A project report on

DESIGN OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B. Tech
In
Electronics and Electrical Engineering

By

BITTU RAJA BHARTI 1607244

 School of Electronics Engineering
KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University)
BHUBANESWAR

MARCH 2020

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “DESIGN OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL
FIBER” submitted by
BITTU RAJA BHARTI 1607244

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Electrical Engineering is a bonafide record of the
work carried out under my(our) guidance and supervision at School of Electronics
Engineering, KIIT (Deemed to be University).

Signature of Supervisor
Prof. Pranaw Kumar
School of Electronics Engineering
KIIT (Deemed to be University)

The Project was evaluated by us on _____________

EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We feel immense pleasure and feel privileged in expressing our deepest and most
sincere gratitude to our supervisor Professor Pranaw Kumar, for his excellent
guidance throughout our project work. His kindness, dedication, hard work and
attention to detail have been a great inspiration to us. Our heartfelt thanks to you sir
for the unlimited support and patience shown to us. We would particularly like to
thank him for all his help in patiently and carefully correcting all our manuscripts.
We acknowledge the support received from Micro strip antenna lab, Jadavpur
University for the use of Zealand IE3D software.
We are also very thankful to Professor Arindam Basak [Link] project coordinator
(E&EE), Associate Director Professor Dr. Amlan Datta and Professor Dr. Arun
Kumar Ray, Dean (School Of Electronics) for their support and suggestions during
our course of the project work in the final year of our undergraduate course.

BITTU RAJA BHARTI -1607244

 Abstract

A Photonic crystal fiber with square shaped hole has been investigated. Structure
has six rings of square shaped air holes. Investigated structure has reported ultra
flattened zero dispersion over a wide range of wavelengths (0.7µm - 2.0µm).
Birefringence reported by this structure is also very high. It is 0.021 at a
wavelength of 1.55µm. Ultra low confinement loss, of the order of 10-14has been
obtained. Hence the designed PCF can be applicable for both linear and nonlinear
applications.

INTRODUCTION
In comparison to conventional optical fibers , holey fibers have proved themselves
to be much superior. It is due to very unique features being offered by these holey
fibers. Unique features like dispersion , nonlinearity , birefringence, ultra low
confinement loss and endless single mode propagation are not commonly observed
in standard fibers but these features are being available in photonic crystal fibers
[1-4]. Moreover due to these unique features , PCFs have appreciations in the field
of medicine, fibers sensing , optical communication and other linear and nonlinear
application. PCFs also termed as holey fibers offers much design flexibility. The
symmetry of cladding or the core can be modified to observe such of these
flexibilities in designing. Similarly, by tailoring the dimension of holes in the
cladding region we can observe other kind of flexibilities. Similarly, different
materials can be used as partial filling or complete filling in the holes of cladding
region to give result [5-9]. Birefringence is an important property being offered by
PCFs . Numerous methods have been employed to report high birefringence. Silica
photonic crystal fibers have been investigated with modified structures and have
resulted high value of birefringence. Li et al. reported birefringence of the order of

