THEME : MANAGEMENT AND CONTINUITY OF LIFE
LEARNING AREA : 4. REPRODUCTION
4.1 SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
LET’S LEARN
Compare and Contrast Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Animals
and Plants
Reason the Importance of Reproduction
Be Grateful for The Ability to Reproduce and Continuation of Life as
a Gift from God
What is reproduction?
_____________________________________________
Why is reproduction important?
i.____________________________________________
ii.___________________________________________
There are two types of reproduction.
1. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
involves the joining of a ___________________________________________________.
FERTILISATION
Is the process where _______________________________________________________.
INTERNAL FERTILISATION
EXTERNAL FERTILISATION
_______________________________________________________________________
Organisms that reproduce sexually are:
_______________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages of External Fertilisation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Male gamete
Male organism New organism
Female organism
Differences between Internal and External Fertilisation
Internal Fertilisation Characteristics External Fertilisation
Nucleus of __________ Nucleus of male gamete
gamete fuses with the Happens when _________ with the
nucleus of female gamete nucleus of female gamete
__________ the body of __________ the body of
female parent female parent
The male parent releases The male parent releases
__________ into the body Place of fusion ______________________
of the female parent _____________________.
The fertilization occurs in
______________
The male gamete (sperm) The male gamete usually
from the male Process ____________ towards the
reproductive organ will be ovum and ___________
released into the female with it.
reproductive organ which
has the female gamete
(ovum) and ____________
to form a _____________
Sexual Reproduction Process
2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
does not ______________________________________________________________
classified into:
i. Binary fission
ii. _______________________________________
iii. _______________________________________
iv. _______________________________________
v. _______________________________________
Organisms that reproduce asexually are:
________________________________________________________________________
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Asexual Reproduction Details
1. Binary Fission Mature organisms that have reached __________
size perform cell division to produce _________
daughter cells.
Examples:
2. Regeneration The ________________ or regrowth of missing or
injured body parts.
Examples:
3. Budding Involves protoplasmic outgrowth containing a nucleus
projecting from the side of the parent cell.
This outgrowth will develop and grow to form a
_____________.
A wall will be formed between ___________ and
_____________ and this causes the mature buds
______________ from the parent cell.
Examples:
4. Spore Formation _________________ is a reproductive cell that can
develop in to a new organism.
Mature spores produced and stored in the
_______________.
Spores will be released when the ____________
bursts.
Examples:
5. Vegetative Reproduction New plants are produced from existing ________
________.
1. Root The new plants have the same _____________
(A) Roots: The modified root planted in soil makeup as the original plant.
develop shoot from the bud present on root and Types of vegetative reproduction:
adventurous root at the base to give rise new _________________________________________
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Asexual Reproduction Details
plant. Ex. Sweet potato ________________________________________.
2. Stem
(B) Stems: Underground modified stems grow into
new plants and help in vegetative reproduction. There
are different variants stems, these are as follows:
(i) Suckers: These are shoot grow horizontally in soil
and they come out to form new aerial shoots. Once it is
break from the parent plant, it grows as independent
plant. Ex. Mint, Chrysanthemum
3. Leaf
(ii) Rhizomes: These are modified stems with stored
(C) Leaf: Some plant develops adventitious material to withstand adverse conditions. Once they
buds on their leaves and these leaves buds off are getting favorable condition, they give rise to shoot
and give rise to new plants. For ex. and root at the base. Ex. Ginger, Turmeric, Lotus etc.
Bryophyllum, Begonia
(iii) Corms: These are highly condensed and
specialized stem with many buds. They can be able to
withstand unfavorable conditions. Ex. Yam
(iv) Runners: These are creepers which produces
adventurous root at each node. Each node give rise to
aerial shoot which becomes a new plant. Ex. grass
(v) Bulbs: This gives new plant when sown in soil. Ex.
Onion, garlic, Lilies etc.
(vi) Tubers: These are underground modified stems
with several buds. For ex. Potato has several eyes
which grows into new plant when planted with a
portion of the swollen tuber. It is a common mode of
propagation in the case of potato
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Similarities and Differences between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Similarities:
Differences
Parent
Gamete
Fertilisation
Offspring
Classification of Animals and Plants based on types of Reproduction
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL ASEXUAL
ANIMAL PLANT ANIMAL PLANT
Seeds BUDDING
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4.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
LET’S LEARN:
Identify the structures and function of the male and female reproductive
system
Communicate about the physical changes that occurs during puberty
Compare and contrast the male gamete with the female gamete in the
reproductive system
The Male Reproductive System
1. Identify the following parts of male reproductive system.
2. Complete the table below.
Organ Structure Functions
Testis An oval organ located inside the
scrotum
Sperm duct Connects and direct sperm from
(vas deferens) testes to seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicle A pair of gland located at the
base of the urinary bladder
Urethra A fine tube that connects the
urinary bladder to the penis
Penis Cylindrical-shaped organ which
has erectile tissue
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Organ Structure Functions
Scrotum Sac which protects and support
the testes
Prostate gland Muscular gland and located
below the urinary bladder
The Female Reproductive System
1. Identify the following parts of male reproductive system
2. Complete the table below.
Organ Structure Functions
Ovary Resembles a spherical pouch,
located at the lower part of
abdomen.
Fallopian tube Funnel-shaped tube that has cilia
(oviduct) and muscular wall that contract
rhythmically to produce rippling
movements.
Uterus Pear-shaped structure that has
thick strong wall of muscles. Rich
in blood vessels.
Cervix Thick and strong muscles. Narrow
and short opening from the uterus
to the vagina
Vagina Muscular tube that opens from the
cervix to the outside of the female
body.
