ME-333 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Mechanical Engineering (6th Semester)
Dr Tipu Sultan
Assistant Professor
[Link]@[Link]
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Lecture Strategy
Please
1- Smile
3- make your
2- Respect the mobile Silent
lecture time
3
Text and Reference Books
1. Principles of Refrigeration (SI Version), By Dossat, R. J.,
John Wiley
2. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by J. W. Jones, W. F.
Stoecker McGraw-Hill
3. Heating and Cooling of Buildings, By Ed. Kreider, Curtiss &
Rabl McGraw-HillApplied
4. Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Analysis and
Design, By McQuiston, Parker and Spitler John Wiley &
Sons
5. “ASHRAE Handbook” 2009
6. Handbook of Air conditioning & Refrigeration 2nd Ed. By
Shan K. Wang, McGraw-Hill
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Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning
Refrigeration
Process of cooling (extraction of heat) from a body/object whose
temperature is already lower than the temperature of its surrondings.
Air-Conditioning
Process of treating air to control simultaneously its
temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution in
order to meet the comfort requirement of occupants of
conditioned space. (Conducive Environement)
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Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning
Air-conditioning Refrigeration
Industrial
Heating, refrigeration,
humidification food
and controlhH
of preservation
air quality and chemical
processing
Cooling and de-
humidification operation
in air conditioning
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Some Vocabulary
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Heat Engine, refrigerator and Heat Pump
h
Hot body, T2
h
Hot body, T2 h
Hot body, T2
Q1
Heat Engine
Q1 Q1
Refrigerator
Heat Pump
Engine Work
Pump Work
WE Refrigerator Work
WR WP
E R P
Q2 Q2 Q2
Cold body, T1 Cold body, T1 Cold body, T1
T1˃Ta T1˂Ta T1˂Ta
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Heat Engines
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Heat Engines
• It would be ideal, if all the supplied energy was transferred
into work. Unfortunately, no such transformation process
exist.
• The objective of all the engines or should be to make the
thermal efficiency as near to unity (100%) as possible.
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Heat from high
Carnot Cycle temperature source
3
Condenser
2
Comp Turb
1 Evaporator 4
Heat to low
temperature sink
Carnot cycle is most efficient possible, because the total
entropy change is zero.
It is a “reversible process”.
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Carnot Cycle
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Carnot Cycle
• Whenever, a temperature difference exists, motive
power can be produced.
• Carnot’s concept of heat was in error in that, at that time,
heat was thought to have the properties of a fluid which
flows into or out of a body. As a result of this fluid flow, a
body become hot or cold.
• Heat was not considered as energy transfer process.
• However, the suggestion that temperature difference is the
prerequisite of the ability to produce motive power is
correct.
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Problem
An ideal engine (Carnot) is rated at 50% efficiency when it is
able to exhaust heat at a temperature of 20 ºC. If the exhaust
temperature is lowered to -30 ºC, what is the new efficiency.
e = 0.585
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
• This is a directional law (direction of heat flow)
• Heat transfer can be made to transfer up a gradient but
not without the aid of external energy.
• “Heat cannot flow from a cold body to a hotter body by
itself. Work has to be done in the process.”
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Refrigerators
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Reversed Carnot Cycle
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Reversed Carnot Cycle
Reversing the Carnot cycle does reverse the directions of
heat and work interactions.
A refrigerator or heat pump that operates on the reversed
Carnot cycle is called a Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat
pump.
The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration
cycle operating between two specified temperature levels.
It sets the highest theoretical COP.
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Refrigerator
A heat engine operating in reverse is Refrigerator.
Refrigerator Efficiency:
heat out Q2
R
work in W
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Refrigerator Efficiency
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Heat Pumps
• During the analysis of the refrigeration process, notice that
more energy is rejected at higher temperature than is
required to drive the refrigerator. (COP COP 1)
HP Ref
• If the temperature during rejection process is sufficiently
high, perhaps the heat transfer during rejection could be
used in a warming process.
• That, this energy transfer is greater than the energy
required to drive the plant, presents an attractive idea.
• This concept was suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1852.
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Heat Pumps
In Refrigerator the heat removed from low temperature body
(Q2) is the desired effect; while in Heat Pump heat provided
to high temperature body (Q1) is the desired effect.
Hence, As Coefficient Of Performance (COP) {In simple
terms, Efficiency} = Output/Input,
For Refrigerator, (COP) = Q2/W.
For Heat Pump (COP) = Q1/W.
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Heat Pump
• Many commercial machines have been manufactured
using this process; the evaporator is buried under soil or
suspended in a river or lake.
• But heat pump has not gained wide acceptance as a
heating system.
• It is more complex, more difficult to run and more difficult
to maintain than its conventional counterpart. However, a
decrease in fossil fuel available could encourage its further
development and more widespread use.
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Heat Pump and Balance Point
A careful economic analysis is necessary to decide whether a
heat pump is financially viable.
T2
COPHP
T2 T1
T1
COPRef
T2 T1
&
COPHP COPRef 1
The performance of heat pump varies with the temperature of
the source of heat supply as shown in Figures
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Heat Pump and Refrigerator
• The heat losses from a building varies linearly with
ambient temperature.
• There is one point “balance point” at which the heat
pump will satisfy the demand.
The balance point is when the system
capacity and load demand are equal.
For further details: Read Chapter 14 of Applied
Thermodynamic By T.D. Eastop and A. McConkey
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Balance Point
At a certain temperature - the balance point - the capacity is
equal to the load.
Air-source heat pumps use outside air as the heat source. As the temperature drops,
the capacity decreases. The load demand also increases as the temperature drops.
The balance point is when the system capacity and load demand are equal.
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Heat Pump and Refrigerator
• At ambient temperature above the balance point the heat
pump will provide too much heat.
• At temperature below the balance point, supplementary
heating will be necessary to maintain the building at the
required internal temperature.
• A heat pump used for heating is much more effective if the
temperature of the low-temperature source is constant or
approximately constant throughout the heating season,
this is the case if ground water, or a river water, or a lake,
or sea, is used as the source.
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What this means to you?
If your system drops below the balance point, it needs
supplemental heat. The balance point for most homes is
about 30 degrees. The balance point of energy efficient
homes is lower than that of homes without proper insulation
and other energy efficient features. Supplemental heat is only
used to boost the system when the temperature is below the
balance point. Supplemental heat is not auxiliary heat.
Auxiliary heat only comes on when the main system is not
working and needs repair. It is less than the rated capacity for
the system.
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Selection Procedure
When you choose a system, the heat pump installer should
explain each of the following:
• The load calculation for your home
• The manufacturer's specified capacity for different outside
temperatures
• Your heat pump balance point chart
• Different types of supplemental heat and which is best for
your home.
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Problem
A modern gas furnace can work at practically 100%
efficiency, i.e., 100% of the heat from burning the gas is
converted into heat for the home. Assume that a heat pump
works at 50% of the efficiency of an ideal heat pump.
If electricity costs 3 times as much per kw-hr as gas, for what
range of outside temperatures is it advantageous to use a
heat pump?
Assume Tinside = 295 ºK.
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Point to remember ….!
Practically, the reversed Carnot cycle cannot be used for
refrigeration purpose as the adiabatic process requires very
high speed operation, whereas the isothermal process
requires very low speed operation.
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