Venus is the second planet from the Sun and the sixth-largest.

Together with Mercury, they are the only planets without

a satellite, even though Mercury is closer to the sun, Venus is
the hottest planet.
Key Facts & Summary
 Being very close to Earth, Venus was observed by ancient astronomers
from different cultures many times however, the first accurate
observation was in 1610 by Galileo Galilei.
 Galileo saw Venus through a telescope and determined it had phases
similar to the Moon. This helped support the Copernican view that
planets orbited the Sun and not vice versa as previously believed.
 Since Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Moon, and the
Sun, it was given the name of the Roman goddess of beauty and love,
the ancient Greek’s named it Aphrodite.
 In ancient times, Venus was taught as being two different objects in the
sky: The Mourning Star and The Evening Star. In Mercury’s case, it was
also mistakenly believed to be two different things.
 It is the only planet named after a female deity and it is the brightest
planet in the Solar System.
 Though it can easily be seen, its surface is hidden by thick clouds thus it
was for a long time believed that it was similar to Earth.
 When its surface was observed, it was determined that in fact its clouds
were made up of sulfuric acid and water vapor, but more importantly, it’s
temperature was measured, having an average of 465 degrees Celsius,
900 degrees Fahrenheit, hot enough to melt lead.
 More than about 62 degrees hotter than Mercury, the closest planet to
the sun. It was then concluded that Venus has the hottest surface out of
all the planets and the hopes that it resembled Earth, were shattered. Its
thick atmosphere traps heat in a runaway greenhouse effect greatly
contributing to the planets high temperatures.
 However, despite this, it is still considered Earth’s sister, and it has
other similarities that support this: They have similar sizes and
densities, with a similar internal structure and similar mass, volume and
atmospheric components of carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
 Venus reflects 70% of all the sunlight it receives which is why it shines
so brightly.
 Venus has a radius of 6.051 km or 3.760 miles and a diameter of
12.104 km or 7.521 mi, slightly smaller than Earth.
  Venus has a mass of 4.87 × 1024 kg, or 85% that of Earth. The
mentioned similarities also give way to similar densities, Venus having a
density of 5.24 grams per cubic centimeter, while Earth has 5.52.
 Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun, at a distance of 108.2
million km/ 67.24 mi or 0.7 AU receiving the sun’s light in 6 minutes. Its
closest approach to Earth happens once every 584 days, when the
planets catch up to one another. On average it can get as close as 25
million miles or 40 million kilometers to Earth.
 It takes Venus 225 days to complete one trip around the sun or in other
words one Venusian year is 225 Earth days. One Venusian day or
rotation is longer than one Venusian year: One Venusian day is about
243 Earth days. 
 This is the slowest rotation of any planet making it the most spherical
object after the sun.
 At the equator the planet is rotating at about 6.5 kilometers in an hour,
or 4 miles in an hour.
 It has the least eccentric orbit, orbiting nearly in a perfect circle.
 Because of its brightness, Venus has been the most confused object in
the sky. Many have misreported it as an UFO, and many still mistakenly
report it as an UFO.
 Venus has a retrograde rotation, moving in the opposite direction than
most planets, only Uranus also does this. They both move from East to
West, clockwise.
 Venus has mountains, valleys, and tens of thousands of volcanoes. The
highest mountain on Venus, Maxwell Montes, is 20,000 feet high / 8.8
kilometers, similar to the highest mountain on Earth, Mount Everest.
 Venus doesn’t have any moons or ring systems and its magnetosphere
is weak due to its slow rotation.
 It is the most “visited” planet of the solar system with over 40
spacecraft’s exploring it.