10-2 by investigating a noble PCF structure [10]. Man et al. studied an index

guiding photonic crystal fibre and shows birefringence of 1.15*10-2 at a

wavelength of 1.55 µm [11]. Ultra-flattened dispersion photonic crystal fiber due
to its extensive applications have been always been a point of research. PCF have
distinctive dispersion characteristics to shift the zero dispersion wavelength or to
flattened the dispersion wavelength to other wavelength. [12] its mentioned earlier,
cladding structure makes the dispersion behavior tunable [13-14]. However, to
obtain flattened dispersion over a wide band spectrum many holey fibres have
been designed [15]. Olyalle et al. studied a hexagonal PCF with different
dimension of air holes. Reported
dispersion varies in between 2.5 ±0.8 ps/nm-km [16-17]. In conventional PCFs air
holes are arranged in a periodic array arranged
in regular triangular lattice . The diameter of air holes remains uniform. The air
hole diameter to pitch factor ratio are kept small to realize ultra flattened
dispersion. Keeping this in view, various structure with different geometrical shape
of core and holes with different dimensions, photonic crystal fibers have been
analyzed and realized. Confinement loss or the leakage loss are the major losses
 observed in photonic crystal fibres and can be reduced by increasing the numbers
of rings of air holes in the cladding region. This reduces the refractive index
contrast by averaging the effective refractive index. Like conventional fibers,
normalized frequency, termed as V-effective in case of PCFs determines the
endless single modes of the fibers.
In this work, A PCF structure with square shaped holes has been studied. Structure
has six rings of square shaped air holes. Intention for studying such a structure is to
obtain highly birefringent fiber with controlled dispersion. Investigated structure has
reported ultra flattened zero dispersion over a wide range of wavelengths (0.7µm -
2.0µm). Birefringence reported by this structure is also very high. It is 0.021 at a
wavobtained. Hence the designed PCF can be applicable for both linear and nonlinear
application.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Introduction of report
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND THEORY OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBRE
2.1 PCF and its Definition
2.2 Properties of PCF
2.3 Dispersion
2.4 Birefringes
2.5 Confinement Loss
2.6 V-number(V-effect)

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBRE

3.1 Design and theoretical methods

3.2 Simulation and Result
3.3 Conclusion

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
6.1: Summary
6.2: Impact assessment
6.3: Risk issues
6.4: Cost analysis
6.5: Planning and Project Management

REFERENCES
PROPERTIESsOFsPCFs:

DISPERSION

PCFswithsultra-flattenedsdispersionshavesbeensinvestigatedsnumericallysbysssFerrandosetsalsandsdemonstra
[Link]-flattenedsdispersionsPCFs
sissformedsbysairsholesswithsthessamesdiameters(d)[Link]
-to-holesspacingsΛsandsthesair-holesdiametersdsassssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssΛs≈2.6sµmssss
sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssd/Λs≈0.24ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
ssssssrespectively,sitsisspossiblestosrealizesasnearlyszerosultra-flattenedsdispersionsPCFsinsthestele-commun
[Link],ssincesthesvaluesofsd/Λsisssmall,smoresthanstwenty-ringssofsarrayssofsairsholess
aresrequiredsinsthescladdingsregionstosreducesthesconfinementslossstosaslevelsofs0.1sdB/[Link]
esignsprinciplesdescribedsitsisspossiblestosdesignsasPCFswithsbothsultra-flattenedsdispersionsandslowsconfi
nementsloss.sFigures5sshowsstwosexamplessofsnearlyszerosultra-flattenedsdispersionsPCFswithsfoursair-hol
esringssandsfivesair-holesringssdesignedsbysusingsoursdesignsprinciple,swheresΛs=s1.56sµm,sssssssssssssss
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssd1/Λs=s0.32,sd2/Λs=s0.45,sd3/Λs=s0.67,sd4/Λs=s0.95sinsFig.s5(a)sssss
ssssssssssssandsΛs=s1.58sµm,sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssd1/Λs=s0.31,sd2/Λs=s0.45,s
d3/Λs=s0.55,sd4/Λs=s0.63,sd5/Λs=s0.95sinsFig.s5(b).sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
sssssssThesesPCF’sshavessmallsholesspacings(Λs≈1.6sµm).sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
sssssssssssssInsorderstoscontrolsthesdispersionsandsthesdispersionsslopesinstheswideswavelengthsrange,sass
[Link]
ndexsinsthescladdingsregionsalongsthesradiussbysincreasingsthesair-holesdiameterssalongsthesradiussandstos
[Link]-holesdiameterssalongst
hesradiussissalsosverysusefulsforsdesigningslowslosssindex-guidingsPCFswithssmallsnumbersofsair-holesrin
[Link].s5sisssssssssssssssssprofitablesforsnotsonlyscontrol
lingsthesdispersionsbutsalsosreducingsthesconfinementsloss.sFigures6sshowsstheschromaticsdispersion,sthesc
[Link]
TheswavelengthsrangesforswhichsthesPCFsdispersionsremainssbetweens−0.5sands+0.5sps/(km·nm)sissfroms
1.19sµmstos1.69sµm.sThesconfinementslosssisslesssthans1sdB/kmsinstheswavelengthsrangesshortersthans1.6
sµm.sThesproductivesmodesareasiss8.55sµm^2sats1.55sµmswavelength.sFigures7sshowsstheschromaticsdisp
ersion,sthesconfinementslosssandsthesproductivesmodesareasassasfunctionsofswavelengthsforsthesfive-ringsP
CFsinsFig.s5(b).sTheswavelengthsrangesforswhichsthesPCFsdispersionsremainssbetweens−0.4sands+0.4sps(
kmsnm)sissfroms1.23sµmstos1.72sµm.sThesconfinementslosssisslesssthans0.1sdB/kmsinstheswavelengthsran
gesshortersthans1.72sµm.sThesproductivesmodesareasisss8.95sµm^2sats1.55sµ[Link],susi
ngsmoresair-holesringssandsoptimizingsΛsandsd,sitsisspossiblestosdesignsthesflattenedsdispersionsPCFsinsw
[Link]-flattenedsdispersionshavesasrelativelyssmallseffec
tivesmoresareasandswouldsbesusefulsforssuper-continuumsgeneration,ssolitonspulsestransmissionsandssoson.
sOurscontrollingstechniquesofschromaticsdispersionsinsPCFsissappliedstosdesignsPCFswithsnearlysdispersio
nscompensatingsPCF.s

