3.

Parol Evidence Rule

Sec. 9. Evidence of written agreements
Spouses Amoncio v. Benedicto, G.R. No. 171707, July 28, 2008
Eagleridge Development Corp. v. Cameron Granville 3 Asset Management, Inc.,
Pilipinas Bank v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 141060, September 29, 2000
G.R. No. 204700 (Resolution), November 24, 2014
Manila Electric Co. v. Heirs of Spouses Deloy, G.R. No. 192893, June 5, 2013
Spouses Paras v. Kimwa Construction and Development Corp., G.R. No. 171601, April 8, 2015

4. Interpretation of Documents
Art. 788-794, Civil Code
Art. 1370-1379, Civil Code

Sec. 10. Interpretation of a writing according to its legal meaning

Sec. 11. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all provisions
Sec. 12. Interpretation according to intention; general and particular provisions

Sec. 13. Interpretation according to circumstance

Sec. 14. Peculiar signification of terms
Sec. 15. Written words control printed
Sec. 16. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining certain writings
Sec. 17. Of two constructions, which preferred
Sec. 18. Construction in favor of natural right
Sec. 19. Interpretation according to usage

C. Testimonial Evidence

1. Qualification of Witnesses

Sec. 20. Witnesses; their qualifications

Armed Forces of the Philippines Retirement and Separation Benefits System v. Republic, G.R. No.
188956, March 20, 2013
People v. Hamto y Coderas, G.R. No. 128137, August 2, 2001
People v. Umali y Amado, G.R. No. 84450, February 4, 1991
People v. Aleman y Longhas, G.R. No. 181539, July 24, 2013
People v. Bustos, G.R. No. 27200, January 20, 1928
People v. Deauna, G.R. Nos. 143200-01, August 1, 2002

Rule on Examination of a Child Witness, A.M. No. 004-07-SC, December 15, 2000
People v. Acbangin, G.R. No. 117216, August 9, 2000

Sec. 22. Disqualification by reason of marriage

Alvarez v. Ramirez, G.R. No. 143439, October 14, 2005
People v. Quidato, Jr., G.R. No. 117401, October 1, 1998
People v. Pasensoy, G.R. No. 140634, September 12, 2002

Sec. 23. Disqualification by reason of death or insanity of adverse party

Goñi, et al., v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-27434, September 23, 1986
Tan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125861, September 9, 1998
Hko Ah Pao v. Ting, G.R. No. 153476, September 27, 2006
Sanson v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127745, April 22, 2003
Sunga-Chan v. Chua, G.R. No. 143340, August 15, 2001 -
Bordalba v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 112443, January 25, 2002

Sec. 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged communication

Eagleridge Development Corp. v. Cameron Granville 3 Asset Management, Inc., G.R. No. 204700
(Resolution), November 24, 2014
Air Philippines Corp. v. Pennswell, Inc., G.R. No. 172835, December 13, 2007
a. husband and wife
Zulueta v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 107383, February 20, 1996
United States v. Antipolo, G.R. No. L-13109, March 6, 1918
People v. Carlos, G.R. No. 22948, March 17, 1925

b. attorney and client

Hilado v. David, G.R. No. L-961, September 21, 1949
Regala v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 105938, 108113, September 20, 1996
Saura, Jr. v. Agdeppa, A.C. No. 4426, 4429 (Resolution), February 17, 2000
Sanvicente v. People, G.R. No. 132081, November 26, 2002

c. person authorized to practice medicine and patient

Gonzales v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117740, October 30, 1998

Lim v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91114, September 25, 1992
Chan v. Chan, G.R. No. 179786, July 24, 2013
Krohn v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 108854, June 14, 1994

d. minister or priest and person making the confession

e. public officer

f. others
Presidential Communication Privilege
RA 1405, An Act Prohibiting Disclosure Of Or Inquiry Into, Deposits With Any Banking Institution And
Providing Penalty Therefor
Pentagon Steel Corp. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 174141, June 26, 2009

Sec. 25. Parental and filial privilege

Art. 215, Family Code
Lee v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 177861, July 13, 2010
People v. Invencion y Soriano, G.R. No. 131636, March 5, 2003

