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Second Order Filter Frequency Response

This document describes an experiment to construct and analyze second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. It includes the components needed, circuit diagrams of the filters, and procedures to collect output voltage measurements across a range of frequencies and calculate gain. The aim is to study the frequency response of the filters and observe the 3dB cut-off point where gain drops by half. Tables of results are included showing the output and calculated gain for various input frequencies to both filters.

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Danish Mujib
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9 views3 pages

Second Order Filter Frequency Response

This document describes an experiment to construct and analyze second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. It includes the components needed, circuit diagrams of the filters, and procedures to collect output voltage measurements across a range of frequencies and calculate gain. The aim is to study the frequency response of the filters and observe the 3dB cut-off point where gain drops by half. Tables of results are included showing the output and calculated gain for various input frequencies to both filters.

Uploaded by

Danish Mujib
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology


Hamdard University

Expt. No: 06
SECOND ORDERLOW PASS AND HIGH PASS FILTERS Date

AIM: To construct and study the frequency response of Second Order Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. Description Range / Number/ Value Qty

1 Integrated Regulated Power Supply (ICPS) ±15 V 1

2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 20 / 40MHz, Dual Trace 1

2 Function Generator 1-100 KHz 1

4 Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) IC 741 1

5 Resistor 10 KΩ 4
6 Capacitor 1nF, 220nF Each 2

7 Bread board &Connecting wires

THEORY:
An improved filter response can be obtained by a second order active filter. A second order filter consists of two RC pairs
and has a roll-off rate of -40 db/decade. A general second order filter (Sallen-key filter) is shown. The results derived here can
be used for analyzing low pass and high pass filters. LOW PASS FILTER:Low pass filter which passes signals below the cut off
frequency. At low frequency both capacitors are opened and circuit becomes voltage follower. Second order responses 3 db
down at cut off [Link] PASS FILTER:High pass filter is a filter which passes signals above the cut off frequency. At
low frequency capacitors are opened and voltage gain is zero. At high frequencies capacitors appears shorted and the circuit
becomes voltage follower. Second order responses 3 db down at cut off frequency.

DESIGNING THE FILTER:

For Low Pass Filter:


Let R1 = R2 = 10 KΩ
And C1 = C2 = 1nF
Then fc =

For High Pass Filter:


Let R1 = R2 = 10 KΩ
And C1 = C2 = 220nF
Then fc =

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University


Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Design values are set as per the design
3. Voltages are noted for different frequencies
4. Gain is calculated with Gain = 20 log V0/Vin
5. Graph is drawn between frequency and Gain.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University


Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

TABULATION:

HIGH PASS FILTER LOW PASS FILTER


[Link]. Frequency Output Gain(dB) = [Link]. Frequency Output Gain(dB) =
in Hz Voltage 20log V0/Vin in Hz voltage 20log V0/Vin
1 60 Hz 1 400Hz
2 70 Hz 2 500Hz
3 80 Hz 3 1 KHz
4 90 Hz 4 2 KHz
5 100 Hz 5 3 KHz
6 150Hz 6 4 KHz
7 200Hz 7 5 KHz
8 250Hz 8 6 KHz
9 300Hz 9 7 KHz
10 310Hz 10 8 KHz
11 320Hz 11 9 KHz
12 330Hz 12 10KHz
13 340Hz 13 11KHz
14 350Hz 14 12KHz
15 400Hz 15 13KHz
17 450Hz 17 14KHz
18 460Hz 18 15KHz
19 470Hz 19 16KHz
20 480Hz 20 17KHz
21 490Hz 21 18KHz
22 500Hz 22 19KHz

RESULT:

The frequency response of Second order Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter was studied and
thegraph is plotted.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University


Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.

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