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Protein-Energy Malnutrition Overview

Protein-Energy Malnutrition is a form of undernutrition that affects children between 6 months and 5 years in developing countries. It results from a lack of food and infections and presents as two main types - Kwashiorkor, which is a protein deficiency, and Marasmus, which is an energy deficiency. Treatment involves correcting water and electrolyte balance, treating infections, providing a diet high in protein and calories, and preventing complications like hypothermia and refeeding syndrome. Prevention focuses on counseling parents, immunizations, and ensuring adequate future diet.

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Anilkumar Jarali
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9 views9 pages

Protein-Energy Malnutrition Overview

Protein-Energy Malnutrition is a form of undernutrition that affects children between 6 months and 5 years in developing countries. It results from a lack of food and infections and presents as two main types - Kwashiorkor, which is a protein deficiency, and Marasmus, which is an energy deficiency. Treatment involves correcting water and electrolyte balance, treating infections, providing a diet high in protein and calories, and preventing complications like hypothermia and refeeding syndrome. Prevention focuses on counseling parents, immunizations, and ensuring adequate future diet.

Uploaded by

Anilkumar Jarali
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Protein-Energy

Malnutrition
Definition
• Form of malnutrition
(undernutrition)

• Micronutrient deficiency

• Children 6 months to 5 years

• Result from
- Lack of food
- Infections with loss of
appetite
Localization

[Link]

• In many developing countries: Africa +++


Types of PEM
• Kwashiorkor:
- Insufficient protein
consumption
- Child weaned: mother’s milk
to starchy vegetables [Link]

• Marasmus
- Energy deficiency

• Marasmic-Kwashiorkor
- Deficiency of both calories
and protein
[Link]
Kwashiokor
• Weight loss:
- arms and legs
- decrease of muscle mass

• Swollen abdomen
- ascites: increase of capillary
permeability
- enlarged liver: fatty liver

• Peripheral oedema: decrease of


oncotic pressure

• Anemia: lethargy
[Link]
• Hair and skin changes
Marasmus
• Weight loss: “skin and bones”

• Prominent of ribs

• Drastic loss of adipose tissue

• Growth retardation

• Chronic diarrhea

• Muscle atrophy

• Skin folds

• “old man” face [Link]


Complications of PEM
• Hypoglycemia

• Hypothermia

• Dehydration and shock

• Electrolyte imbalance
- hypokalemia
- hyponatremia

• Infections (bacterial, viral and thrush)

• Micronutrient deficiencies
Treatment and prevention
•Correction of water and
electrolyte balance

•Treat infection and


worm infestations

• Dietary support
- 3-4g protein and 200 cal/
kg body weight/day [Link]

- Vitamins and minerals


•Counsel parents and
plan future including
• Prevention of hypothermia immunization and diet
supplements
Initial “refeeding”
• Continue breast feeding

• Add frequent small feeds

• Use liquid diet

• Give vitamin A and folic acid


on admission

• With diarrhea use lactose-


free or soya bean formula
[Link]

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