5A – 262IAISIN 55–51LE AUTOMATIC TRANSAXLE

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
AND SYSTEM OPERATION

TRANSAXLE DESCRIPTION
The new automatic transmission (AISIN 55–51LE) is an
electronically controlled five–speed automatic transmis-
sion.
The transmission is mainly composed of the torque con-
verter, the planetary gear unit, the hydraulic control sys-
tem and the electric control system.

ELECTRONICAL COMPONENTS
Transmission Control Module (TCM)
The TCM primarily controls shift points and lockup en-
gagement. It is located on the driver side under the instru-
ment panel.
The transmission is controlled by an electronic shift sys-
tem. The Transmission Control Module (TCM) processes
input signals. From the information received, the TCM
controls the transmission hydraulic system.
The electronic shift system consists of the following :
S Transmission control module (TCM) Shift Solenoid No 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (SS1, SS2,
S Shift solenoids (SS1, SS2 SS3, SS4, SS5) SS3, SS4, SS5)
S Input shaft speed (ISS) sensor
5 shift solenoids are installed directly in the valve body.
S Output shaft speed (OSS) sensor
The solenoids operate of ON and OFF by the control sig-
S Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) sensor
nal from TCM. Combinations of 5 solenoids, SS1, SS2,
S Transmission Range (TR) Switch
SS3, SS4 and SS5 changes gear ranges.

Transmission Range (TR) Switch

Transmission Range (TR) Switch transmits the informa-
tion which range includes shift lever of A/T to Starter and
TCM.
S It is possible for TR switch to start an engine in only
”P” and ”N”. (Prevention of reckless driving)
S TR switch makes backup lamp turn on when re-
versing.
S It is used for TR switch to shift control.
TR switch transmits the information by combination of
starter and reverse circuit to vehicle side directly without
TCM.

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Line Pressure Control Solenoid (SLT)

Line pressure control solenoid (SLT) controls linear
throttle pressure by control signal from TCM and line pres-
sure for clutches and brakes to reduce shift shock.

Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT)

Sensor
TFT sensor is located in the valve body.
TCC Lock–up Control Solenoid (SLU)
TCC lock up control solenoid (SLU) controls linear SLU TFT sensor provides TCM with information on the trans-
pressure by control signal from TCM and hydraulic pres- mission fluid temperature.
sure for lock–up clutch to reduce shift shock.
The TCM uses information from the TFT sensor to calcu-
<Direct control> late the gear shift points and to engage the torque convert-
1st engine brake – 1st and reverse brake (B3) er lockup function.
2nd – 2nd brake (B2)

Shift Pressure Control Solenoid (SLS)

Shift pressure control solenoid (SLS) controls linear SLS Input Shaft Speed (ISS) Sensor
pressure by control signal from TCM. ISS sensor (1) is located on the upper position of the trans-
<Direct control> axle and detects A/T input speed from the rotation number
of the direct clutch drum (2).
2nd, 3rd, 4th – 2nd coast brake (B1)
5th, Reverse – Direct clutch (C2) They transmit to TCM as a signal.

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transaxle and detects the vehicle speed from the rotation

number of the parking gear (2).

Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor

OSS sensor (1) is located on the upper position of the

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HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM

Based on the hydraulic pressure created by the oil pump, TCM sends signals to solenoid and hydraulic control system
governs the hydraulic pressure acting on the torque converter, planetary gear, clutches and brakes in accordance with
the vehicle driving conditions.

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AUTOMATIC TRANSAXLE SYSTEM

Function of Components

Clutch & Brake Operation

C1 Forward clutch (1) Connects input shaft and rear ring gear.
C2 Direct clutch (2) Connects input shaft to rear sun gear.
C3 Underdrive clutch (3) Connect underdrive sun gear to underdrive front carrier.
B1 2nd coast brake (4) Lock front sun gear.
B2 2nd brake (5) Lock counterclockwise rotation of front sun gear.
B3 1st & reverse brake (6) Lock front ring gear.
B4 Underdrive brake (7) Lock underdrive sung gear.
B5 B5 brake (8) Lock underdrive rear carrier.
F1 1 way clutch No.1 (9) Lock counterclockwise rotation of front sun gear, when B2 op-
erations.
F2 1 way clutch No.2 (10) Lock counterclockwise rotation of front ring gear.

