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TET4115 Power System Analysis

Power System Protection

Prof. Hans Kr. Høidalen

Electric Power Engineering
Room F411, [Link]@[Link]
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Today’s topic
• Outline of power system protection
– Present status
– Future perspectives into Smartgrid -
Digitalization
• Advertise the new course TET4215 Power
System Protection and Control
– Lecture plan
– Laboratories
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Why do we need protection?

• The modern society is strongly dependent on a
reliable power supply
• Since faults cannot be completely avoided the
consequences must be minimized
– Only the faulty part should be disconnected
– Fast disconnection to minimize sub-sequent damages
– Down times as short as possible
– In Norway: Cost of energy not supplied incentive
• Laws and regulations: Danger to life and
damage to equipment and property must be
reduced to a minimum
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Power system faults

• Failure cases
– Environment; lightning, snow, wind, ice, tree falls
– Component related: design, manufacturing, ageing
mechanisms
– Human failures during design, installation, and
operation. Accidents involving non professionals
• Fault types
– Short circuit between phases (large consequences)
– Short circuits between phase and earth (most frequent)
– Overloading (thermal, voltage collapse, power swings)
• Permanent vs. temporary faults
– Overhead lines: Ground faults could be temporary
– Cables systems: Typically permanent
– Reclosing strategy?
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Power system design

• Transmission-Regional-Distribution
12 kV 420 kV

Transmission

132 kV
230 V 400 V
22 kV

Distribution Regional

Type Production Transmission Regional Distribution

kV 0.69 – 12 220-300-420 33-132 6-12-24
km in Norway - 11000 19000 100000
System High ohmic- Direct grounded Direct-Isolated- Isolated-Resonance
grounding Direct grounded Resonance
Topology - Meshed Meshed-Radial Radial
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Station bus-bay designs

• Double bus systems are common
• A «bay» is a line/transformer connection to
the bus – Current transformer CT, Circuit
breaker CB
BUS A

BUS B

Line 1 Line 2 Line 3

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Trend in the Power Grid

Transforming from conventional Power Grid to Smart Grid
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General requirements
• Selectivity
– Detect and isolate the faulty item only
• Stability
– Leave all healthy circuits intact
• Sensitivity
– Detect even the smallest fault
• Speed
– Minimize damage to components, surroundings and personnel.
• Simple/inexpensive
– Minimize the risk of wrong settings due to complications
• Security
– Dependable: Always trip when requested
– Secure: Never trip when not supposed to
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Illustration of Selectivity
• Given a fault in a dristribution system:

• Correct actions:
Trip Trip

Close
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Example: Fuses in 230 V systems

10/16 A Selectivity: Circuit/Main fuses
63 A
Stability: Radial organization
:
Main Sensitivity/Speed: Choice of fuse
fuse Circuit/
Circuit Simple: yes
Feeder
fuse
Security: ?

• Fuses in each circuit ensures selectivity

• Purpose of main fuse?
• Selection of main fuse?
• Limitation of fuses?
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Situations when fuses (&over-current

protection) fails to give selectivity

1 2
Masked networks Power in-feed

• In a masked system, protection on each side of

the fault should operate. How?
• With power in-feed the current direction could be
used as a criterion. How?
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Over-current protection
in high-voltage systems
• Current transformer  Over-current relay
 circuit breaker
Circuit Current
breaker transformer

fuse I>
I>
Over-current
relay
• The over-current relay gives a tripping
signal to the circuit breaker
• Higher security, increased flexibility
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Circuit breakers
Double bus, double breaker:
• Kristiansand power station: BUS A
Line 2

BUS B
Line 1 Line 3
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HV; Circuit breaker and CT

CB
CT

RELAY
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Relay concept in protection

Transmitter/ Relay +110 V DC
Transducers To information system

Selector Logic To circuit breaker

Typically:
trip coil
Current transformers (CT; 1, 5 A) -110 V DC
Voltage transformers (VT; 120 V)

• Selector: Scaling, filtering, sampling, phasor

(FFT), RMS value and sequence (012)
• Logic: Decision, timing, self test, information
system interface (status and history)
• Auxiliary voltage: typically ±110 DC. DC supply
is important.
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Relay developments Classical

relay
• Four main generations Trip Contacts
– Electro mechanical (<1970) coil

• Current in trip coil caused main contacts to make

• RMS value inherited in mechanical force function +Vdc
CT
• Hard wired logic
– Electronic (1970-1985)
Info Trip
• Solid state contacts
– Numerical (1985-) -Vdc
• Sampling, internal calculations/logic
– Digital (>2005)
• Communication, ether net; IEC61850 standard
• Inheritance from electro-mechanical relays
– Voltage/current levels and design of CTs and VTs
– Same interface and philosophy
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A relay is more than a switch

• Modern transmission line protection
– Setting/PLS
– Interface
– Communication
– Self testing
– Fault recorder

