Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Shear in Two-Way
Chapter 3 Slabs

3.1 Shear Strength of Slabs

In two-way floor system, the slab must have adequate thickness to resist both of bending
moments and shear forces at the critical sections. To investigate the shear capacity of two
way slabs, the following cases should be considered.

3.2 Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams

In two-way slabs supported on beams, the critical sections are at a distance d from the face
of the supporting beams, and the shear capacity of each section is φVc =0.17φ√ bd.
When the supporting beams are stiff and capable of transmitting floor loads to the
columns, they are assumed to carry loads acting on the floor areas bounded by 45 degree
lines drawn from corners, as shown in Fig. below. The loads on the trapezoidal areas will
be carried by long beams AB and CD, whereas the loads on the triangular areas will be
carried by short beams AC and BD.

 Shear is not usually a problem for these types of slabs.

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs
Example: A two-way concrete building floor system shown below, check the shear
capacity for slab, the slab is subjected to live load of 7 kN/m2 and dead load of 4.3 kN/m2
(include self-weight) use fc`=28 Mpa, d=150 mm.

Solution:
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL
=1.2 × 4.3 + 1.6 × 7=16.4 kN/m2
The design shear strength of slab is:
∅Vc =0.17φ√𝑓𝑐 bd
=0.75*0.17* 28 ∗ 1000 ∗ 150 =101 KN
The shear capacity of the slab is
checked on the basis of the tributary
areas shown in fig. at distance d from
the face of long beam.
ℓ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Vu=Wu × ( 2 − − da)
2 2
6 0.35
Vu=16.4 × ( − −0.15)
2 2
Vu =16.4 × 2.675 = 43.9 kN
φVc =101 kN/m > Vu = 43.9 kN O.K ∎

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

3.3 Shear in Flat Plate and Flat Slab

When two-way slabs are supported directly by columns, as in flat slabs and flat
plates, shear near the columns is of critical importance.

In two-way slab (without beams) two types of shear-failure mechanisms

may happen as shown in Fig. below. The first mechanism is One-way action
or beam-action shear involves an inclined crack extending across the entire
width of the structure. The second one is Two-way shear or punching shear
involves a truncated cone or pyramid-shaped surface around the column.
Generally, the punching-shear capacity of a slab or footing will be
considerably less than the one-way shear capacity. In Design, however, it is
necessary to consider both failure mechanisms. This section is limited to
footings and slabs without beams.

Shear failure in two-way slab without beams.

 One-way shear or beam-action shear: involves an inclined crack extending

across the entire width of the panel.
 Two-way shear or punching shear: involves a truncated cone or pyramid-
shaped surface around the column.

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

3.3.1 One-Way Shear Strength

Nominal one-way shear strength at a section (Vn) shall be calculated by:
Vn = Vc + Vs

For nonprestressed members without axial force, Vc shall be calculated by:

. √

Effect of any openings in members shall be considered in calculating Vn.

At each section where Vu > ϕVc, transverse reinforcement shall be provided

such that the equation
−
Is satisfied.

The critical section extending across the entire width at a distance d from:
1- The face of the rectangular column in flat plate.
2- The face of the equivalent square column capital or from the face of drop
panel, if any in flat slab.

The short direction is controlling because it has a wider area and short
critical section:-
[ − ( )]
2 2

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

3.4 Two Way Shear with Negligible Moment Transfer

Design of two-way shear without moment transfer is carried out by using
shear strength equations:

∅Vn ≥ Vu
Where:
Vu is the factored shear force due to the loads.
And Vn is the nominal shear resistance of the slab.

 In generally , the ACI code defines Vn as follow:

Vn = V c + V s
Where:
Vc is the shear resistances attributed to the concrete.
Vs is the shear reinforcement.

Note: β is the ratio of long side to short side of the column, concentrated load, or
reaction area.
αs = 40 for interior columns.
αs = 30 for edge columns.
αs = 20 for corner columns.