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Operations of Clutches and Brakes

Position Solenoid Clutch Brake 1Way

clutch
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C1 C2 C3 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 F1 F2
P OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
R V<=7 OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF
V>7 ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
N OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
D,M D 1st ON ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON
M 1st ON ON ON OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON
2nd OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF
3rd OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF
4th OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF
5th OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
4 1st ON ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON
2nd OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF
3rd OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF
2 1st ON ON ON OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON
2nd OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF

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D–1st Gear
Position Solenoid Clutch Brake 1 way
Clutch
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C1 C2 C3 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 F1 F2
D 1st ON ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON

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”D” – 1st Gear

1. Input shaft rotates clockwise.
S C1 operates (Connect input shaft to rear planetary ring gear)
2. Rear planetary ring gear rotates clockwise.
3. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise.
4. Front large planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise for rear planetary pinion and one.
5. Front small planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise.
6. Front ring gear is going to rotate counterclockwise.
S F2 operates (Lock counterclockwise rotation of Front ring gear).
7. Front & rear planetary carrier revolves clockwise due to reaction force of front small pinion.
8. Counter drive gear rotates clockwise for front & rear planetary carrier and one.
9. Counter driven gear rotates counterclockwise.
10. Front planetary ring gear rotates counterclockwise for counter driven gear and one.
11. Front planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise.
12. Front planetary sun gear rotates clockwise.
13. Rear planetary sun gear rotates clockwise for front planetary sun gear and one.
14. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise.
S B5 operates (Lock rotation of rear carrier).
15. Rear planetary ring gear rotates counterclockwise.
16. Front carrier and differential drive pinion gear rotates counterclockwise for rear ring gear and one.
17. Differential rotates clockwise.
( Engine Brake)
1. Counter drive gear and main front & rear planetary carrier rotates clockwise.
2. Rear planetary carrier rotates clockwise, but rear planetary pinion revolves clockwise while rotating itself counter-
clockwise due to resistance of rear planetary ring gear.
3. Front large pinion revolves clockwise while rotating itself counterclockwise and front small pinion revolves clock-
wise while rotating itself clockwise. And front carrier revolves clockwise.
4. Front ring gear rotates clockwise due to rotation itself clockwise of front small pinion, but driving force loses due
to free of F2. Therefore engine brake does not operate.

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D–2nd Gear
Position Solenoid Clutch Brake 1 way
Clutch
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C1 C2 C3 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 F1 F2
D 2nd OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF

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”D” – 2nd Gear

1. Input shaft rotates clockwise.
S C1 operates (Connect input shaft to rear planetary ring gear)
2. Rear planetary ring gear rotates clockwise.
3. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise.
4. Front large planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise for rear planetary pinion and one.
S B2 & F1 and B1 operates (Lock rotation of front planetary sun gear)
5. Front & rear planetary carrier revolves clockwise due to reaction force of front large pinion.
6. Counter drive gear rotates clockwise for front & rear planetary carrier and one.
7. Counter driven gear rotates counterclockwise.
8. Front planetary ring gear rotates counterclockwise for counter driven gear and one.
9. Front planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise.
10. Front planetary sun gear rotates clockwise.
11. Rear planetary sun gear rotates clockwise for front planetary sun gear and one.
12. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise.
S B5 operates (Lock rotation of rear carrier)
13. Rear planetary ring gear rotates counterclockwise.
14. Front carrier and differential drive pinion gear rotates counterclockwise for rear ring gear and one.
15. Differential rotates clockwise.
( Engine Brake)
1. Driving force is connected to input shaft directly without 1 way clutch. Therefore engine brake operates.

