1

chapter two exercises

A. Draw trees of the following sentences:

I. The boy ate a hamburger greedily.

NUC
NP VP
Det N AUX MV manner
tense V NP
Det N

The boy past eat a hamburger greedily.

2. Bobby is quite intelligent.

NUC

NP VP

N AUX MV

tense be AP

intens Adj

Bobby present be quite intelligent

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3. Of course, the car is in the garage.

SM NUC

NP VP

Det N AUX MV

Tense be place

Prep.p

Prep. NP

Det , N

Of course, the car present be in the garage.

4. Naturally those ducks sat there for an hour.

SM NUC

NP VP

Det N pl AUX MV place time

Tense Prep.p

Prep NP

Det N

Naturally those duck pl past sit there for an hour

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5. No, those women planted the garden yesterday.

SM NUC

NP VP

Det N pl AUX MV time

tense v NP

Det N

No, those woman pl past plant the garden yesterday

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chapter three

A. Draw trees of the following sentences:

l. Mabel might be upstairs. S

NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV
tense M be place
Mabel past may be upstairs
2. Evidently he had read the report reluctantly

SM NUC

NP VP

N AUX MV manner

Tense have en v NP

Det N

Evidently he past have en read the report reluctantly

3. That man must have lacked courage. S

NUC
NP VP
Det N AUX MV
tense M have en V NP
N

That man present must have en lack courage

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4. The members would have chosen the leader then.

NUC
NP VP
Det N p1 AUX MV time
tense M have en V NP
Det N

The member pl past will have en choose the leader then.

5. Harold might have been sitting in his room.

NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV place
tense M have en be ing V

Harold past may have en be ing sit in his room

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6, He will be a minister next year.

NUC

NP VP
N AUX MV time
tense M be NP
Det N

He present will be a minister next year

7. Yes, Murphy has been very quiet.

SM NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV
Tense have en be AP
intens Adj

Yes, Murphy present have en be very quiet

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8. The firemen will be having trouble soon.

NUC
NP VP
Det N pl AUX MV time
tense M be ing V NP
N

The fireman pl present will be ing have trouble soon

B. After each of the following formulas there are three sentences that may or may not
have the structure described by the formula. If a sentence follows the notation given,
write correct beside it. If it does not follow this notation, write the formula that it does
follow.

1. NP + present + M + V + NP

a, The student should use the library. NP + past + M + V + NP

b The car will hit the child, (correct )

c, He can sing the song. (correct )

2. NP + past + M + have + en + be +place

a. The cow has been in the field NP + present + have + en + be + place

b. They should have been eating. NP+ past + M + have + en + be +ing+V

c, People could have been running in the rain.

NP - past + M + have + en + be ing + V +place

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3. NP + present + have + en + V + NP

a. We will have caught him. NP + present +M+ have + en + V + NP

b They have chosen John. (correct )

c. We are electing him. NP + present + be+ ing + V + NP

4. NP + past+ M + be + NP

a. He is the owner. NP + present + be + NP

b, Everybody has gone home. NP + present+ have +en + v + NP

c, They would have been conservatives. NP + past +M +have + en +be + NP

5. NP+ present + M + have + en + be + ing + V + place

a. John is in the bar. NP+ present + be + place

b, Jack will have been running in the house. (correct )

c. She must have been ill. NP+ present + M + have + en +be + AP

C. Write the formula for each of the sentences below, make the addition or deletion
that is called for, and write the resulting sentence.

Example: Sally was playing.

NP + past + be + ing + play (Add have + en)

NP + past + have + en + be + ing +play

Sally had been playing.

1. I ate then (Add be + ing )

NP + past + eat + time

NP + past + be + ing +eat + time

I was eating then

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2. They drank the wine. (Add will)

NP + past + drink + NP

NP + past + will + drink + NP

They would drink the wine

[Link] had gone to the window. (Delete have+ en)

NP + past + have + en +go + place

NP + past + go + place

We went to the window

4. You could have listened to me. (Add be + ing)

NP + past + can + have + en +listen+ place

NP + past + can + have + en +be + ing +listen+ place

You could have been listening to me

5 ,They might be disappointed. (Delete may)

NP + past + may + be + AP

NP + past + be +AP

They were disappointed

6. Sam was telling a lie. (Add have + en) .

NP + past + be + ing + tell + NP

NP + past + have + en + be + ing + tell + NP

Sam had been telling a lie

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7,You could have been repairing the clock, (Delete be + ing)

NP + past + can + have + en + be + ing + repair + NP

NP + past + can + have + en + repair + NP

You could have repaired the clock

8, I was going. (Add shall) .