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

 For two-way members with shear reinforcement, effective depth shall be

selected such that vu calculated at critical sections does not exceed the
value:
. √

3.5 Type of Reinforcements in Flat Plate Slabs

Special shear reinforcement is often used at the supports for flat plates,
sometimes for flat slabs as well when slab strength is inadequate to resist the
applied shear force, it may take several forms. A few common types are
discussed below:
3.5.1 Integral Beams
It’s illustrated in figure below, where vertical stirrups have been used in
conjunction with supplementary horizontal bars radiating outward in two
perpendicular directions from the support.
 ACI Code Section 22.6.1 allows the use of single-leg, multiple-leg and
closed stirrups, provided there are longitudinal bars in all corners of the
stirrups, as shown in Fig.
 ACI Code [Link] states single or multiple-leg stirrups fabricated from
bars or wire to be used in shear reinforcement must satisfy:
o d is at least 150 mm
o d is at least 16db , where db is the diameter of the stirrups

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Arrangements of stirrup shear reinforcement, interior column.

Critical sections for two-way shear in slab with shear reinforcement at interior column.

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Arrangements of stirrup shear reinforcement, edge column.

Critical sections for two-way shear in slab with shear reinforcement at edge column.

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Arrangements of stirrup shear reinforcement, corner column.

Critical sections for two-way shear in slab with shear reinforcement at corner column.

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

3.5.2 Headed Shear Stud

Figure below is showing headed shear stud distribution. This consists of large-
head studs welded to steel strips.

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

3.6 Punching Shear Failure Modes with and without

Reinforcement

With Shear Reinforcement

Without Shear Reinforcement
3.7 Computing the applied shear force Vu
The shear force Vu to be resisted can be calculated as the total factored load on
the area bounded by panel centerlines around the column less the load applied
within the area defined by the critical shear perimeter, unless significant
moments must be transferred from the slab to the column (As will be
discussed later)
And vug is the shear stress due to gravity load
vug =
Where:
Vu = is total force transmitted to column in kN.
bo = shear perimeter in mm.
d = average effective depth in mm.

Notes about bo (shear perimeter)

For interior Column
bo = [ 2 ]×2
For edge Column
bo = (c1 + ) + (c2 + ) × 2
2
For Corner Column
bo = (c1 + ) + (c2 + )
2 2
Where C1 and C2 are column dimensions.

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 Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

3.8 Types of columns

Columns can be classified to three types according to their location in slab:
1. Interior column 2. Edge column 3. Corner column
Figure below is showing each type of them.
Edge Column
Corner Column
Corner Column

Edge Column Interior Columns Edge Column

Corner Column

Corner Column

Edge Column

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Example: Calculate Vu and vug for interior, edge, and corner columns shown
in figure below, Wu =15 kN/m2, d = 150 mm and column dimension (300 ×
300) mm

Solution:
For interior Column
bo = 4 × (300 + 150) = 4 × (450) = 1800 mm
Vu = Wu × (8 × 6 – 0.45 × 0.45) = 15× (8 × 6 – 0.45 × 0.45) = 716.96 kN
7 6.96 × 0
vu = vug = = = 2.655 MPa
800 × 50

0.45
0.45

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

For Edge Column

bo = (300 + 150) + (300 + 75) × 2 = 450 + 375 × 2 = 1200 mm
Vu = Wu × (4.15 × 6 – 0.45 × 0.375) = 15× (4.15 × 6 – 0.45 × 0.375)
Vu = 370.96 kN
370.96 × 0
vu = vug = = = 2.06 MPa
200 × 50

For Corner Column

bo = (300 + 75) + (300 + 75) = 750 mm
Vu = Wu × (4.15 × 3.15 – 0.375 × 0.375) = 15×(4.15 × 3.15 – 0.375 × 0.375)
Vu = 193.97 kN
93.97 × 0
vu = vug = = = 1.724 MPa
750 × 50

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

3.9 Procedure Design and Analysis for Two-Way Slab

1. Calculate Vu and vug
2. Compute Vc from three equations and choose the least:

3. Compare vug with ∅Vc from step 2

If vug ≤ ∅Vc no reinforcement is required ∎
If else vug > ∅Vc reinforcement is required and go to step 4
4. Check :
vug ≤ ∅0.5√ O.k
if vug > ∅0.5√ slab thickness need to be increased.
5. Find ∅Vs
Vug = ∅ (Vc + Vs)
Vs = − Vc where Vc = 0.17√
∅
6. Find area of vertical reinforcement (Av) or spacing of stirrups (S)
depend on question statement
For Av
Vs = Av = where S =
2
For S
S= where Av = 2 × ∅2 × N
4
Compare S from above equation with Smax = and choose the least.
2
Where N is number of integral beams
For interior column N = 4
For edge column N =3
For Corner Column N =2