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTFigT:TCrossTSectionTofTproposedTphotonicTcrystleTfire
InTconventionalTPCFs,TtheTprotectionTstructureTisTusuallyTformedTbyTairTholesTwithTtheTsameTdiam
[Link]
[Link],TusingTaTPCFTwithTallTofTtheTs
ameTair-holeTdiameterTinTtheTcladdingTregion,TitTisTdifficultTtoTcontrolTtheTdispersionTslopeTinTwid
[Link]-guidingTPCFs,TsinceTtheTperiodicityTinTtheTcladdingTregionTisTnotTess
entialTtoTconfineTtheTguidingTlightTintoTtheThigh-indexTcoreTregion,TweTproposeTanTindex-guidingTP
CF toTcontrolTbothTtheTdispersionTandTdispersionTslopeTinTwideTwavelengthTrange,TwhereTΛTisTthe
Thole-to-holeTspacingTand di (i=1T~ n)TisTtheTholeTdiameterTof [Link]
ngthTrange,TtheTguidedTmodeTisTwellTconfinedTintoTtheTcoreTregionTandTtheTdispersionTpropertyTis
TaffectedTbyTtheTinnerTair-holeTrings,TwhileTinTtheTlongTwavelengthTrange,TtheTeffectiveTcoreTareaT
isTincreasedTandTtheTdispersionTpropertyTisTaffectedTnotTonlyTinnerTringsTbutTalsoTouterTrings,Tparti
[Link]-holeTdiameter di (i=1T~
n)TandThole-to-holeTspacing,TbothTtheTdispersionTandTdispersionTslopeTcanTbeTcontrolledTinTwideTw
avelengthTrange.
InTorderTtoTshowThowTtheTchromaticTdispersionTisTaffectedTbyTvaryingTtheTholeTdiameter di ofTeach
Tair-holeTring,TweTconsiderTfourTindex-guidingTPCFsTwithTfourTringsTofTairTholesTasTshownTin whe
reTtheThole-to-holeTspacingTΛTisT2.0TµmTandTtheTeachTair-holeTdiameter di (i=1T~T4)Tis d1=d 2=d 3
=d 4=0.5TµmT, d 1=0.5Tµm, d 2=d 3=d 4=0.6Tµm d 1=0.5Tµm, d 2=0.6Tµm, d 3=d 4=0.7TµmT, d 1=0.5Tµ
m, d 2=0.6Tµm, d 3=0.7Tµm, d 4=1.8Tµ[Link] d 4 isTveryTlargerTthanTtheTothersTtoTsh
owTaTdistinctTdifferenceTbetweenTtheTdispersionTprofileTofTPCF showsTtheTchromaticTdispersionTofTt
[Link]
r-holeTdiameter di andToptimizationTof di enablesTindex-guidingTPCFsTtoTcontrolTtheirTdispersionTprop
erties.
TTTT
ATnewTcontrollingTtechniqueTofTchromaticTdispersionTinTindex-guidingTPCFsTwasTproposedTandTapp
liedTtoTdesignTPCFsTwithTbothTultra-lowTdispersionTandTultra-flattenedTdispersionTinTaTwideTwavele
[Link]-ringTPCFTwi
thTflattenedTdispersionTofT0±0.5Tps/(km·nm)TfromTaTwavelengthTofT1.19TµmTtoT1.69TµmTandTaTfiv
e-ringTPCFTwithTflattenedTdispersionTofT0±0.4Tps/(km·nm)TfromTaTwavelengthTofT1.23TµmTtoT1.72
Tµ[Link]
TwillThaveTaTgreatTimpactTonTmanyTengineeringTapplicationsTsuchTasTdispersionTcompensation,Twide
-bandTsupercontinuumTgeneration,Tultra-shortTsolitonTpulseTtransmission,TandTwavelength-divisionTmult
[Link]
queTdispersionTpropertiesTwillTbeTreportedTsoon.
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
S
BIREFRINGENT

