PROJECT: Three-Storey Residential Building ENGINEER: Layugan, Jonathan B.

SUBJECT: Design of Retaining Wall SHT. NO.: 1 JOB.: 1

Design Parameter:
Normal Weight Concrete
fc ' = 21 MPa Compressive Strength of Concrete
fy = 275 MPa Yield Strength of Reinforcement
δconc. = 23.56 KN/m3 Unit Weight of Concrete
λ = 1 Modifacation Factor for Concrete
ϕ = 0.75 Strength Reduction Factor for Members Subjected to Shear
β = 0.85

Assumed Retaining Wall Dimension:

h = 2.8 m Depth of Retaining Wall from Grade Level to Base
hb = 0.4 m Depth of Base
bw = 3.5 m Base Width of Retaining Wall
bt = 2.2 m Base Width from Toe to Face of Retaining Wall
bh = 1m Base Width from Heel to Face of Retaining Wall
thT = 0.3 m Top Stem Thickness of Retaining Wall
thB = 0.3 m Bottom Stem Thickness of Retaining Wall
β1 = 0 Angle from Vertical to Backfill Face of Stem
β2 = 0 Angle from Vertical to Front Face of Stem
b = 1000 mm Assumed 1m Width of Wall
ds = 212.5 mm Stem Effective Depth of Reinforcement Measured from front face
dh = 312.5 mm Heel Effective Depth of Reinforcement Measured Base Level
dt = 312.5 mm Toe Effective Depth of Reinforcement Measured Top Base Level
ϕBar1 = 25 mm Bar Diameter of Main Reinforcement
ϕBar2 = 20 mm Bar Diameter of Secondary Reinforcement
CC = 75 mm Clear Concrete Cover of Reinforcement

Soil Parameter:
δsoil = 20 KN/m3 Unit Weight of Soil
ω = 2.9 KN/m2 Surcharge Applied at Soil
hs = 2.8 m Depth of Backfill
ϕSoil = 20 ° Angle of Internal Friction of Soil
θ = 0° Angle of Inclination of Backfill from the Horizontal
Rankines Coefficient
Ka = 0.49 Rankines Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth Pressure Considering 1m Strip of Wall

Pa1 = 38.44 KN Active Soil Force
Pa2 = 3.981 KN Active Surcharge Force
PT = 42.42 KN Total Active Force

Check Retaining Wall for Sliding

FSsAllowable = 1.5 Allowable Factor of Safety Against Sliding

Resisting Forces
F1 = 49.95 KN Total Weight of Retaining Wall
F2 = 48 KN Total Weight of Soil
F3 = 0 KN Total Vertical Force Due to Earth Pressure And Surcharge
FR = 97.95 KN Total Resisting Force

Active Forces
FA = 42.42 KN Total Horizontal Force Due to Earth Pressure and Surcharge

Actual Factor of Safety Against Sliding

FSsActual = 2.309 > FSsAllowable OK

Check Retaining Wall for Overturning

FSoAllowable = 2 Allowable Factor of Safety Against Overturning

Righting or Stabilizing Moments

RM1 = 101.3 KN-m Total Stabilizing Moment From Retaining Wall
RM2 = 144 KN-m Total Stabilizing Moment From Soil
RM3 = 0 KN-m Total Stabilizing Moment From Earth Pressure
RMT = 245.3 KN-m Total Stabilizing Moment

Overturning Moment
OM = 41.45 KN-m Total Overturning Moment Due to Earth Pressure and Surcharge

Factor of Safety Against Overturning

FSoActual = 5.917 > FSoAllowable OK
Bearing Stress
x = 1.94 m Distance From Toe to Upward Force
e = -0.19 m Eccentric Distance
e < B/6
LB = 3.5 m Length of Bearing Area Measured from Toe

qmax = 44.51 KPa Maximum Pressure Located at Toe

qmin = 22.66 KPa Minimum Pressure

Check Stem Thickness by Shear

VuStem = 67.87 KN Ultimate Shear Applied at Stem
ϕVcStem = 124.2 KN Allowable Shear Strength of Concrete of Stem
ϕVcStem > Vu No Need to Design for Shear Reinforcement

Ductility Check
ρ_𝑚𝑎𝑥=3/7 0.85β 𝑓𝑐′/𝑓𝑦 ρ_0.005=3/8 0.85β 𝑓𝑐′/𝑓𝑦

ρmax= 0.024 ρ0.005= 0.021

Check Vu>0.5ϕVc
Vu VS 0.5ϕVc
67.87 > 62.08
ρl = 0.0025 Minimum Longitudinal Steel Ratio
ρt = 0.0025 Minimum Transverse Steel Ratio

Design Moment
MuStem = 66.32 KN-m Ultimate Moment Caused by Soil

Check Assumed Effective Depth of the Stem

ϕMnStem = 194.3 KN-m OK
ρuse = 0.021 Steel Ratio Used

Spacing of Main Vertical Reinforcement

AsStem = 4397 mm2 Required Steel Area For Main Vertical Reinforcement
SStem = 111.6 mm
 Say SStem = 110 mm Spacing of Main Vertical Reinforcement for both face

Development Length of Main Reinforcement of Stem

ldStem = 882.5 mm Development Length of Main Vertical Reinforcement
Say ldStem = 890 mm
h1 = 2325 mm Length of Main Reinforcement From Top of Base to Top of Stem
h2 = 2530 mm Length of Alternate Reinforcement Plus Development Length