3. Admissions and Confessions

Sec. 26. Admissions of a Party

Sanvicente v. People, G.R. No. 132081, November 26, 2002

People v. Omictin y Singco, G.R. No. 188130, July 26, 2010

Heirs of Clemeña y Zurbano v. Heirs of Bien, G.R. No. 155508, September 11, 2006

Sec. 27. Offer of compromise not admissible

People v. Magdadaro y Gerona, G.R. Nos. 89370-72, May 15, 1991

Civil Cases
Smith Bell and Co. (Philippines), Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 56294, May 20, 1991
Tan v. Rodil Enterprises, G.R. No. 168071, December 18, 2006
Servicewide Specialists, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117728, June 26, 1996
Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. PAL Employees Savings & Loan Association, Inc., G.R. No. 201073,
February 10, 2016

Criminal Cases
People v. De Joya y Cruz, G.R. No. 75028, November 8, 1991
People v. Mejia y Villafania, G.R. Nos. 118940-41 & 119407, July 7, 1997
San Miguel Corp. v. Kalalo, G.R. No. 185522, June 13, 2012
People v. Erguiza, G.R. No. 171348, November 26, 2008
Sec. 28. Admission by third-party/ Res inter alios acta, Part One
People v. Raquel, G.R. No. 119005, December 2, 1996
Tamargo v. Awingan, G.R. No. 177727, January 19, 2010
FGU Insurance Corp. v. G.P. Sarmiento Trucking Corp., G.R. No. 141910, August 6, 2002
Reyes v. Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 212593-94, 213163-78, 213540-41, 213542-43, 215880-94 &
213475-76, March 15, 2016

Sec. 29. Admission by co-partner or agent

Naguiat v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118375, 3 October 2003
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 146710-15, 146738 (Resolution), April 3, 2001
Narra Nickel Mining & Development Corp. v. Redmont Consolidated Mines Corp., G.R. No. 195580,
April 21, 2014
Learning Child, Inc. v. Ayala Alabang Village Association, G.R. No. 134269, 134440, 144518, July 7,
2010

Sec. 30. Admission by conspirator

People v. Palijon, G.R. No. 123545, 18 October 2000
People v. Bokingo, G.R. No. 187536, August 10, 2011
People v. Cachuela, G.R. No. 191752, June 10, 2013
People v. Constancio y Bacungay, G.R. No. 206226, April 4, 2016
People v. Comiling, G.R. No. 140405, March 4, 2004
People v. Baharan, G.R. No. 188314, January 10, 2011
Santos v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 71523-25, 72420-22, 72384-86 & 72387-89, 8 December 2000

Sec. 31. Admission by privies

Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003
Bordalba v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 112443, 25 January 2002
Gevero v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 77029, 30 August 1990

Sec. 32. Admission by silence

People v. Roa, G.R. Nos. 138195-96, July 10, 2003
U.S. v. Bay, 27 Phil. 495 (1914).
People v. Magdadaro y Gerona, G.R. Nos. 89370-72, May 15, 1991
People v. Paragsa, G.R. No. L-44060, July 20, 1978
People v. Tia Fong, 98 Phil. 609 (1956).

Rep. Act No. 7438

Sec. 33. Confession

People v. De los Santos, G.R. No. L-35598, May 29, 1987
People v. Satorre, G.R. No. 133858, August 12, 2003
People v. Urro, G.R. No. L-28405, April 27, 1972

Ra 7438, An Act Defining Certain Rights Of Person Arrested, Detained Or Under Custodial
Investigation As Well As The Duties Of The Arresting, Detaining And Investigating Officers, And
Providing Penalties For Violations Thereof
People v. Omilig y Mancia, G.R. No. 206296, August 12, 2015
People v. Deniega y Macoy, G.R. No. 103499, December 29, 1995
People v. Felixminia y Camacho, G.R. No. 125333, March 20, 2002

4. Previous Conduct as Evidence

Sec. 34. Similar acts as evidence/ Res inter alios acta, Part 2
Cruz v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126713, July 27, 1998
People v. Acosta, G.R. No. 126351, February 18, 2000
People v. Magpayo, G.R. Nos. 92961-64, September 1, 1993
People v. Dadles, G.R. Nos. 118620-21, September 1, 1997
Tanzo v. Drilon, G.R. No. 106671, March 30, 2000
RA 8505, Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998
RA 10364, Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012
Child Witness, A.M. No. 004-07-SC, December 15, 2000