Venus
It isn’t possible to pinpoint the exact discovery date of Venus. Due to its
brightness, it can be easily seen with the naked eye, meaning that any ancient
civilization could be credited with the first observation. Copernicus, and later
Galileo Galilei, are however credited with Venus’s classification as a planet
while Mikhail Lomonosov has been credited with initially discovering the
planet’s gaseous atmosphere in 1761. This claim was later verified in 1790 by
astronomer Johann Schroter. 
Though it has been visually observable for as long as mankind can remember,
the naming of Venus is again a bit of a mystery. Venus received its most
popular moniker via a selection of Roman gods and goddesses. Venus was
named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty, a counterpart to Greek’s
Aphrodite. It wasn’t always known as such. Ancient Babylonians who
recognized Venus for example, named it as the Star of Ishtar, their own
goddess of fertility, love and war.

The symbol for womanhood has even been adopted as the symbol of this
planet of love and strong women, being the first and only one with a feminine
name. Prior to being officially dubbed Venus, Greeks and Romans had
unknowingly turned Venus into two different stars.

To the Greeks, Venus was both Phosphorus and Hesperus and to the
Romans, it was recognized as Lucifer and Vesper. Both nations didn’t know
that the alleged two stars they were referencing was actually one body until
later when further observations were conducted and its orbit was understood.

Formation
It is theorized that Venus was formed about 4.5 billion years ago when gravity
pulled swirling gas and dust together to form the second planet and it later
settled into its current layout.

Distance, Size and Mass

Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun, at a distance of 108.2 million
km/ 67.24 mi or 0.7 AU receiving the sun’s light in 6 minutes. Venus has a
radius of 6.051 km or 3.760 miles and a diameter of 12.104 km or 7.521 mi,
slightly smaller than Earth.
It has a mass of 4.87 × 1024 kg, or 85% that of Earth. The mentioned
similarities also give way to similar densities, Venus having a density of 5.24
grams per cubic centimeter, while Earth has 5.52. It also has a as much
volume as Earth – 928.45 billion cubic km compared to Earth’s 1083.21
billion.

Its closest approach to Earth happens once every 584 days, when the planets
catch up to one another. On average it can get as close as 25 million miles or
40 million kilometers to Earth the equivalent of about 0.28 AU.
Orbit
One of the reasons that ancient civilizations unknowingly turned Venus into
two separate stars – The Mourning Star and The Evening Star – was that they
didn’t understood its orbit. Venus goes from being visible only after sunset to
only being visible prior to sunrise when its orbit around the sun surpasses
Earth’s orbit. 

Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72 AU and completes
an orbit every 224.7 days. Though most planetary orbits are elliptical, Venus’s
orbit is the closest to circular with an eccentricity of less than 0.01. When
Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in inferior conjunction, it makes the
closest approach to Earth of any planet at a distance of 41 million km or 25
million miles. Venus spends most of its time away from Earth. This
paradoxically makes Mercury the closest planet to Earth, a plurality of the time.

The orbit is a bit inclined relative to Earth’s orbit. When Venus passes
between Earth and the Sun, it usually doesn’t cross the face of the Sun. 

Transits of Venus occur when the planet’s inferior conjunction coincides with
its presence in the plane of Earth’s orbit.

Transits of Venus occur in cycles of 243 years with the current pattern of
transits being pairs of transits separated by eight years, at intervals of about
105.5 years or 121.5.
Pentagram of Venus
When plotted geocentrically – from an Earth centered perspective, there is a
highly noticeable rhythm in the motion of Venus. After 8 years, it returns to the
same place in the sky on the same date.

This was known to many ancient civilizations such as the Maya, it is termed
the pentagram of Venus. 

Over eight years, each phenomenon – each relative position of Earth, Venus,
and the Sun – occurs five times, and then over the next eight years they
repeat five times almost identically. Citations and credits – Guy Ottewell –
Earthsky.
Rotation
Venus has a retrograde rotation, moving in the opposite direction than most
planets, only Uranus also does this. They both move from East to West,
clockwise. Venus does this rotation once every 243 Earth days, having the
slowest rotation out of all the planets in the solar system.
This slow rotation also influences its shape, making Venus very spherical.
One Venusian day is longer than one Venusian year – 225 Earth days. As a
comparison, Venus’s equator rotates at 6.52 km/h while Earth’s rotates at
1,674.4 km/h.
It has been observed that it’s even getting slower. In 16 years between the
Magellan spacecraft and Venus Express visits, the rotation of Venus has
slowed down up to 6.5 minutes in that time span. 