NP + past + be + ing +go

NP + past + shall + be + ing +go

I should be going

9. I could see him well. (Delete can)

NP + past + can + see +NP +well

NP + past + see + NP + well

I saw him well

10, The waitress must be laughing at us, (Add have + en)

NP +present + must +be + ing + laugh + place

NP +present +must + have + en +be + ing + laugh + place

The waitress must have been laughing at us

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chapter five

Exercises

A. Transform the following deep structures into surface structures by applying the
negative transformation and, where applicable, the do transformation:

I. not John present be in the room

Neg Trans : John present be not in the room

Surface : John is not in the room

2. not of course the children past can go with us

Neg Trans : Of courser the children past can go with us

Surface : Of course the children could not go with us

3. Not those chairs present need paint now

Neg Trans : Those chairs present not need paint now

Do-inser : Those chairs present do not need paint now

Surface : Those chairs do not need paint now

4. Not she present look tired

Neg Trans : She present not look tired

Do-inser : She present do not look tired

Surface : She does not look tired

5. Not they present be the leaders

Neg Trans : They present be not the leaders

Surface : They are not the leaders

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6. Not the boys present will have arrived by then

Neg Trans : The boys present will not have arrived by then

Surface : The boys will not have arrived by then

7. Not no that cat present resemble my sister's cat

Neg Trans : no that cat present not resemble my sister's cat

Do – inser . no that cat present do not resemble my sister's cat

Surface : no that cat does not resemble my sister's cat

8. Not they present have seen me here

Neg Trans : They present have not seen me here

Surface : They have not seen me here

9. Not Patsy past be friendly

Neg Trans : Patsy past be not friendly

Surface : Patsy past was not friendly

10. not his foot become infected

Neg Trans : His foot past not become infected.

Do – inser . His foot past do not become infected

Surface : His foot did not become infected

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B. Study the following sentences and determine what governs the use of some and
any:

l. I read some new inagazines . *I read any new magazines.

2. Some people were at the door. *any people were at the door.

3. It isn't in any of the drawers. *It isn't in some of the drawers.

4. He didn't have any money. *He didn't have some money.

5. Some dogs were in the yard. *Any dogs were in the yard.

6 - some is used with positive white any is used with negative sentences

C. Write five original deep structures that contain the SM no . Be sure that you can
account for all of them with the phrase-structure rules , and use variation in the
selection of auxiliary elements. Then transform them into surface structures.

1 – not those apple were smelling rotten . Those apple were not rotten

2 – not john could have done that . John could not have done that

3 – not you are reading fast enough . You are not reading fast enough

4 – not Mary present play chess regularly . Mary does not play chess regularly

5 – not that man past help me . That man did not help me
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exercises chapter six

A -Transform the following deep structures into surface structures:

I. Q you present be going to the movie

question trans : present be you going to the movie

surface str : are you going to the movie ?

2. Q the student past see the flag

question trans : Past the student see the flag

de insr : Past do the student see the flag

surface str : Did the student see the flag ?

3 Q. I present may leave

question trans : present may I leave

surface str : may I leave?

4. Q you present be afraid

question trans : present be you afraid

surface str : are you afraid ?

5. Q they past know you

question trans : Past they know you

de insr : Past do they know you

surface str : Did they know you ?

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B -Give the deep structure from which each of the following sentences was trans-
formed :

l. Are you watching the clouds? Deep str Q You present be ing watch the clouds

2. Have you eaten today? Deep str Q You present have en eat today

3. Does she know his address? Deep str Q She present know his address

4. Were they in the drawer? Deep str Q They past be in the drawer

5. Did Bill plant the tree? Deep str Q Bill best plant the tree

C. Our rule for the yes/no transformation changes the deep structure Q you present
have a dime to Do you have a dime? It will not produce Have you a dime? Similarly,
the negative transformation of not you present have a dime produces You don't have
a dime, but not You haven't a dime. Have you a dime? and You haven't a dime are still
common in British English, although they are dying out in American English. Can you
revise our rule or add a new one to take care of these structures ?

D. Perform the WH and do transformations, where applicable, on the following

intermediate structures:

l. Were they singing NP-WH

WH Trans : What were they singing

Surface : What were they singing?

2. Present you live Adv-p-WH

WH Trans : Where present you live

Do inser : Where present do you live

Surface : Where do you live?

3. was she answering Adv-m-WH

WH Trans : How was she answering

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Surface : How was she answering ?