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Example 1: The flat plate slab of 200 mm total thickness and 160 mm
effective depth is carried by 300 mm square column 4.50 m on centers in each
direction. Determine if shear reinforcement is required for the slab, Wu = 29.94
KPa ,Use fy = 414 MPa, fc` = 30 MPa.

Solution:
(bo) = (300 + 160) × 4 = 1840 mm
Vu = 28.94 × ( 4.5 × 4.5 – 0.46 × 0.46 ) = 580 kN
580 × 0
vu= vug = = =1.97 MPa
840 × 60

. √ . .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2.
.
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2.
{ 8
300
c  1
300
.
ϕvn = 0.75 × 1.807 = 1.355 MPa < vu = vug = 1.97 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
vug = 1.97 ∅0.5√ = 0.75 × 0.5 ×
vug = 1.97 2.054 MPa O.K
Find ∅Vs
vu = vug = ∅ (Vc + Vs)
Vs = − Vc where Vc = 0.17√
∅
Vc = 0.17√ = 0.17 = 0.931 MPa
97
Vs = − Vc = – 0.931 = 1.696 MPa
∅ 0.75
.696 × 840 ×80
Vs = = = s 80 mm
4 4 2
Av = 603 mm2
The required area of vertical shear reinforcement = 603 mm2 ∎

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Example 2: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around an
edge column (400400) mm in a flat plate floor of a span (6.0  6.0) m. Find
the area of vertical shear reinforcement if required. Assume d = 158 mm. Total
qu = 16.0 kPa (including slab weight), fc` = 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa.
Solution:
(bo) = (400 + 79) × 2 + (400 + 158) = 1516 mm
Vu = 16 × (6 × 3.2 – 0.558 × 0.479) = 302.923 kN
2. 2 × 3
.2
× 8

. √ . 2 .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2 2.
.
× 8
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2 2. 28
{
400
c  1
400
.
vn = v c
ϕvn = 0.75 × 1.65 = 1.238 MPa < vu = 1.265 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
.2 . √ . × . × 2 .8 . .
. √ . × 2 .8
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
.2
− − .8 .8
.

.8 × × 2
2 .
2
The required area of vertical shear reinforcement = 250.6 mm ∎ 2

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Example 3: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around a
corner column (400400) mm in a flat plate floor of a span (6.06.0) m. Find
the area of vertical shear reinforcement if required. Assume d =158 mm. Total
qu = 19.0 kPa (including slab weight), fc`= 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa.

Solution:
(bo) = (400 + 79) × 2 = 958 mm
Vu = 19 × (3.2 × 3.2 – 0.479 × 0.479) = 190.201 kN
90.20 × 0
vu .2
958 × 58

. √ . 2 .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2 2.
.
2 × 8
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2 2.
{ 8
400
c  1
400
.
ϕvc = 0.75 × 1.65 = 1.238 MPa < vu = 1.257 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
.2 . √ . × . × 2 .8 . .
. √ . × 2 .8
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
.2
− − .8 .82
.

.82 × 8 × 2
.28
2
.28 mm ∎
2
The required area of vertical shear reinforcement =

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Example 4: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around an
interior column (450450) mm in a flat plate floor of a span (5.85.6) m. Find
the area of vertical shear reinforcement if required. Assume d =150 mm. Total
qu = 17.5 kPa (including slab weight), fc`= 32 MPa, fy = 420 MPa.
Solution:
(bo) = (450 + 150) × 4 = 2400 mm
Vu = 17.5 × (5.8 × 5.6 – 0.6 × 0.6) = 562.1 kN
562. × 0
vu .
2400 × 50

. √ . 2 .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2 2.88
.
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2 2.
{ 2
450
c  1
450
.
ϕvc = 0.75 × 1.867 = 1.4 MPa < vu = 1.561 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
.2 . √ . × . × 2 2. 2 . .
. √ . × 2 . 2
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
.
− − . 2 .
.