Theories suggest that this slow and retrograde rotation are due to the fact that
Venus suffered a collision in the past as, while some consider it as an
equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun’s gravitation, which tends to
slow rotation, and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of the thick
Venusian atmosphere.

Axial tilt
Venus has tilted away from the plane of the ecliptic by 2.7 degrees meaning it
is almost completely upside down. Because of this, Venus almost doesn’t
experience any seasons spinning nearly upright.

Structure and Geology

Venus is very similar to Earth in its structure. The core is posseses is
approximately 2.000 miles or 3.200 kilometers in radius. Above that core rests
a mantle of hot rock, slowly churning due to the planet’s interior heat. As a
result the surface is a thin crust of rock that bulges and moves as Venus’s
mantle shifts, and creates volcanoes.
Its core is at least partially liquid since both Venus and Earth started cooling at
about the same rate. Due to its smaller size, it is estimated that Venus’s
pressure is about 24% lower in its deep interior.

About 80% of the Venusian surface is covered by smooth, volcanic plains,

consisting of 70% plains with ridges and 10% smooth or lobate plains. Venus
does contain two highland “continents” that make up the rest of its surface
area. One is located in the planet’s northern hemisphere and it is called Ishtar
Terra after Ishtar, the Babylonian goddess of love, and it is about the size of
Australia.
The highest mountain on Venus is named Maxwell Montes and it is located
here, its peak is about 11 kilometers or 7 miles above the Venusian average
surface elevation.

The second “continent” is located in the southern hemisphere, south of the

equator, and it is called Aphrodite Terra, after the Greek goddess of love. It is
the larger of the two highlands, at a roughly size of South America. Here there
is a network of fractures and faults that covers much of the area. What is an
enigma is the absence of evidence of lava flow and calderas.
With few and small impact craters, it is suggested that Venus’s dense
atmosphere burns up smaller meteors, and in the same time it indicates that
its surface is young. As far as we know, Venus doesn’t have tectonic activity
like Earth.

It is believed that water helps drive that, and Venus long ago lost its water
because of the greenhouse effect. The surface even though it appears young,
has craters that appear equally eroded that point towards a catastrophic event
that resurfaced the planet about half a billion years ago. All features that were
older were wiped out, and big impacts over time created these new young
craters.

It is believed that the volcanoes on the surface of Venus repaved the planet.
There are many indirect evidences that volcanic activity is ongoing to this day.
Sulfur dioxide level dropped in 1980, which may indicate that a big volcanic
event happened in 1870, blasting out lots of gas, which then subsided. 
It is theorized that without tectonics, slow bubbling leaks of lava from the
interior of the planet can continue in one spot for a long time creating what is
called as “pancake domes.”

Atmosphere 
The atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide 96.5% and 3.5% nitrogen
with traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide. Venus has thick clouds
mainly composed of sulfuric acid droplets, around 75-96%.

This thick atmosphere traps the Sun’s heat, reflecting 75% of the sunlight that
falls on them. This atmosphere results in surface temperatures higher than
465 degrees Celsius, 900 degrees Fahrenheit, hot enough to melt lead. The
mass of this atmosphere is 93 times greater than that of Earth, a pressure
equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 kilometer or 0.62 miles under the
ocean.

The density at the surface is 65 kg/m3, 6.5% that of water or 50 times as

dense as Earth’s atmosphere at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) at sea level.
Despite its slow rotation, strong 300 km/h (185 mph) winds at the cloud tops
go around Venus about every four to five Earth days. Winds on Venus move
at up to 60 times the speed of its rotation, whereas Earth’s fastest winds are
only 10–20% rotation speed. 