Inside Bend Diameter and Straight Extension of Main Vertical Reinforcement

θBend = 120 mm Inside Bend Diameter of Reinforcement
lext = 240 mm Straight Extension of Reinforcement

Horizontal Reinforcement Per Meter Length of Wall

AsminStem = 531.3 mm2

For Back Face 2/3 of As For Front Face 1/3 of As

AsminStem = 354.2 mm2 AsminStem = 177.1 mm2
S = 887 mm S = 1774 mm
Say S = 800 mm Say S = 1700 mm

Design of Heel
Lh = 1m Length of Bearing Area Under Heel
Qh = 28.9 KPa Soil Pressure at Heel
Rh = 37.11 KN Total Reaction at Heel

Ultimate Shear of Heel

VuHeel = 37.46 KN Ultimate Shear Subjected on the Heel
ϕVcHeel = 182.6 KN Allowable Shear Strength of Concrete of Heel
ϕVcHeel > VuHeel No Need to Design for Shear
dt = 312.5 mm Effective Depth of Heel is Acceptable

Ultimate Moment of Heel

MuHeel = 21.62 KN-m Ultimate Moment of Heel

ϕMnHeel = 420.1 KN-m OK

 ρuse = 0.021 Use Steel Ratio

Spacing of Heel Reinforcement

AsHeel = 6466 mm2 Required Steel Area For Heel Reinforcement
SHeel = 75.92 mm Spacing of Reinforcement
Say SHeel = 70 mm

Development Length of Main Reinforcement of Stem

ldStem = 882.5 mm Development Length if Extended towards the Toe
Say ldStem = 890 mm

Inside Bend Diameter and Straight Extension of Main Stem Reinforcement

θBend = 120 mm Inside Bend Diameter of Reinforcement
lext = 240 mm Straight Extension of Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement of Heel

Asmin = 781.3 mm2 Required Steel Area For Transverse Heel Reinforcement
S = 402.1 mm Spacing of Reinforcement
Say S = 400 mm

Design of Toe
Lt = 2.2 mm Length of Bearing Area of Toe
Qt = 27.98 KPa Bearing Stress at Toe

Shear Check of Toe

VuToe = 79.73 KN Ultimate Shear Subjected at Toe
ϕVcHeel = 182.6 KN Allowable Shear Strength of Toe
ϕVcHeel > VuToe No Need to Design Shear Reinforcement
dt = 312.5 mm Effective Depth of Toe is Acceptable

Ultimate Moment of Toe

MuToe = 94.37 KN-m Ultimate Moment of Heel

ϕMnToe = 420.1 KN-m OK

ρuse = 0.021 Use Steel Ratio

Spacing of Toe Reinforcement

Asmin = 6466 mm2 Required Steel Area For Toe Reinforcement
S = 75.92 mm Spacing of Reinforcement
 Say S = 70 mm

Development Length of Main Reinforcement of Stem

ldStem = 882.5 mm Development Length if Extended towards the Heel
Say ldStem = 890 mm

Inside Bend Diameter and Straight Extension of Main Stem Reinforcement

θBend = 120 mm Inside Bend Diameter of Reinforcement
lext = 240 mm Straight Extension of Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement of Heel

Asmin = 781.3 mm2 Required Steel Area For Transverse Heel Reinforcement
S = 402.1 mm Spacing of Reinforcement
Say S = 400 mm
 Development Length
As Per ACI 318-14M Table [Link]
For Mn ϕ 0.9 ψe 1
β 0.9 ψs 1
ψt 1
Use
ld1 714.4 714.4
ld2 882.5 882.5

om front face

p Base Level

Kp = 2.04 Rankines Coefficient of Passive Earth Pressure

Pa3 = 0 KN Active Cohesion Force

 27.46 28.88
1.422

Horizontal Forces
Weight of WalX F11 38.44 0.933 35.88
W1 16.96 1.4 23.75 F21 3.981 1.4 5.574
W2 32.98 2.35 77.51
W3 0 2.5 0 Vertical Forces
W4 0 2.2 0 F12 0 3.5 0
F22 0 3.5 0
Soil
W5 48 3 144
W6 0 2.5 0

d Surcharge
e<B/6 e>B/6
qmax 22.66 qmax 40.4
qmin 44.51 qmin 0
3x 5.819

ρl ρt
16 420 0.001 0.002
420 0.002 0.003
20 0.002 0.003
Vu<0.5ϕVc Vu>0.5ϕVc
ρt = 0.003 ρt = 0.003
ρl = 0.002 ρl = 0.003

C = 0 KN/m3Cohesion of Soil

Mmin 194.3
Mmax 222
Top of Stem 1644

Bearing Stress (Any Case) Weight Applied on Heel

Q1 21.85 Value of Triangle Wh 9.424 0.5 4.712
Q2 22.66 Value of Rectangle if Any Ws 56 0.5 28
Qh 28.9 Wss 2.9 0.5 1.45
Tri R1 14.45 0.333 4.817
Rec R2 22.66 0.5 11.33

Mmin 420.1
 Mmax 480.2

Bearing Stress (Any Case)

Q1 44.51
Q2 22.66
Qt 16.53
Tri R1 18.18 1.467 26.67
Rec R2 61.55 1.1 67.7

Mmin 420.1
Mmax 480.2