Thescross-sectionsofsthesPCFsusedsinsourspaper,swhichswassfabricatedsbysYangtzsOpticalsFibersandsCable
[Link]
xagonalspattern.sTheseffectivesindexsofssilicasbackgroundsiss1.444sats1.550sμ[Link]
holes,sthesadjacentsholessdistance,sandsthesdiametersofsthescoresares3.7sμm,s5.8sμm,sands7.9sμm,srespecti
vely.s

ThesachievedsHPCFssweresachievedsbysinfusingsansindex-tunablesliquidsintosselectedsairsholessofsfiberscl
[Link].spossessessasrefractivesindexsofs1.52s(
@s0.5893sμmsands@s25s°C)sandsasthermalscoefficientsofs−0.000407/°[Link]
indexsrods,sthesHPCFsscansconfineslightsbysbothstotalsinternalsreflectionsfromsairsholessandsantiresonantsr
eflectionsfromshighsindexsrodsswhichsisscentralstosthesphotonicsbandgapseffectsinsPBGFs.s

[Link]
birefringencesfeaturessofsseveralstypessofsHPCFsswithsvarioussfillingsstructuressinstheory.s

Forsasbirefringentsfiber,sphasesbirefringencesBsandsgroupsbirefringencesBgsarestwosmajors

factorsscharacterizingsbirefringence,swhichscansbesexpressedsassfollows:s

ds,s,sdsxysg

BsBnsnsBsBsλsλs=s−s=s−∗

Where,snxsandsnysarestheseffectivesindicessofsthesx-polarizedsandsy-polarizedsfundamentalscores

modes,sandsx-polarizationsandsy-polarizationsdirections.

Firstly,swesstudiedsthesHPCFswithsonlysonesairsholesadjacentstosfiberscoresfilled,scalleds
HPCF1,sandsitsstheoreticalssimulationsmodel.

Theswhitesholessaresairsholes,[Link],sutilizingsfinite-elemen
tsmethodsbysComsolsMultiphysicss3.4ssoftwaresandsconsideringsmaterialsdispersionsofsthessilicasandsliqui
d,sthesfundamentalscoresmodesandshigh-index-rodsmodessweresanalyzedsinsdetail.s

Figures2(a)srepresentsstheseffectivesrefractivesindicessofsfundamentalscoresmodesandshighindex-rodsmodes
satsx-(blackssolidscurves)sandsy-polarizationss(redsdashedscurves),srespectively.s

Thesinsetsshowssthesfundamentalscoresmodesintensitysdistributionsatstheswavelengthsofs1.700sμm,swhichsi
[Link],satswavelengthsrangessfroms1.270sμmstos1.450sμmsandsfroms2.500sμm
stos2.900sμm,[Link],ssilicasissha
rdlystransparentsatswavelengthsrangeslongersthans2sμ[Link],saccordingstosthesantiresonantsreflections[25]s
ofshighsindexsrods,sthesantiresonantswavelengthsrangessshiftstosshortswavelengthswithsliquidsindexsdecrea
sing.s

Meanwhile,sthesbirefringencesfeaturescurvessalsosshiftstosthesshortswavelength,sandspossesss