. ×2 × 2
.
2 2
The required area of vertical shear reinforcement = 479.6 mm ∎ 2

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Example 5: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around an
interior column (400500) mm in a flat plate floor of a span (5.65.6) m. Find
the area of vertical shear reinforcement if required. Assume d =170 mm. Total
qu = 18.0 kPa (including slab weight), fc`= 30 MPa, fy = 420 MPa.
Solution:
(bo) = (500 + 170 + 400 + 170) × 2 = 2480 mm
Vu = 18 × (5.6 × 5.6 – 0.67 × 0.57) = 557.6 kN
557.6 × 0
vu . 22
2480 × 70

. √ . .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2. 2
. .2
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2.
{ 2 8
500
c   1.25
400
.
ϕvc = 0.75 × 1.807 = 1.355 MPa > vu = 1.322 MPa O.K.
 No Shear reinforcement is required ∎

Example 6: Resolve the previous example by assuming d = 150 mm

Solution:
(bo) = (500 + 150 + 400 + 150) × 2 = 2400 mm
Vu = 18 × (5.6 × 5.6 – 0.65 × 0.55) = 558.045 kN
558.046 × 0
vu .
2400 × 50

. √ . .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2. 2
. .2
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2.
{ 2
500
c   1.25
400
.
ϕvc = 0.75 × 1.807 = 1.355 MPa < vu = 1.55 MPa not O.K
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
. . √ . × . × 2. . .
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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

. √ . × .
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
.
− − . .8
.

.8 ×2 × 2
2 2
The required area of vertical shear reinforcement = 375 mm2 ∎

Example 7: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around an
interior column (440x440) mm in flat plate floor of span (6.3x6.3) m. Also find
the spacing of closed stirrups of vertical shear reinforcement if required.
Loading condition 𝑊𝑢 = 15 kN/m2, slab thickness ℎ = 210 𝑚𝑚, = 160 𝑚𝑚,
use ∅10 𝑚𝑚 for closed stirrups, 𝑦 = 400 , ′ = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Solution:
(bo) = (440 + 160) × 4 = 2400 mm
Vu = 15 × (6.3 × 6.3 – 0.6 × 0.6) = 589.95 kN
589.95 × 0
vu .
2400 × 60

. √ . .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× .
.
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2.2
{ 2
440
c  1
440
.
ϕvc = 0.75 × 1.952 = 1.464 MPa < vu = 1.536 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
. . √ . × . × 2.2 8 . .
. √ . × .
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
.
− − . . 2
.
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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

S= where Av = 2 × ∅2 × N = 2 × 2
× 4 = 628.31 mm2
4 4
628.3 ×400
S= =100.431 mm
.0427 ×2400
60
S > Smax = = 80 mm
2 2
Use S = 80 mm ∎

Example 8: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around an
interior column (540x540) mm in flat plate floor of span (6.7x6.7) m. Also find
the spacing of closed stirrups of vertical shear reinforcement if required.
Loading condition 𝑊𝑢 = 17 kN/m2, slab thickness ℎ = 215 𝑚𝑚, = 160 𝑚𝑚,
use ∅10 𝑚𝑚 for closed stirrups, 𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, ′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solution:
(bo) = (540 + 160) × 4 = 2800 mm
Vu = 17 × (6.7 × 6.7 – 0.70 × 0.70) = 754.8 kN
754.8 × 0
vu . 8
2800 × 60

. √ . .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2.
.
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× . 8
{ 28
550
c  1
550
.
ϕvc = 0.75 × 1.807 = 1.355 MPa < vu = 1.685 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
. 8 . √ . × . × 2. . .
. √ . × .
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
. 8
− − . .
.

