Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report
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Chapter 3 Site investigation 3.1 Site investigation Gali-Ali Bag is a division of main road
of Hawler-Haj Omaran road. Figure 3.1 shows the exact location of the site which it can
be seen that failures have occurred. Our study depended on a geotechnical report which
was prepared by Directorate of Hawler Construction Laboratory Soil Investigation
Department of the Ministry of Construction and Housing “surface soil investigation
geotechnical report at site of “gali ali bag road transportation project”/Kurdistan
regional government ministry of construction & housing (17/6/2014)” . In the report
specifications of ASTM were used to study and investigate the area through five
boreholes, located at different places.
The side slope boreholes were borehole No.1 and No.2 which are 20m deep. Figure3.1:
Failure location Figure 3.2: Borehole location 3.2 Selection of backfill soil 3.2.1
Reinforced Fill Soil Much of engineering communities’ knowledge and experience with
MSE wall structures to date has been with select, cohesion less backfill. All fill material
used in the structure volume for MSE wall structures should be reasonably free from
organic or other deleterious materials and should conform to the gradation limits.
Recycled asphalt is prone to creep resulting in both wall deformation and reinforcement
pullout. Recycled concrete has a potential to produce tufa precipitate from anhydrate
cement, which can clog drains and exude a white pasty substance onto the wall face
creating aesthetic problems. The measured friction angle is greater than 40 degrees, the
angle of friction used for design should not exceed 40 degrees (Article [Link],
AASHTO {2007}).In all cases, the cohesion of the reinforced fill is assumed to be zero.
3.2.2
Retained Backfill and Natural Retained Soil The key engineering properties required for
the retained backfill are the strength and unit weight based on evaluation and testing of
subsurface or borrow pit data. Friction angles (Ø) may be determined from either by
consolidated drained triaxial tests with pore pressure measurements or drained direct
shear tests. As with reinforced fill, a cohesion value of zero is conservatively
recommended for the long-term, effective strength of the retained fill.
For back cut construction, if undisturbed samples cannot be obtained, friction angles
may be obtained from in-situ tests or by correlations with index properties. The strength
properties are required for the determination of the coefficients of earth pressure used
in design as well as for overall stability analysis. In addition, the position of groundwater
levels above the proposed base of construction must be determined in order to evaluate
hydrostatic stresses in the retained fill and plan an appropriate drainage scheme to
control ground water conditions.
3.3
Tests After the samples were taken from the boreholes, following tests were performed:
Soil classification tests Natural soil moisture contend (ASTM D2166-06) Liquid Limit and
Plastic Limit (ASTM D4318-10) Sieve and Hydrometer analysis (ASTM D422-07) Specific
Gravity (ASTM D854-10) Wet and Dry unit weight Shear Strength Tests Unconfined
Compressive Strength (ASTM D2166-06) Direct Shear Test (ASTM D3080-11) Swelling
and Compressibility Consolidation (ASTM D2435-11) Swelling (ASTM D2435-11) 3.4 Test
results The activity coefficient A for clay ranged (0.11 to 0.71) indicating inactive clay.
The results of direct shear tests performed on available obtained undisturbed samples
gave average values for c= 93kN/m2 and Ø=21°.The filed permeability test results
showed low to very low degree of permeability with coefficient of permeability (k)
ranging (1.9×10-4 to 8.1×10-5) cm/sec and in location of BH5 high degrees of water
loss were observed.
The consolidation test results indicate that the soil is over consolidated. The results gave
a bearing capacity of 300kN/m2. Soil profile The soil in borehole No 1 consists of a
brown dense mixture of clayey silt with rock fragments and sand. This layer extends to
about 5m beneath which a gray silty clay with some coarse grained layer exists. At
location of borehole No.5 a layer of a mixture of clayey silt with coarse-grained exists at
the top while a mixture of gray green fine-grained soil exists to the end of the drilling.
Swelling and compaction test results The results of swelling test performed on
undisturbed samples obtained from fine grained soil layer, indicated swelling percent of
0.75% and average swelling pressure equal to [Link] compaction test results
gave maximum dry density of (1.757 to 2.001) gm/cm3, while optimum moisture
content ranged (8.4 to 13.7%). Figure 3.3 soil Swelling
Table 3.1: Borehole No.1 data
Table 3.2: Borehole No.5 data
3.5 Site evaluation Depending on the geotechnical report of Gali-Ali Bag, some have
been identified. The problems that were identified were swelling soil, low cohesion of
soil and type of the soil. the failures have been discussed. In the Figure 3.4
the failure that has been occurred in the area is a wedge-shaped failure. This is due to
the heavy rainfall in the place. as it has been mentioned before the primary cause of
failure is water. Because it adds weight to the slope and tends to fail. In Figure 3.6, the
failure that has been occurred is a mudflow failure. This is usually a shallow failure
involving mostly surface soils. It consists of highly saturated soil that simply flows
downward like water. The flowing mass is saturated with water and has been occurred
without warning during or after a heavy rainfall. Because the soil is silty soil so this type
of failure is occurred. Figure 3.4 figure 3.5 figure3.6: mudflow of soil
INTERNET SOURCES:
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