[Link],sinspractice,swescanstunestheswavelengthsrangesoverswhichs

silicashasslowerslosssbyschoosingspropersliquid.sFigures2(b)sshowssthesmodesintensitys

distributionssofsx-s(upper)sandsy-polarizeds(below)smodessatspointssofsA,sB,sC,sD,sEsandsF,srespectively.s
Itsissclearlysseensthatsfundamentalscoresmodescouplesswithshighersordersmodes

LP21-likesinstheshighsindexsrodsatspointssAsandsB,swithsLP02-likesmodesatsCsandsDsandswithsLP11-like
smodesatsEsandsFspoints,srespectively.s

ss

[Link]-polarised

AccordingstosEq.s(1),susingsthesdispersionscurves1sinsFig.s2(a),sthesmodalsphasesbirefringencesBsandsgro
upsbirefringencesBgsofsHPCF1sweresfurtherscalculated,[Link]
eatures:s1)snon-monotonesvariationswithswavelength;s2)sasdecrementsnearsbothsedges,[Link]
areas;s3)saszerosvaluesatsaslongerswavelengthsofs2.160sμm.s

Amongsthesfeatures,sthesdecrementsofsBsatsbothsedgesscansbesexplainedsusingsthesfeaturessofsdispersions
[Link]
egion,sthesfundamentalsmodesatsonespolarizationswithslowersmodeseffectivesindexswillsfirstscoupleswithsh
igh-index-rodsmode,[Link]
gencesnearsthesshortswavelengthscouplingsregion.
sAtslongswavelengthscouplingsregion,sthesfundamentalsmodesatsonespolarizationswithshighersmodeseffecti
vesindexswillsfirstscoupleswithshigh-index-rodsmode,[Link]
[Link]
resultssfromsco-effectssbetweensantiresonantsreflectionseffectsandstotalsinternalsreflectionseffectsofsthesHP
[Link].sItshasstwoszerosvaluessatswavelengthssofs1.490sμmsands2.490sμm,srespecti
vely,snearstwosedges,spositivesvaluessatswavelengthsrangesfroms1.490sμmstos2.490sμmsandsnegativesvalue
ssatswavelengthsrangessfroms1.400sμmstos1.490sμmsandsfroms2.490sμmstos2.600sμ[Link]
sfeaturessaresverysdifferentsfromsthatsofsindex-guidingsHi-BisPCFss[3,4]sandsHi-BisPBGFs[5–7],swhichsar
esmainlysbecausesofsthesintroductionsofshighsindexsrod.s

TToTconcludeTourTinvestigation,TweThaveTproposedTaThighlyTbirefringentTandTnearlyTzeroTdispersion
-[Link]
TtheTproposedTPCFTpossessesTanTextraordinaryTelectricTfieldTdistributionTwhereTV-shapedTnotchesTap
pearTinTtheTcoreTregionTdueTtoTtheTembeddedTellipticalTairThole,TandTwithTtheTincreaseTofTwavelen
[Link]
TrefractiveTindexTdistribution,TtheTE-DCTseemsTtoTbeTsimilarTtoTtheTindex-depressingTdopedTcoreTre
portedTTwhichTcouldTbeTalsoTusedTinTtheTtwin-coreTPCFTforTobtainingTwavelength-independentTcou
plingTproperty.TTheTmodeTfieldTdiameterTisTestimatedTtoTbeTaboutT2 μm,TwhichTimpliesTtheTsmallT
[Link],TtheTmodalTbirefringenceTisTevaluate
dTtoTbeTaboutT8T×T1 at =T1.55 μm,TwhichTisTlargerTthanTthatTofTtheTequilateralTpentagonalTpolariz
[Link],TinTtheTproposedTE-DCTPCF,TweTcanTtailorTtheTparam
eters and toTachieveTtheTpurposeTofTsimultaneouslyTtuningTtheTdispersionTandTtheTdispersionTslope.T
ComparedTwithTtheTSCTPCF,TtheTintroductionTofTE-DCTisThelpfulTtoTcontrolTtheTchromaticTdispersi
[Link]
nceTPCFTmayTsatisfyTimportantTapplicationsTinTtheTfieldTofTopticalTfiberTcommunications,TfiberTlase
rs,TandTfiberTsensors,TandTtheTaddedTnegativeTorTflattenedTdispersionTfeatureTmakesTitTsuitableTasTa
TchromaticTdispersionTcontroller,TaTdispersionTcompensator,TorTaTcandidateTforTnonlinearTopticalTapp
lications.
 V‐PARAMETER OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER

INTRODUCTION: Photonic crystal fibre is the most specialized optical light guide, consists attractive and
versatile technology based on microstructure arrangement of low and high refractive index material. Photonic
crystal are periodic optical nano-structure that affect the motion of photons in such a way that ionic lattice
affect the electron motion. This technology uses worldwide in research and development of new opportunities
in optoelectronics devices. Wavelength that is allowed to travel called modes and group of allowed modes are
called bands. This gives distinct optical phenomena inhibition of spontaneous emission, high reflecting
omnidierctional mirror and low loss waveguide.

The relevance of these materials arises from the possibility of controlling light in new and useful ways. We
know that photonic crystal are of three type that is one dimensional, two dimensional and three dimensional.
We recently demonstrate low loss waveguide based on the use of two dimensional photonic crystal materials.
In photonic crystal fiber, the waveguide properties of this fiber cannot vary with glass composition as in the
conventional optical fiber. In this arrangement, very tiny and closely air holes runs through entire fiber length
periodically with a pitch of order of optical wavelength. Photonic crystal fibre can be made up of a single
material and have several geometric parameters which can be manipulate and provide large flexibility of
design. The pitch of the hexagonal crystal pattern is in the range of 1‐ 5µm. In this structure by leaving a
single lattice site without an air hole behaves as defect in the lattice because of this defect, a special region
with the optical properties different from the photonic crystal is created. This defect in the lattice act as
localized region whose refractive index is higher than the rest of the structure. This region act as waveguide
core in which it is possible to trap the light travelling almost parallel to the fibre axis. In this paper we
investigate that how the number of guided modes in the structure depends on the design parameters.

NUMBER OF GUIDED MODES

Our waveguide is holey fibre in which the cladding region consists of hexagonal arrays of air holes. One
missing air hole defines the core region, embedded in a silica matrix. We can take more layers of air holes for
experiment but here we take nine layers for our experiment and diameter of air holes is given by d. Our fibre is
hexagonal in shape, takes ~ 400 air holes. Such type of fibre is constructed by using Stack and Draw process
which allows relatively fast, low cost and flexible performs manufacture. By using this we fabricate long
length of fibre that have to required array of air holes in their cross section. The air holes are slightly distorted
at the edges of the fiber but regular for the entire length. These distorted air holes at the edges not affected the
waveguide properties but a single missing air hole forms a defect site in the photonic crystal material which
acts as core of the structure. We observed experimentally number of guided modes in the holey fiber and pcf
support single mode or multimode over the spectral range from at least wavelength(λ)=337nm to well beyond
wavelength>[Link] this we define pitch (˄) as the core radius (ρ)and vary its value for getting desired
output which gives information about guided modes in the [Link] know that if the value of V is less
than 2.405 (V<2.405) implies monomode waveguide or single mode waveguide. If the value of V is greater
than 2.405 called multimode waveguide. This shows refractive index of cladding is depends on the value of
wavelength and core radius. In PCF, regularity of the cladding is essential because of single defect site in a
regular periodic structure which provide single mode in a waveguide. This regularity allows effective medium
which enhance the waveguide characteristics. As conventional waveguide, it consists of core refractive index
and cladding refractive index denote as ‫ ܉܉܉ ܉܉܉‬.‫ ܉܉܉‬In core material we use pure silica‫ ܉܉܉‬ൌ
‫܉‬௦‫܉܉܉܉܉‬. Index of the cladding region can be defined in terms of propagation constant of the lowest mode
that could propagate in the infinite cladding material. We define the effective index of the cladding material as
‫܉܉܉܉ = ܉܉܉‬, having computed ‫ ܉܉܉܉‬, we can calculate an effective value of V for PCF. We Design the
curves of ‫܉܉܉܉‬, as the function of ˄ ‫܉‬ൗ for the values of ‫˄ ܉‬ൗ ranging from 0.20 to 0.50. In general, all
the curves are approaches to the constant level depends on the value of ‫˄ ܉‬ൗ . These graphs show that it is
possible to design a fiber that will be a monomode for any wavelength. The value of Veff depends on the
arbitrary choice of a value of the core radius which gives different values of Veff that present the cut off value
for the guidance mode in the PCF.