4. have they answered Det-WH questions

WH Trans : Whose questions have they answered

Or :Which questions have they answered

Or : What questions have they answered

5. past you see NP-WH

WH Trans : What past you see

Do inser : What past do you see

Surface : What did you see?

Or

WH Trans : Who past you see

Do inser : Who past do you see

Surface : Who did you see?

E: Transform the following deep structures into surface structures, performing the
transformations in the order (l) negative, (2) yes/no, (3) W H, (4) do, and only one at a
time:

I - Q Bob will speak Adv-p-WH

Yes / no Trans : Will Bob speak Adv-p-WH

WH Trans : Where will Bob speak

Surface : Where will Bob speak?

2 - Q not he is going Adv-r-WH

Neg Trans : Q He is not going Adv-r-WH

 17

Yes / no inser : Is not he going Adv-r-WH

WH Trans : Why is not he going

Surface : Why is not he going ?

3 - Q He wrote with NP-WH

Yes / no Trans : past he write with NP-WH

WH Trans : What past he write with

Do inser : What past do he write with

Surface : What pas did do he write with?

Or

Yes / no Trans : Past he write with NP-WH

WH Trans : With what past he write

Do inser : With what did he write

Surface : With what past do he write ?

4 - Q not you have found Det –WH book

Neg Trans : Q you have not found Det –WH book

Yes / no Trans : have not you found Det –WH book

WH Trans : Whose

Or Which book have not you found

Or What

Surface : Whose

Or Which book have not you found ?

Or What
 18

5.- Q she wanted NP – WH

Yes / no Trans : past she want NP – WH

WH Trans : What

Or Who past she want

Do inser : What

Or Who past she want

Surface : What

Or Who past she want

F. Give the deep structure from which this sentence was derived.

What could the man have been doing?

Deed str . Q the man past can have en be ing do NP - WH

1 - From the deep structure give the words that are represented by the following:
Aux1,= can

V, = do

M, =can

be, = be

Aux, =past can have en be ing

MV,= do NP-WH

VP.= past can have en be ing do NP-WH

2. which tense is found in this sentence?

Past tens

Which word shows the tense? Past / could

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3. In this sentence why is the ing form of do used instead of does or done?

Why is the en form of be necessary?

(Answer these questions from the standpoint of form, not meaning.)

The ing form of do is used because it is preceded by be

Because it is preceded by have .

4. Perform the yes/no transformation on your deep structure. From the rewrite rule
for the WH transformation, which words in this intermediate structure are
represented by X? by Y?

YES / NO trans : Past can the man have en be ing do NP-WH

Y : is everything after it

So y is nothing

G - Why do modals not have en or ing forms?

Modals do not have en or ing forms because they precede have and be

H - In the yes / No rule for sentences containing auxiliaries, why do we specify Aux 1
instead of just Aux ?

1 - The verb have has an Ing form (having), but the auxiliary have does not. Why?

AUX1 is specified because it is the operator .

AUX1and tense are moved to a position before the NP

2 – the verb have has an ing form because it may be preceded by be while the
auxiliary have comes before not after be
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exercises seven

A. Perform the indirect object transformation;

I. She has mailed a letter to me.

Deep str : She present have en mail a letter to me

indirect object Trans : She present have en mail me a letter to me

Surface str : She has mailed me a letter

2. The farmer gave a watermelon to Fred.

Deep str : The farmer past give a watermelon to Fred

indirect object Trans : The farmer past give Fred a watermelon to Fred

Surface str : The farmer gave Fred a watermelon

3. Those people threw pennies to the dancer.

Deep str : Those people past threw pennies to the dancer

indirect object Trans : Those people past threw pennies to the dancer

Surface str : Those people threw the dancer pennies

4. Someone was telling a story to us.

Deep str : Someone past be ing tell a story to us

indirect object Trans : Someone past be ing tell us a story to us

Surface str : Someone was telling us a story

5. Don must have hand the eraser to Bill.

Deep str : Don present must have en hand the eraser to Bill

indirect object Trans : Don present must have en hand Bill the eraser

Surface sty : Don must have handed Bill the eraser

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B. Transform the following deep structures into surface structures. Take the
transformations one at a time and in the order (l) imperative, (2) negative, (3) yes/no,
(4) WH, (5) do.

l. Imp you will wash the car now

Imp Trans : Wash the car now

Surface str : Wash the car now

2. Imp not you will open a window

Imp Trans : Not open a window

Do inser : Do not open a window

Surface str : Do not open a window

3. Q he can do NP-WH

Yes / no Trans : Can he do NP-WH

WH Trans : What can he do

Surface sty : What can he do?