Speeds within the clouds decrease with cloud height, and at the surface are
estimated to be just a few miles per hour.
The highest point on Venus, Maxwell Montes, is therefore the coolest point on
Venus, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C; 715 °F) and an
atmospheric pressure of about 4.5 MPa (45 bar).

Magnetosphere
Regardless of Venus’s similar size to Earth, and its similarly sized iron core,
the magnetic field is much weaker than that of Earth’s due to slow rotation and
thus it is generally regarded as not having a magnetosphere. 

It does have however, an induced magnetosphere formed by the Sun’s

magnetic field carried by solar wind.
Because of the lack of intrinsic magnetic field on Venus, the solar wind
penetrates relatively deep into the planetary exosphere and causes
substantial atmosphere loss. The loss happens mainly via the
magnetosphere’s tail. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen losses is around 2 or
almost stoichiometric, indicating the ongoing loss of water.

Life Habitability
It is widely believed that Venus was once a habitable planet with vast oceans,
some even considered that life might have actually evolved there and later
shifted somehow to Earth. Others believe that Venus possessed oceans, but
due to the high concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, it is
theorized that the planet was covered in a carbon dioxide fluid that eventually
evaporated.

Recently it has been discovered that Venus has a large vortex at both its
poles. The altitude is estimated to be about 59 km which is just above the
cloud deck and the air pressure and temperature are tolerable for Earth
standards.  A few scientists have speculated that
thermoacidophilic extremophile microorganisms might exist in the lower-
temperature, acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere.

In August 2019, astronomers reported that newly discovered long-term pattern

of absorbance and albedo changes in the atmosphere of the planet Venus are
caused by “unknown absorbers”, which may be chemicals or even large
colonies of microorganisms high up in the atmosphere of Venus, it remains to
be seen.

Satellites
Theories suggest that Venus might once have had a moon, which formed
after a collision. After this, a second collision occurred that shattered the
moon. It is believed that even this moon actually collided into Venus thus its
unusual rotation.

Future plans for Venus

Venus being so close to us has seen over 40 spacecraft’s landing upon her.
Due to its proximity it will always be a target for future studies and even
possible colonization. Scientists have even discussed about “floating cities” in
Venus. Missions are still ongoing there, even recently in November 2019,
NASA received some designs of a stingray-like-ship that could better observe
and analyze Venus by a team at the University at Buffalo.

Did you know?

– Temperatures remain the same on Venus regardless of day and night.

– Venus may appear as a white point of light in the sky, it has an apparent
magnitude of -4.14 with a standard deviation of 0.31. It can be seen even in a
clear midday sky, and it is more easily visible when the Sun is low on the
horizon or setting.

– Venus always lies 47 degrees of the Sun.

– Earth orbits the sun 8 times for every 13 orbits of Venus.

– Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it has 167 large
volcanoes that are over 100 km (62 mi) across.

– The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, believed to have been compiled around

the mid-seventeenth century BCE, shows the Babylonians understood that the
Evening Star and Morning Star were a single object, referred to in the tablet
as the “bright queen of the sky”, and could support this view with detailed
observations.

– Chinese people historically referred to the morning Venus as “The Great

White” or “the Opener of Brightness”, and the evening Venus as “the Excellent
West One.”

– Though Americans were the first on the Moon, Russian’s were the first to
send an unmanned spacecraft to Venus in 1967. The spacecraft was named
Venera 4, many other spacecraft’s with the same name but different numbers
were sent after.

– Spacecraft’s sent to Venus didn’t last more than an hour due to the crushing
atmosphere and harsh conditions.

– Out of the four terrestrial planets, Venus is the second largest.

– Venus is the first planet in the Solar System to have its orbit plotted in the
sky by ancient civilizations.
– Venus has been a primary feature throughout mythology and fiction. Classic
poets such as Homer, Sappho and Virgil have written about the planet. It has
also been included in The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh.

– Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun within Earth’s Orbit, this makes them
inferior planets.