Fig. 2: The effective normalized frequency curve plotted versus ˄/λ for different values of d/˄.

CONCLUSION

There are several issues to consider when designing a photonic crystal fiber. In this we
described 2‐ dimensional photonic crystal fiber in which core is formed by a single lattice site
of pure silica. The experimental results presented here to show the number of guided modes in
photonic crystal fiber and able to design a fiber that will support monomode for any
wavelength or scale of structure. Thus the PCF is very useful and interesting form of optical
waveguide used in various field. The fiber could be used as a large mode area fiber for fiber
amplifiers and high intensity light transmission. We believe that this expression gives
important results which are used in heavy numerical computations for different objectives.
 Confinement Loss in Photonic Crystal Fiber

PCF are a new class of optical fibers which has concerned fabulous attention in the last few years.
PCFs are normally formed with silica having air holes positioned in the claddin [Link] have novel
properties because the
effective refractive index has burly wavelength dependence and huge design [Link] main
applications range from telecommunication fiel to metrology ,spectroscopy ,microscopy , medical
diagnostics equipment , biology and sensing. There are several parameters to manipulate: pitch, air hole
shape and diameter, refractive index of the glass, and type of [Link] structures can have hexagonal
lattice or octagonal lattice or square [Link] changing the lattices and lattice parameters like pitch, air hole
diameter and changing rings in the cladding region,the properties of PCF can also be changed.

Many experiments and investigations have been carried out using different analysis techniques and tools to
understand the propagation properties of various [Link] also known as micro-structured or holey fibers are
made of the refractive index periodicity, with the arrangement of air holes around the [Link] rings around
the core help to ensnare light well within the core minimizing the confinement [Link] on structure, PCF
can be either solid core high-index guiding fibers or hollow core low index guiding [Link] index guiding
PCF guide light in a solid core by modified total internal reflection (M-TIR) like to the conventional optical
[Link] core PCFs guide light by the photonic band gap(PBG) [Link] is confined in the low-index
core,as the distribution of energy levels in the structure makes the propagation in the cladding region
impossible. In both cases, to attain the lowest amount loss, air holes should be continual to infinity which is
unfeasible. So, modes leak in cladding and confinement loss is created. The confinement loss can be reduced
by proper design of structure parameters in PCF,and consequently,mode leakage to cladding is avoided.

Already, many reports have been published about PCF with low confinement [Link] 0.8µm center wavelength
the
confinement loss is found 10-8 dB/m,10-6 dB/m and 10-4dB/m for 2µm,1.8µm and 1.6 µm lattice pitch [8].
Again at 1.55
µm center wavelength for three rings hexagonal PCF the confinement loss is 10-3dB/km but Ademgil and
Huxha obtained this loss which was varied from 10-1 to 10-5 dB/[Link] at 1.3 µm center wavelength this
confinement loss was found 10-8 dB/km for circular ring PCF.

We have tried to determine the confinement loss of solid core PCF for five and three rings hexagonal and
rectangular cross sectional geometry and try to reduce this loss by manipulating the lattice pitch and changing
number of rings in the cladding region.

PCF can be considered as a two- dimensional waveguide that is periodic in X and Y [Link] PCF
includes an array of dielectric [Link] light is assumed to propagate mostly along the Z axis and parallel to
the [Link]
group-velocity dispersion D(λ) is defined as the change in pulse width per unit distance of propagation (I.e.,
ps/([Link]).
It means that D(λ) causes a short pulse of light to spread in time as a result of different frequency components
of the pulse traveling at different velocities.

