg;gl;ljhf tuyhw;W VLfs;
$Wfpd;wd. ghgpNyhd; rkjskhd> twz;l g+kp. rpwpjsNt kio
nga;Ak;. gRikiaAk; mjpfkhff; fhz KbahJ. Mdhy;
neGfj;Ndrupd; kidtp mkpl;B]pd; nrhe;j CH kiyg;ghq;fhd>
vg;nghOJk; gRikahff; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt mkpl;B]; ghgpNyhd;
te;jgpd;dH vg;nghOJk; jdJ Ciu epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jjhy;
mtUf;nfd kpfg; ngupa Njhl;lk; xd;iw mikj;jhH neGfj;NdrH.
mkpl;B]; tho;e;j Njhl;lj;ijg; Nghd;W> ,j;Njhl;lKk;
gytifahd kyHfs;> fdpfs;> tpyq;Ffs;> kw;Wk; ePHtPo;r;rpfisf;
nfhz;ljha; ,Ue;jJ. cyfk; KOtjpypkpUe;J ,it
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
,j;Njhl;lk;> <uhf;fpd; ghf;jhj; efUf;Fj; njw;Nf Vwf;Fiwa
Kg;gJ iky;fs; J}uj;jpy; a+g;ul;B]; ejpf;fiuNahuj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dH Vw;gl;l
khngUk; epyeLf;fj;jhy; ,e;jg; ghgpNyhdpd; njhq;Fk; Njhl;lk;
mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,J mopahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; cyfpd; VO
mjpraq;fSs; ,uz;lhtJ goikahd mjprakhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;
vdr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. mz;ikapy; a+g;ul;B];
ejpf;fiuNahuq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;tuha;r;rpapy;> 25 kPl;lH
caukhd jbj;j> fdkhd RtHfSk;> tpijfs; gutpf;fple;jJk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,t;tuha;r;rpfs;> ghgpNyhdpd;
Njhl;lk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij cWjp nra;fpd;wd. njhq;Fk;
Njhl;lj;jpd; RtHfs; 22 mb jbkDk;> gj;J mb mfy $lq;fSk;
nfhz;litahf ,Ue;jd.

<gps; NfhGuk;

1887 njhlf;fk; 1889 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;> ,t;tikg;G>

gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; E}w;whz;L tpohf; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpd; xU
gFjpahd> vf;];nghrprd; a+dpNtnry; vd;Dk; cyff; fz;fhl;rp
tpohTf;F> Eiothapy; tisthff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. 1889> khHr; 31
Mk; jpfjp njhlf;ftpoh eilngw;W> Nk 6 ,y; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;lJ.
300 cUf;F Ntiyahl;fs;> 5 ,yl;rk; Mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp>
18>038 cUf;Fj; Jz;Lfis xd;Wlndhd;W nghUj;jpdhHfs;.
mf;fhyj;jpa ghJfhg;Gj; juj;ijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ> ,jd;
fl;Lkhdf; fhyj;jpy;> caHj;jpfisg; nghUj;Jk;NghJ> xNunahU
njhopyhsp kl;LNk ,wf;f NeHe;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. fle;j
1889k; Mz;L fl;lg;gl;l <gps; ltH 1>062 mb cauk; nfhz;lJ.
<gps; NfhGuj;jpd; mbj;jsk; 1887Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
fpof;F kw;Wk; njw;F fhy;fs; NeuhfTk; kw;Wk; xt;nthU
fhy;fSk; 6 mb 6 mq;Fyk; cs;s jpz;zkhd rpkpl;b gyifapy;
epWj;jg;gl;lJ. kw;w ,U fhy;fSk;> Nrdp ejp mUNf ,Ue;jjhy;
xt;nthd;wpf;Fk; ,uz;L Mo; mbj;jsk; Njitg;gl;lJ. mit
mOjg;gl;l fhw;W Nfa;rhd;fs; %ykhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
gyifahdJ ,Uk;G Ntiyg;ghLfis jhq;ff;$ba tise;j jiy
cila Rz;zhk;G njhFjpahy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
ylhkhdJ 25 mb ePsKk; 4 mq;Fyk; Rw;wsTk; $ba jpUF
mr;rhzpahy; ,Uk;G Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; NfhHf;fg;gl;lJ. <gps; ltupy;
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l ngapz;l;bd; vil gj;J ahidfspd; vilf;F
rkkhk;. <gps; ltupy; nkhj;jk; 1>665 gbfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ltupy; Vwp efupd; moif fz;L urpf;f Mz;LNjhWk; 70
yl;rk; Rw;Wyh gazpfs; ,q;F te;J nry;fpd;wdH vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

