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Strep Pyogenes: Infections Overview

Streptococcus pyogenes can cause many diseases, including necrotizing fasciitis, impetigo, pharyngitis, pneumonia, and scarlet fever. It has several virulence factors like streptolysins, M protein, streptokinase, and hyaluronidase. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B can affect babies, those with sickle cell anemia, and pregnant women. Vibrio bacteria are motile, and endotoxins can cause edema, DIC, death and activate cytokines like TNF and IL-1.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views20 pages

Strep Pyogenes: Infections Overview

Streptococcus pyogenes can cause many diseases, including necrotizing fasciitis, impetigo, pharyngitis, pneumonia, and scarlet fever. It has several virulence factors like streptolysins, M protein, streptokinase, and hyaluronidase. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B can affect babies, those with sickle cell anemia, and pregnant women. Vibrio bacteria are motile, and endotoxins can cause edema, DIC, death and activate cytokines like TNF and IL-1.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused

NIPPLES:

Necrotising fasciitis and myositis

Impetigo

Pharyngitis

Pneumonia

Lymphangitis

Erysipelas and cellulitis

Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TS

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors

SMASHED:
Streptolysins

M protein

Anti-C5a peptidase

Streptokinase

Hyaluronidase

Exotoxin

DNAses
Hepatitis: transmission routes
"Vowels are bowels":

Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oral route.

B19 virus: at-risk groups


B19 affects 3 B's:

Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)

Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)

Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis

Vibrio: motility
"Vibrio Vibrates":

Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Endotoxin features

ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema

Negative (gram- bacteria)

DIC/ Death
Outer membrane

TNF

O-antigen

X-tremely heat stable

IL-1

Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms

ToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma

Rubella

CMV

Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E

Syphilis

· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV to H's,


Enteroviruses.

Gram+: bacterial cell wall


· Gram+ has:

+hick pepidoglycan layer.


+eichoic acid in wall.

RNA viruses: negative stranded

"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication":


Arena

Bunya

Paramyxo

Orthomyxo

Filo

Rhabdo

· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused

SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections

Osteomyelitis

Food poisoning

Toxic shock syndrome

Pneumonia

Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis

Necrotizing fasciitis

Sepsis

RNA enveloped viruses

FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:


Flavivirus/ Filo

Orthomyxo

Retro

Toga

Arena

Bunya

Corona

Paramyxo

Rhabdo

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis


Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.

MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.


· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the
classic test to distinguish the Neisseria types.

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic ability


Gamma: Garbage (no hemolytic activity).

Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).

Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful


"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":

In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Picornavirus: features

PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense

ICOsahedral

RNA virus
IgA protease-producing bacteria

"Nice Strip of Ham":


Neisseria

Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenza

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors

DUNG:
Diarrhea

UTI

Neonatal meningitis

Gram negative sepsis

· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Meningitis: risk factors

"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS":


Cancer

Immunocompromised state

Sinusitis

Age extremes
Otitis

Head trauma

Parameningeal infection

Alcoholism

Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)

Neurosurgical procedures

Splenectomy

Klebsiella
You tell the patient: "Get UPS you fat alcoholic":

UTI

Pneumonia

Sepsis

Fat capsule

Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.

Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholic and nosocomial patients

Urease positive organisms

PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)

Nocardia

Cryptoccocus (the fungus)

Helicobacter pylori

Capsulated bacteria

"Some Bacteria Have An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding


Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia

Bacteroides

H. influenza

Anthrax (B. anthracis)

E. coli

Pasteurella

Salmonella

Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)

Yersinia pestis

Pseudomonas

Francisella

Brucella
Klebsiella

Toxoplasma gondii: clinical features


Cat reservoir: a cat.

Bug name is Gondii: cat has a Gandi head.

Cat fecal origin: cat is in the litter box.

Causes brain infection, diagnosed by CAT scan: a "CAT" scan of Gandi's


brain.

Toxic to eyes: Gandi has cat eyes.

Lymph nodes enlarged: large nodes around neck.

Affects fetus: small kitten in womb.

AIDS patient commonly: cat is very skinny, like an AIDS patient.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb

DNA:
Double-stranded

Nuclear replication

'Anhedral symmetry

· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).


Picorna viridae: members
PEECoRnA (Picorna is pronounced 'pee-corna')

Poliovirus

Echovirus

Enterovirus

Coronavirus

"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)

Hepatitis A

Proteus: disease caused


Firstly, "PROTeus hates PROTons":

So what does it do to fight the protons? It has a urease that raises the
pH.

Urea is in urine, so Proteus causes UTIs.

Diphtheria toxin properties

ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to

EF-2 (elongation factor 2).


Common cold: viral causes

"Common cold (acute infectious rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused


by":
Paramyxoviruses

Rhinoviruses

Influenza viruses

Myxoviruses

Adenoviruses

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal Infections

STARCH:
Syphilis

Toxoplasmosis

AIDS (HIV)

Rubella

CMV

Herpes/ Hepatitis

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations


"My Cat Eats Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness

Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection

Encephalitis

Myocarditis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification


"Rough, Tough, Buff":

Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.

Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.

Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative


staphylococci
Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin disc like an
epidemic.

· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.

Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says,


"'sap?'" [short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].

· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.


Tetanus: treatment for infection

SAD RAT:
Sedation

Antitoxin

Debridement

Relaxant

Antibiotic

Tracheostomy

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed

"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].

Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].

· You get pneumonia in your lung.

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, action


EntAmoeba causes Amoebic dysEntery.

Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.


Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive
Gram Negatives (eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial
pneumonia.

Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible
for community acquired pneumonia.

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused

"I went on a TRYP to AFRICA":


TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness.

Trichomaniasis: features

· 5 F's:
Flagella

Frothy discharge

Fishy odor (sometimes)

Fornication (STD)

Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing

ABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides

Clostridium

Hemophilius: culture requirements


Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":

· Needs Heme with Factors Five and Ten.

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes

"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.

Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear


infiltrate.

HIV infection: high-risk groups

HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs

IV drug abusers
Vaccines: types

STARK:
Subunit

Toxoid

Attenuated [live]

Recombinant

Killed [inactivated]

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location


Elementary: Extracellular

Initial: Intracellular

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations

"Having Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare":


Headache

Fever

Sore throat

Chills

Myalgias

Malaise
Cough

Anorexia

Nasal congestion

Meningitis: most common organisms

NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis

Hemophilus Influenzae

Streptococcus pneumonia

·The cause of the most Severe meningitis is Streptococcus

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it

"High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":


Hematuria

Thrombocytopenia

Leukocytosis, -penia

Red blood cell casta

Proteinuria

Anemia
Elevated ESR

All type II reactions are related with organ specific autoimmune


diseases like..
Multiple Sclerosis

Myesthenia Gravis

Chronic Thyroiditis

Graves disease

Type 1 Diabetes

Pernicious Anemia

ITP

Guillian Barre Syndrome

and all type III reactions are related to systemic autoimmune diseases
like

RA

SLE

Good pastures syndrome


the concept used in Indirect flurescent Antibody (IFA)test, ELISA and
Western blot...... are all the same...

that they all need a known Ag + pts serum with AB against the Ag +
Antihuman gama Globulin.....with specific labels

IFA= Test ag+ pts serum+ anti- human gama globulin labeled with
fluoresent dye

ELISA= test ag( P24 ag) + pts serum+ anti-Human gama globulin labeled
with an enzyme.

western Blot= test ag ( GP120, GP 41, P24) + Pts serum+ anti-human


gama globulin labeled with an enzyme

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