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D–3rd Gear
Position Solenoid Clutch Brake 1 way
Clutch
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C1 C2 C3 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 F1 F2
D 3rd OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF

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”D” – 3rd Gear

1. Input shaft rotates clockwise.
S C1 operates (Connect input shaft to rear planetary ring gear)
2. Rear planetary ring gear rotates clockwise.
3. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise.
4. Front large planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise for rear planetary pinion and one.
S B2 & F1 and B1 operates (Lock rotation of front planetary sun gear)
5. Front & rear planetary carrier revolves clockwise due to reaction force of front large pinion.
6. Counter drive gear rotates clockwise for front & rear planetary carrier and one.
7. Counter driven gear rotates counterclockwise.
8. Front planetary ring gear rotates counterclockwise for counter driven gear and one.
9. Front planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise.
S B4 operates (Lock rotation of front & rear planetary sun gear)
10. Front planetary carrier revolves counterclockwise due to reaction force of front planetary pinion.
11. Rear ring gear and differential drive pinion gear rotates counterclockwise for front carrier and one.
12. Differential rotates clockwise.
( Engine Brake)
S Driving force is connected to input shaft directly without 1 way clutch. Therefore engine brake operates.

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D–4th Gear
Position Solenoid Clutch Brake 1 way
Clutch
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C1 C2 C3 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 F1 F2
D 4th OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF

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”D” – 4th Gear

1. Input shaft rotates clockwise.
S C1 operates (Connect input shaft to rear planetary ring gear)
2. Rear planetary ring gear rotates clockwise.
3. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise.
4. Front large planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise for rear planetary pinion and one.
S B2 & F1 and B1 operates (Lock rotation of front planetary sun gear)
5. Front & rear planetary carrier revolves clockwise due to reaction force of front large pinion.
6. Counter drive gear rotates clockwise for front & rear planetary carrier and one.
7. Counter driven gear rotates counterclockwise.
8. Front planetary ring gear rotates counterclockwise for counter driven gear and one.
S C3 operates (Connect planetary sun gear to front planetary carrier )
9. Front planetary pinion can not rotate itself, and underdrive unit rotates counterclockwise as one.
10. Differential drive pinion gear rotates counterclockwise for underdrive unit and one.
11. Differential rotates clockwise.
<Engine Brake>
1. Driving force is connected to input shaft directly without 1 way clutch. Therefore engine brake operates.

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D–5th Gear
Position Solenoid Clutch Brake 1 way
Clutch
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C1 C2 C3 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 F1 F2
D 5th OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF

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”D” – 5th Gear

1. Input shaft rotates clockwise.
S C1 operates (Connect input shaft to rear planetary ring gear)
S C2 operates (Connect input shaft to rear planetary sun gear)
2. Rear planetary pinion can not rotate itself, and rear planetary unit rotates clockwise as one.
3. Front large planetary pinion can not rotate itself for rear planetary pinion and one, and front planetary unit rotates
clockwise as one.
4. Counter drive gear rotates clockwise for front planetary unit and one.
5. Counter driven gear rotates counterclockwise.
6. Front planetary ring gear rotates counterclockwise for counter driven gear and one.
S C3 operates (Connect planetary sun gear to front planetary carrier )
7. Front planetary pinion can not rotate itself, and underdrive unit rotates counterclockwise as one.
8. Differential drive pinion gear rotates counterclockwise for underdrive unit and one.
9. Differential rotates clockwise.
<Engine Brake>
1. Driving force is connected to input shaft directly without 1 way clutch. Therefore engine brake operates.

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Reverse Gear
Position Solenoid Clutch Brake 1 way
Clutch
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C1 C2 C3 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 F1 F2
R V<= OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF
7km/
h
V>7 ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
km/h

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Reverse Gear
1. Input shaft rotates clockwise.
S C2 operates (Connect input shaft to rear planetary sun gear)
2. Rear planetary sun gear rotates clockwise.
3. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise.
4. Front large planetary pinion rotates itself counterclockwise for rear planetary pinion and one.
5. Front small planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise.
S B3 operates (Lock rotation of front planetary ring gear)
6. Front & rear carrier revolves counterclockwise due to reaction force of front small pinion.
7. Counter drive gear rotates counterclockwise for front & rear planetary carrier and one.
8. Counter driven gear rotates clockwise.
9. Front planetary ring gear rotates clockwise for counter driven gear and one.
10. Front planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise.
11. Front planetary sun gear rotates counterclockwise.
12. Rear planetary sun gear rotates counterclockwise for front planetary sun gear and one.
13. Rear planetary pinion rotates itself clockwise.
S B5 operates (Lock rotation of rear carrier)
14. Rear planetary ring gear rotates clockwise.
15. Front carrier and differential drive pinion gear rotates clockwise for rear ring gear and one.
16. Differential rotates counterclockwise.
<Engine Brake>
1. Driving force is connected to input shaft directly without 1 way clutch. Therefore engine brake operates.