Since,the total chromatic dispersion is the summation of material dispersion Dm(λ) and waveguide dispersion
Dw(λ). The material dispersion quantified from the Sell-meier equation is directly included in the FDM
calculation [Link] reason for this is that Dm (λ) is mostly determined by the wavelength dependence of
the fiber material and for this reason it cannot be altered significantly in the engineering process. On the other
hand,Dw (λ),this is strongly dependent to the silica-air structure. Therefore, in our calculation chromatic
dispersion D(λ) corresponds to the total dispersion of the [Link] attenuation caused by the wave-guide
geometry is called confinement loss Lc. This is an additional form of loss that occurs in single-material fibers
particularly in PCF because they are usually made of pure silica.
The main objective of our investigation is to study
confinement loss characteristics of solid (holey) core
hexagonal and rectangular PCF with different pitch for five
and three rings in the cladding. The structural parameters are given below for both hexagonal and rectangular
shape PCF:

Hole diameter d - 0.6µm

Lattice Pitch Λ – 2.3 µm/2.6µm/2.9µm
Normalized hole diameter d/ Λ – 0.26/0.23/0.20
Air-fraction Refractive index in air – 1.0
Background material Refractive index n – 1.46
Number of ring at the cladding :– 3 and 5
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DESIGN AND THEORETICAL METHODS

We have investigated a new kind of PCF structure with square shaped hole. Investigated structure has six
ring of square shaped hole in the cladding region. The dimension of one side of the square is taken as a=0.6×
Ʌ . Here pitch factor(Ʌ) considered is 2.7µm. The structure has silica as wafer with refractive index 1.45. The
schematic diagram of the structure is shown in Fig.1.

Fig. 1 (a) PCF structure with square shaped air hol

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Fig. 1 (b) PCF structure withFi dimension of square

shaped air holes (one side of square, 'a'=0.6* Ʌ) and Ʌ = (2)
2.7µm.
Dispersion limits the data carrying capacity of fibers.
Hence the dispersion needs to be minimized.
Dispersion in total is a sum of material dispersion and
waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion for single
mode fiber, generally is zero. However, waveguide
dispersion of PCFs can be obtained as [18]:
 ‫ ܉‬d 2n ‫܉‬
D =‫܉ ܉ ܉‬ 2 ‫܉‬
c d (
1
)

Birefringence decides the probability capacity of any
fiber. It is the difference in between vertical
polarization and horizontal polarization mode
hence[19]:
B ‫ ܉‬nx ‫ ܉‬ny
Compared to standard fibers , PCF offers very low loss. However, the losses like confinement loss, splice
loss etc. can not be neglected. Number of air rings in the cladding region strongly affects the confinement
loss and can be obtained as [20]:
Lc ‫ ܉‬8.686Im (neff ) ‫ ܉‬K
(3)
Veffective≤4.1 ensure the fibres to be single mode. It is
obtained as [20]:
‫܉‬
Veff 2‫܉‬ n1 2
 2
(4
 )

n
2

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I. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

We have investigated a new kind of PCF structure with square shaped hole. COMSOL MultiPhysics 4.0 has
been used for simulating the designed PCF structure. Birefringence , difference between two orthogonal
polarized modes decides the sensor applications of PCFs. Higher value birefringence shown in Fig. 3, have
a value of 0.036. Hence it can be applied as optic sensor.

Ultra flattened dispersion has been observed in the designed PCF. The ultra flattened zero dispersion fiber
are highly desirable due to its various linear and nonlinear applications. Fig.3 shows the dispersion behavior
. The designed fiber have zero flattened dispersion aver a wide wavelength of 0.7 µm to 2µm.

Fig. 3 D

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Fig. 3 Dispersion behavior

Confinement loss shown by the designed structure is ultra low. Fig. 4 shown the confinement loss of the
designed fiber . The obtained value of the confinement loss is the order of 10-5.

Fig. 5 shows the normalized frequency of the designed fibers. The value of normalized frequency lesser
than 4.1 shows the single mode propagation.

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CONCLUSION

Hence, PCF structure with square shaped holes has been studied. Structure has shown
excellent result. Investigated structure has reported ultra flattened zero dispersion over a
wide range of wavelengths (0.7µm - 2.0µm). Birefringence reported by this structure is
also very high. It is 0.021 at a wavelength of 1.55µm. Ultra low confinement loss, of the
order of 10-14has been obtained. Hence the designed PCF can be applicable for both
linear and nonlinear application

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REFERENCES

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THANK YOU !

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