Sec. 35. Unaccepted offer

Mclaughlin v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-57552, October 10, 1986

5. Testimonial Knowledge

Sec. 36 Testimony generally confined to personal knowledge; hearsay excluded

Espineli v. People, G.R. No. 179535, June 9, 2014
Gulam v. Spouses Santos, G.R. No. 151458, August 31, 2006
Bayani v. People, G.R. No. 155619, August 14, 2007
Lea Mer Industries Inc. v. Malayan Insurance Co. Inc., G.R. No. 161745, September 30, 2005

6. Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule

Sec. 37. Dying Declaration

People v. De Las Eras y Zafra, G.R. No. 134128, September 28, 2001
People v. Peña, G.R. No. 133964, February 13, 2002
People v. Norrudin, G.R. No. 129053, January 25, 2002

Sec. 38. Declaration Against Interest

Lazaro v. Agustin, G.R. No. 152364, April 15, 2010
Parel v. Prudencio, G.R. No. 146556, April 19, 2006
Phil. Free Press Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 132864, October 24, 2005

Sec. 39. Act or declaration about pedigree

Herrera v. Alba, G.R. No. 148220, June 15, 2005
Dela Cruz v. Gracia, G.R. No. 177728, July 31, 2009
Tecson v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 161434, 161634, 161824, March 3, 2004

Sec. 40. Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree

People v. Gallano y Jaranilla, G.R. No. 184762, February 25, 2015

Sec. 41. Common reputation

Civil Service Commission v. Belagan, G.R. No. 132164, October 19, 2004

Sec. 42. Part of the res gestae

DBP Pool of Accredited Insurance Co. v. Radio Mindanao Network, Inc., G.R. No. 147039, January
27, 2006
People v. Lobrigas, G.R. No. 147649, December 17, 2002
Capila y Rayuma v. People, G.R. No. 146161, July 17, 2006
People v. Palanas, G.R. No. 214453, June 17, 2015
People v. Palmones, G.R. No. 136303, July 18, 2000
Talidano v. Falcon Maritime & Allied Services, Inc., G.R. No. 172031, July 14, 2008
People v. Preciados, G.R. No. 122934, January 5, 2001

Sec. 43. Entries in the course of business

Jose, Jr. v. Michaelmar Phils., Inc., G.R. No. 169606, November 27, 2009
Land Bank of the Phils. v. Monet's Export and Manufacturing Corp., G.R. No. 184971, April 19, 2010
Security Bank & Trust Co. v. Gan, G.R. No. 150464, [June 27, 2006

Sec. 44. Entries in Official Records

DST Movers Corp. v. People's General Insurance Corp., G.R. No. 198627, January 13, 2016
Barcelon, Roxas Securities, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 157064, August 7,
2006
Dimaguila v. Spouses Monteiro, G.R. No. 201011, January 27, 2014

Sec. 45. Commercial lists and the like

Manila Electric Co. v. Quisumbing, G.R. No. 127598 (Resolution), February 22, 2000

Sec. 46. Learned treatises

Paje, et al., v. Casiño, et al., G.R. Nos. 207257-76, 207282 & 207366, February 3, 2015

Sec. 47. Testimony or deposition at a former proceeding

Ilao-Quianay, et al., v. Mapile, G.R. No. 154087, October 25, 2005
Ambray, et al., v. Tsourous, et al., G.R. No. 209264, July 5, 2016

7. Opinion rule

Sec. 48. General Rule

Sec. 49. Opinion of expert witness

Marcos v. Heirs of Late Dr. Andres Navarro, Jr., G.R. No. 198240, July 3, 2013
Tabao v. People, G.R. No. 187246, July 20, 2011

Sec. 50. Opinion of ordinary witnesses

Dela Llana v. Biong, G.R. No. 182356, December 4, 2013
People v. Duranan, G.R. Nos. 134074-75, January 16, 2001
Hernandez v. San Juan-Santos, G.R. Nos. 166470 & 169217, August 7, 2009
Sps. Lim, et al., v. Chuatoco, et al., G.R. No. 161861, March 11, 2005

8. Character evidence

Sec. 51.
People v. Lee, G.R. No. 139070, May 29, 2002