4. Imp you will tell the answer

Imp Trans : Tell the answer

Surface str : Tell the answer

5. Q not she arrived on time

Neg Trans : Q Past not she arrived on time

Yes / no Trans : Past not she arrive on time

Do Inser : Past do not she arrive on time

Surface str : Did not she arrive on time?

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C: For each of the following sentences give the deep structure and take it through the
relevant transformations to derive the given surface structure :

1 - He didn't tell me his plans.

Deep str : Not he past tell his plan pl to me .

Neg Trans : He past not tell his plan pl tao me .

indirect object Trans: He past not tell me his plan pl.

Do insetien : He past do not tell me his plan pl.

Surface str : He did not tell me his plans.

2 - Where are you singing tonight?

Deep str : Q You present be ing sing tonight Adv-p-WH

Yes / no Trans : present be you ing sing tonight Adv-p-WH

WH Trans : Where present be you ing sing tonight

Surface str : Where are you singing tonight?

3 - Listen to me.

Deep str : Imp you present will Listen to me

Imp .Trans : Listen to me

4 - Yesterday he didn't know her address.

Deep str : Not he past know her address Yesterday

Neg Trans : He past not know her address Yesterday

Adverbial movement Trans: Yesterday he past not know her address

Do inser : Yesterday he past do not know her address

Surface str : Yesterday he did not know her address

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5 - Why aren't you ready ?

Deep str : Q Not you present be ready Ady-r-HW

Neg Trans : Q You present be not ready Ady-r-HW

Yes / no Trans : Present be not you ready Ady-r-HW

WH Trans : Why present be not you ready

Surface sty : Why aren't you ready ?

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Exercises chapter 8

A. Perform the passive transformation on the following structures:

1- The maid was sweeping the floor.

Deep str: the maid past being sweet the fleer

Passive Trans: the floor Past be ing be en sweep by the maid

surface ser: the floor was being swept by the maid.

2- Jane Sang a song in be theater

Deep str: Jane past Sing a song in the theater

Passive Trans: a song Past be en sing by Jane in the theater

surface str: a song was sung by Jane in the theater

3- Tom must have milked the cow yesterday

Deep str: Tom present must have en be en milk the cow yesterday

Passive trans The cow present must have en be en milk by Tom yesterday surface str:
The cow must have been milked by Tom yesterday

4. The man was throwing the pillow

Deep str: the man Past be ing throw the pillow

Passive trans: the pillow Past be ing be en thrown by the man

surface str: the Pillow was being thrown by the man

5- The Sailor could have sunk the boat.

Deep Str: the Sailor past can have en sink the boat

Passive Trans : the boat Past can have en be en sink by the sailor

surface str: the boat could have been sunk by the Sailor
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B. Write the deep structure from which each of the following sentences was derived:

1- The rocks are being hurled by that boy

Deep str: that boy present be ing hurl the rocks

surface str: that boy is hulling the rock.

2- Treasure was found by the Pirate.

Deep str: the pirate past find treasure

surface str: the pirate found treasure

3- The note could have been planted by the suspect

Deep str: the suspect past can have en Plant the note

surface str : the suspect could have planted the note

4- John was being persuaded by them.

Deep str: they past be ing persuade John

surface str : they were persuaded John

5. Your lessen could be prepared by Sam

Deep Str: Sam Past can prepare your lesson.

Surface str: Sam could prepare your lesson

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C. Below are five pairs of surface structures that differ. In cach pair if the sentences
mean the same thing, account for their differences in form by giving their deep
structure and showing which transformations have been applied. If the two sentences
do not mean the same thing, show how their deep structures account for this:

la. Sally has been sent a present.

b. Someone has sent a present to Sally.

Ans : They have the some deep str

Deep Str: Someone present have en send a present to Sally

2a. What has he discovered in the drawer?

b. Has he discovered something in the drawer?

Ans : They are different in meaning

Deep str : Q he present have en discover in the drawer NP-WH

Deep str : Q be present have en discover something in the drawer

3a. Didn't he tell the secret to his wife?

b. Didn't he tell his wife the secret?

Ans : They have the same deep str

Deep str : Q not be past tell the secret to his wife,

4a. Bill wasn't fired by the superintendent.

b. The superintendent didn't fire Bill.

Ans . They have the same deep str .

deep str : not the superintendent past fire Bill

 27

5a. You won't be staying there long.

b. Don't stay there long.

Ans : They are different in meaning

( A )Deer str: not your present will be ing stay there long

(b) Deer str: Imp not you present will stay there long