rPdg;ngUQ;RtH

rPdg; ngUQ; RtH> Mwhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J

kq;NfhypahtpypUe;Jk;> kQ;#upahtpypUe;Jk; te;j rpNahq;Dfspd;
gilnaLg;GfspypUe;J rPdg; Nguuirf; fhg;gjw;fhf mjd; tlf;F
vy;iyapy; fl;lg;gl;l muz; MFk;. ,J fp.K 312 ,y;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW fhyg;gFjpfspy;> fy;yhYk; kz;zhYk;> gy
gFjpfshff; fl;lg;gl;Lg; Ngzg;gl;L te;j ,r;Rtupd; Kf;fpa
Nehf;fk; Ml;fs; Eiotijj; jLg;gJ md;W@ vjpupfs;
Fjpiufisf; nfhz;Ltuhky; jLg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.
ngUQ;RtH vd;W ngaupl;L miof;fg;gl;l gy RtHfs;
fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> fpK 220-200
fhyg;gFjpapy;> rPdg; NguurH rpd; rp `{thq;fpdhy;fl;lg;gl;l RtNu
kpfg; ngaH ngw;wJ MFk;. ,jd; kpfr; rpW gFjpNa ,g;NghJ
vQ;rpAs;sJ. ,J kpq; tk;rf; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l jw;NghJs;s
RtUf;Fk; tlf;Nf mike;jpUe;jJ.
,J ahY ejpapYs;s> nfhupahTldhd vy;iyapypUe;J Nfhgp
ghiytdk; tiu 6>400 fpkP msTf;F ePz;L nry;fpwJ. kpq; tk;rf;
fhyj;jpy;> ,jd; cr;repiyg; gad;ghl;bd;NghJ ,r; RtHg;gFjpapy;
10 ,yl;rk; gilapdH tiu fhty; flikapy; <Lgl;bUe;jjhfj;
njupfpwJ. gy E}w;whz;Lfshf ,lk; ngw;w ,r; Rtupd; fl;Lkhdg;
gzpfspd;NghJ 20 njhlf;fk; 30 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; ,we;jpUf;ff;$Lk;
vdf; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nfhNyhrpak;

,j;jhyp ehl;by; Nuhk; efupy; mikf;fg;gl;l kpfr; rpwg;ghd

xU ePs;tl;l tbtkhd muq;fk;. ,J. [Link]. 80 - y; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
[Link]. 847 - y; Vw;gl;l epyeLf;fj;jpy; tl;l tbtk; cila
nfhNyhrpaj;jpd; ghjpg; gFjp ,be;J tpOe;jJ. jw;NghJ ghjp
mope;j epiyapy; tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dkhfTk;> cyf mjprakhfTk;
jpfo;fpwJ. ,J gaq;fukhd Fw;wthspfSlDk; tpyq;FfSlDk;
rz;ilapLtjw;fhf gz;ila Nuhkg; Nguurd; nt];ghrpadhy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. muq;fpd; cl;Gwj;jpd; eLNt Nghl;bfs; elf;Fk;
NghJ mjidr; Rw;wp mij ghHf;Fk; kf;fSf;fhf tl;lkhf gbfs;
mikj;jpUf;Fk;.
,we;jtHfspd; Mj;kh rhe;jp miltjw;fhf rt CHtyj;jpd;
Kd; %d;W NrhbfspilNa rz;ilapl;Lf;nfhs;Sk; tof;fk;
Nuhkhdpfspd; tof;fkhFk;. ,jid gpw;fhyj;jpa murHfs; xU
tpohthf nfhz;lhlj; njhlq;fpdH.,jw;fhf fl;lg;gl;lNj
nfhNyhrpak; MFk;.
[Link] 72 Mk; Mz;by;> ,jd; fl;blNtiyfs; njhlq;fpd.
vdpDk;> [Link] 80 Mk; Mz;by; fl;blk; epiwT ngw;wJ. ,jd;
cauk; RkhH E}w;iwk;gJ mbfshFk;. ,J ePNuh kd;ddpd;
khspiff;F mUfpy;> ePNuhtpd; Vup ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
ePNuh murupd; gpuk;khz;l rpiyf;F mUfpdpy; ,f;fl;blk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; nkhj;jk; ehd;F Nfyupfs;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j nfhNyhrpak; cyf mjprakhfTk;
fUjg;gl;lJ MFk;. nfhNyhrpaj;jpd; jpwg;GtpohTf;fhd E}W ehs;
eilngw;w nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd; NghJ 9>000 fhl;L tpyq;Ffs;
nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf gz;ila Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;whsuhd bNah
frpa]; vd;gtH $wpAs;shH.