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When TCM detects upslope from load of engine

CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF TCM torque and decrease of acceleration, this mode
changes shift points in high–speed side accord-
Shift Control and Lock–up Control ing to the upslope degree and avoids busy shift
According to each shift schedule, TCM sends signals to of A/T.
the S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 which operates ON/OFF control 4. Downslope mode
”Shift Control” and the TCC lock up control solenoid (SLU) When TCM detects downslope from increase of
which operates linear control ”Lock–up Control” on the ba- acceleration with accelerator full close, this
sis of the vehicle speed and the throttle opening. mode operates moderate engine brake by
<Each solenoid operation> changing shift points in high–speed side.
5. Hot mode control
Gear S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 This control lowers ATF temperature by chang-
1st ON ON ON OFF OFF ing shift points when the temperature is ex-
2nd OFF OFF ON OFF OFF tremely high. (ATF temperature > 140°C
(284°F))
3rd OFF OFF ON ON OFF
6. Altitude control
4th OFF OFF OFF ON OFF
This control makes up for low engine power by
5th OFF ON OFF ON OFF establishing shift points at a slightly higher ve-
hicle speed range in high altitude where air pres-
55–51LE automatic transaxle does not have several driv- sure is low.
ing mode that user can select. Basically TCM pro- 7. Cold offset control
grammed for ”Economy mode”, but TCM changes to sev-
eral shift schedule automatically according to specified This control makes up for low engine torque by
condition. But, only ”Winter mode” can be chosen by the establishing shift points at a slightly higher ve-
switch. hicle speed range when air temperature is ex-
tremely low. (Engine coolant temperature <
1. Driver’s adaptive shift control (Economy, Medium,
–30°C (–22°F))
Sport mode)
Economy mode is used for normal driving condi- Manual Shift Control (Tap Mode)
tion after ignition ON. And driver’s liking is de- Driver oneself can select favorite gear and enjoy sports
tected by using fuzzy logic from accelerator op- driving of manual transmission sense by shifting shift lever
eration. This control changes shift points to from ”D” to manual gear position and Manual+(Up shift) /
Economy (low speed), Medium(middle speed) Manual–(Down shift). But lock–up control is operated au-
and Sport(high speed) according to the liking tomatically. Shift control is operated again by shifting from
degree. manual gear position to ”D”.

Start (1) & (2) (1) ”D” (2) Vehicle Lock–up Cut Control
speed >= 5 This control cuts lock–up operation at shift down or idle
km/h (3 mph) condition and avoid engine stall by depressing brake pedal
at low speed driving.
End (1) or (2) or (1) Except ”D” (2) Vehicle
(3) speed > 240 Up/Down Learning Control
km/h (149 mph)
This control learns the pressure to each clutch or brake in
(3) Driver’s liking detection is Econ- order to reduce shifting shock at each shifting (Up, Down,
omy mode Manual down, Coast down).

2. Winter mode <Learning control method>

(1) 65°C (149°F) =< Oil temperature < 110°C (230°F)
This mode is used for vehicle start on a slippery (2) Constant low throttle opening (about 20–30%)
road due to pushing the winter mode switch. (3) Plenty shifting interval (about 3 sec)
(Vehicle start in 3rd gear) (4) Repeat each shifting about 10 times

Range Winter N–D Shift Control

D 3(L) ´ 4(L) ´ 5(L) This control improves the N–D shift quality due to control-
ling line pressure control solenoid according to forward
´: Shift up/down, (L) : Lock–up Operation clutch (C1) piston stroke learned in N–D learning control
and applying best hydraulic pressure to forward clutch
3. Upslope mode
(C1) at N–D shift.