S= where Av = 2 × ∅2 × N = 2 × 2
× 4 = 628.31 mm2
4 4

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs
628.3 ×4 4
S= = 70.64 mm
.3 5 ×2800
60
S < Smax = = 80 mm O.k
2 2
Use S ≈ 70 mm ∎

Example 9: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around an
edge column (400400) mm in a flat plate floor of a span (66) m. Find the
area of vertical shear reinforcement if required. Assume d =160 mm. Total Wu
=20.0 kPa (including slab weight), fc`= 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa
Solution:
(bo) = (400 + 80) × 2 + (400 + 160) = 1520 mm
Vu = 20 × (6 × 3.2 – 0.56 × 0.48) = 378.624 kN
8. 2 × 3
.
2 ×

. √ . 2 .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2 2.
.
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2 2.
{ 2
400
c  1
400
.
vn = v c
ϕvn = 0.75 × 1.65 = 1.238 MPa < vu = 1.557 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
. . √ . × . × 2 .8 . .
. √ . × 2 .8
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
.
− − .8 .22
.

.22 × 2 ×8 2
2. 8
2
The required area of vertical shear reinforcement = 372.7 mm2 ∎

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Example 10: Check the two way shear action (punching shear) only around an
edge column (500500) mm in a flat plate floor of a span (7  7) m. Also find
the spacing of closed stirrups of vertical shear reinforcement if required.
Loading condition 𝑊𝑢 = 30 kN/m2, slab thickness ℎ = 215 𝑚𝑚, = 160 𝑚𝑚,
use ∅10 𝑚𝑚 for closed stirrups, 𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, ′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solution:
(bo) = (500 + 80) × 2 + (500 + 80) = 1740 mm
Vu = 30 × (3.75 × 3.5 – 0.66 × 0.58) = 382.26 kN
82.2 × 3
.
×

. √ . 2 .
2 2
. ( )√ . ( )× 2 2.
.
×
. 8 (2 )√ . 8 (2 )× 2 .
{
400
c  1
400
.
vn = v c
ϕvn = 0.75 × 1.65 = 1.238 MPa < vu = 1.373 MPa not O.K.
 Shear reinforcement is required
. √
. . √ . × . × 2 .8 . .
. √ . × 2 .8
ϕ (vc + vs) = vu
.
− − .8 . 8
.

S= where Av = 2 × ∅2 × N = 2 × × 2
× 3 = 471.23 mm2
4 4
47 .23 ×4 4
S= = = 114.33 mm
740 ×0.9806
60
S Smax = 80 mm Not O.k
2 2
Use S = 80 mm ∎

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Design of Integral
Design integral beams with vertical stirrups to carry the excess shear for
example 1 in page 123 use ∅ = 10mm
Solution:
The required area of vertical shear reinforcement = 603 mm2
Effective depth = 160 mm = 16 × 10 (d is at least 16db or 150 mm) O.K.
Av provided is 4 × 2 × 78.5 = 628 mm2 at the first critical section, at distance
d/2 = 80 mm from the column face.
The required perimeter of the second critical section, at which the concrete
alone can carry the shear, is found from the controlling equation as follows:
. √ . × . × . 8
3
8 ×
. 8 .
×
5193.4 = 4 × (3d + y)
 y = 818.35 mm
x = 818.35 × cos(45) = 578.7 mm
578.7
No. of stirrups = = 7.2 8
80
8 stirrups at constant 80 mm spacing ∎

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Chapter Three Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Design integral beams with vertical stirrups to carry the excess shear for
example 2 in page 124 use ∅ = 8mm
Solution
Ø8 mm vertical closed hoop stirrups will be selected and arranged along three
integral beams.
Effective depth = 158 mm > 16 × 8=128 mm (d is at least 16db or 150). O.K.
Av provided is 3 × 2 × 50.2 = 301 mm2 at the first critical section, at
distance d/2 ≈ 75 mm from the column face.
The required perimeter of the second critical section, at which the concrete
alone can carry the shear, is found from the controlling equation as follows:
. √ . × . × 2 . 8
3
2. 2 ×
. 8 .
× 8
3× 2 + 2 y = 3005.1
9d + 2 y = 3005.1
9 × 158 + 2 y = 3005.1
1422 + 2 y = 3005.1
2 y = 1583.1
y = 791.55 mm
x = 791.55 × cos(45) = 560 mm
560
No. of stirrups = = 7.4 8
75
8 stirrups at constant 75 mm spacing ∎

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