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What are the changes in male and female during PUBERTY?
Puberty is____________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
___
Changes in Male Changes in Female
Comparison Between the Male and Female Gamete
1. What is the role of ovum in reproduction?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What is the role of sperm in reproduction?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Label the structure of the sperm. 1. HEAD
Cytoplasm-
Nucleus-
2. BODY
3. TAIL
Flagellum-
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a) Complete the path taken by the sperm from the place of production to the body
of the female.
Testis
Vagina
b) How long can the sperm stay alive after leaving the male’s body?
_______________________________________________________________
4. Label the structure of the ovum.
What are the differences between a sperm and an ovum?
Sperm Differences Ovum
Size
Number
Mobility
Shape
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4.3 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
LET’S LEARN:
Communicate about the menstrual cycle and the sequence of changes in the
uterus lining during menstruation
Relate the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle to the process of fertilization
justify the importance of personal hygiene during menstruation.
What is the MENSTRUATION?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
The MESTRUAL CYCLE refers to a series _________________________________
________________________________________and also involves ______________
_____________________________________________________________________
A normal menstrual cycle lasts ___________ days and is divided into _____ stages.
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Menstruation
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What happens to the uterus lining at each stage of the menstrual cycle?
Importance of Personal Hygiene during menstruation?
Bacteria growth in the vagina and cervix can cause itchiness and inflammation of the
vagina and bad odour.
The ways of practicing good personal hygiene during menstruation and their
importance.
1.__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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Do You Experience an Irregular Menstruation?
An irregular menstruation refers to ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
might be caused by:
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF A WOMEN
EXPERIENCES IRREGULAR
MENSTRUATION
Irregular menstruation can cause negative effects to a woman’s health.
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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4.4 FERTILISATION AND PREGNANCY
LET’S LEARN:
Communicate about the process of fertilisation and the implantation of
embryo
Justify the importance and functions of placenta and umbilical cord
Describe the development of a zygote into an embryo and subsequently
into a foetus during pregnancy until birth.
Fertilisation
1. Fertilisation is the process in which ________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. The sperms will swim towards the ovum in the Fallopian tube following the
path shown below. Complete the boxes.
Fallopian tube
3. Draw arrows to show the journey of the sperm towards the ovum.
4. a) Where does the fertilisation take place? Label it on the figure above.
b) How many sperms are required to fertilise an ovum?
______________________________________________________
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Implantation and Pregnancy
1. Implantation is the process in which _________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. Figure below shows the stages from ovulation to implantation.
iii. A ____________________ is
formed and it divides.
iv. The zygote divides repeatedly to
form a ____________________.
v. Repeated cell divisions form an
_____________________.
vi.
a) Complete the figure using the words given.
Implantation Fertilisation zygote
Ovulation ball of cells embryo
b) What is X?
_________________________________________________________
c) State what happen to the uterus lining during implantation.
_______________________________________________________________
d) State the stages taking place after fertilisation until birth.
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The Development of an Embryo into a Foetus until Birth
1. Label the figure below and state the function for 1, 2 and 3.
2
1
i.
ii.
.
2. a) Name the period and the special characteristics of the zygote, embryo,
foetus and baby in the table below.
Zygote Embryo Foetus Baby
Period
Special
characteristics
b) How long does pregnancy last in a human?
_________________________________________________________
c) Where does the embryo implant itself in the female reproductive system?
_________________________________________________________
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3. Complete the table below by explaining what happens at every stage.
Week 1 - 4 Week 7 – 9 Week 10 - 19
Week 20 – 37
Week 38 – 40
Growth of the foetus in the uterus.
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4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FOETUS AND
BABY
1. The intake of nutrients by a pregnant woman must be balanced and contain
more _________________, ______________, ___________________,
_______________, _______________,________________, ____________,
_______________ and _____________________.
2. Find out the function of the nutrients below.
No. Nutrient Sources Function
Carbohydrate
1 and Fat
Protein
2
Iron
3
Calcium and
4 Phosphorus
Folic Acid
5
Vitamin C
6
Fibre
7
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3. Pregnant woman must not _____________ and consume _______________
and __________________.
4. List the effects of smoking, intake of alcohol, drinks and drugs on a pregnant
woman.
No. Substance Effects
1 Cigarette
2 Alcohol drink
3 Drug
5. Importance of Breast Milk
i. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ii. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
iii. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
iv. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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4.6 INFERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTION
1. Infertility/sterility is ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
2. Sterility can be caused by both of couples, males and females. By using
double bubble map, list out various factor of sterility in males and females.
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3. Method to overcome sterility
i. Hormone Treatment
_____________________________________________________________
Hormone being injected
Laparoscope surgery for blockage in
Fallopian tube
ii. Surgery
Surgery is done on women who have ________________________________
or men who have _______________________________________
iii. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
- This procedure is done on women who have ___________________________
- This method takes out ________________ to be ____________________ with
the _____________ outside the body in a ______________________.
- __________________ formed is then put inside the uterus.
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4. Method of Contraception
There are several methods of contraception for married couples who want to plan
their family.
1. Contraceptive pills
- prevent _________________________
2. Implants
- secrete __________________ that prevent ____________________________
3. Use of condom
- to prevent ______________________________________________________
4. Intrauterine Contraceptive Device, IUCD
- is inserted ______________________________________________________
5. Vasectomy
- surgery is carried out ____________________________________ to prevent
_______________________________________________________________
6. Ligation
- surgery is carried out ____________________________________ to prevent
______________________________________________________________
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