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S Transmission Control Module (TCM) replacement

N–D Learning Control S TCM calibration change
This control learns the forward clutch (1) hydraulic pres- S Control valve body replacement
sure due to monitoring a forward clutch (1) engaging time S Transaxle overhaul
and a rotation change rate. S Transaxle replacement
1. Drive the vehicle to warm the transaxle fluid until
Start (1) & (2) & (1) 500 rpm =< Engine speed <
65–110°C (150–230°F). The adaptive learn proce-
(3) & (4) 1,200 rpm
dure will not work unless transaxle fluid is the cor-
(2) 65°C (149°F) =< Oil tempera- rect temperature.
ture < 110°C (230°F) 2. Reset the transaxle adaptive learns using a scan
(3) 450 rpm =< forward clutch (C1) tool.
revolution < 1,200 rpm 3. Perform the following steps for the garage shifts
adaptive learn.
(4) Throttle opening < 3.0 %
1) Apply the parking brake and the foot brake.
<Learning control method> 2) Shift from NEUTRAL to REVERSE and keep in
(1) When above start condition REVERSE for 3 seconds.
(2) Shifting interval more than 3 sec 3) Shift from REVERSE to NEUTRAL.
(3) Repeat N–D shifting about 10 times 4) Repeat the above two steps five times.
5) Shift from NEUTRAL to DRIVE and keep in
N–R Shift Control DRIVE for 3 seconds.
This control improves the N–R shift quality due to control- 6) Shift from DRIVE to NEUTRAL.
ling shift pressure control solenoid according to direct 7) Repeat the above two steps five times.
clutch (C2) piston stroke learned in N–R learning control 4. Perform the following steps for the Up/Down shift-
and applying best hydraulic pressure to C2 clutch at N–R ing adaptive learn.
shift. 1) Drive the vehicle in DRIVE with light (15–20
percent) throttle until above 50 km/h (31 mph)
N–R Learning Control
in 4th gear.
This control learns the direct clutch (C2) hydraulic pres- 2) Decelerate and apply the brakes until vehicle
sure due to monitoring a C2 clutch engaging time and a comes to a stop. Brake the vehicle so that it
rotation change rate. takes at least 14 seconds.
3) Repeat the above steps five times.
Start (1) & (2) & (1) 500 rpm =< Engine speed < 5. S In case the shift indicator positions are labeled P,
(3) & (4) 1,200 rpm R, N, D, 4, 2
(2) 65°C (149°F) =< Oil tempera-
ture < 110°C (230°F) Perform the following steps for 4³2 Manual
down shift adaptive learn (No Tap shift).
(3) 450 rpm =< forward clutch (C1)
revolution < 1,200 rpm 1) Drive the vehicle in ”4” until over 25 km/h (16
(4) Throttle opening < 3.0 % mph) in 2nd with any throttle position.
2) Decelerate, shift from ”4” to ”2” manually and
<Learning control method> stop the vehicle.
3) Repeat the above two steps ten times.
(1) When above start condition
(2) Shifting interval more than 3 sec S In case the shift indicator positions are labeled P,
(3) Repeat N–R shifting about 10 times R, N, D, M
Torque Reduction Control Perform the following steps for 2³1 Tap down
This control improves the shift quality due to sending shift adaptive learn (Tap shift).
torque reduction request signal from TCM to ECM and cut-
1) Drive the vehicle in ”Tap 2” until over 25 km/h
ting engine torque increase of shift at N–D shift, N–R shift
and 1´2´3´4´5. (16 mph) in 2nd with any throttle position.
2) Decelerate, shift from ”Tap 2” to ”Tap 1” manu-
If accelerator pedal is depressed rapidly, this control es- ally and stop the vehicle.
tablishes the upper limit value of engine torque and avoids 3) Repeat the above two steps ten times.
”Engine flare” at 2´3, 3´4 and 4=>2 of ”clutch to clutch
Important : If shift quality does not improve, ensure the
shift”.
TCM has the correct transmission calibration.
Transmission Adaptive Learn Procedure 6. Confirm shift quality.
Perform the transmission adaptive learn procedure after
any of the following service procedures :

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