– One-line diagrams
– Circuit breaker operations
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Protection-substation
• The protection units are physically
located inside in a sub station
• Signals from transmitters (CT, VT ++)
• Signals to circuit breakers
• Signals to board/pc; alarms, switch
status etc.
• Metering
• Fault records, reporting
• Auxiliary DC supply
• Individual unit protection
– Not a common central processor
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Zones of protection
• Zones must overlap
Bus protection

Line protection
Line protection
Transformer/
generator
protection

• Overlapping in practice Line protection

– CT and CB may fail

– Several CTs (not common) I> I>
Common
– Often the CT is the interface To bus protection concept
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Backup protection
• Add delay before tripping remote faults
• Coordination time 0.2-0.3 seconds
• Allow remote relay to operate
• If fault is cleared before the delay, reset the relay
• Need to know: Minimum fault current and
maximum load current
Relay (and CT, CB)
location Time delay to trip
delay z3
z2
z1
Distance to fault
~1/current
reach
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Relay challenges - Distribution

• Active grids; Need directional protection
• Reclosing, islanding Relays depend on
• Meshed/splitted situation
• Sufficiently fast in large systems
• Changing grids need updated settings
• Broken conductors not treated
• Fault location and handling. Self-healing.

Sympathetic tripping Blinding

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Relay challenges - Transmission

• Generally much less challenges
– Meshed networks managed, well defined busses,
distance and differential protection already used
• Faster disconnections during faults
– Fault-ride-through (FRT) requirements
– May need communication
• System protection – Blackout prevention (WAPC)
• Condition estimation in real-time - PMU
• Interactions with HVDC grids
• Faster upgrade/replacement
– Cabling and Test procedures
• Cyber security – Big data
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Digital relays
Possibilities and limitations
• Interoperability – IEC61850, plug&play
• Configuration vendor dependent
– Special programs for settings
– Versions, configurations
– Many functions in one box
• Relays cannot be adapt on the fly
• Relays can choose between pre-configured
setting groups based on logical signals,
circuit breaker positions etc.
• Life time…?
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Digital relays – Today

Grid
• Copper wiring
Relay
1 HMI
from bay to
control room
Relay
– Robust
2 SCADA – Autonomous
• Station bus as
Challenges Station bus
• Costly copper wiring ↓Fault records Ethernet cable
↓Alarms
• Messy spaghetti
• Changes/upgrades ↕Configurations
– Centralized
time consuming ↑CB positions overview
• Touch voltages inside ↑Interlocking

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Digital relays – Tomorrow

Process bus • Optical or conventional
SV sensors (CT)
Grid • Merging units (MU) in the
Relay bay
1 HMI
MU – Currents, voltages,
digitized
BC
– Fiber optics
X
SCADA • Process bus as Ethernet
Relay cable
MU 2
– Digital signals, SV
– Much reduced wiring
– Easier to switch relays –
Station bus plug&play
Challenges GOOSE – Condition monitoring
add-on (X)
• MU/BC robustness,
EMP , power supply • Circuit breaker control
from station bus (BC)
• Process bus reliability
– Separate unit or
• Time stamp embedded
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The digital sub-station

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Research project; ProSmart

4 PhDs and 3-4 master students/year
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Wide-area measurement and control

• PMU: Measure voltage and
currents phasors in real-time
On‐line PDC
• Communicate to a central Installed PMU
• Study power swings and voltage On‐line PMU
collapse. System protection.
• Develop labs and apps
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Benefits of Synchrophasor Technology,

by Application1
Increased Increased Asset Increased
System Utilization and Organizational
Reliability Power System Efficiency
Efficiency
Real Time
Wide area visualization  
Frequency stability monitoring and trending 
Voltage monitoring and trending 
Oscillation detection 
Phase angle monitoring and trending  
Resource integration 
Adaptive islanding and black-start capability 
Event detection  
Adaptive relaying 
Power system stabilizer/oscillation damper 
Automated protection 
State estimation 
Off-Line
Post-event analysis  
Model validation   
[1]
Adapted from the Advancement of Synchrophasor Technology in Projects Funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, U.S. Department of Energy,
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability.
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Simulation/

Relay Testing
Comtrade

Relay V/I
Relay
tester
• Relay settings based on steady- HIL

state short circuit calculations Trip/logic

• Transient studies performed in

two operations
– Simulate transient voltages and
current at the relay location
– Test the relays in hardware by
playing the signals from a relay
tester (amplifier)
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Overview of standard protection

• Fuse
• Over-current relay
• Directional over-current relay
• Distance relay
• Differential relay
• Ground fault relay
• Under/over voltage relay
• Under /over frequency relay
• Temperature/pressure relay
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Fuse
• Symbol
• Used in low- and medium voltage systems
• Time-current characteristic
Time to
interrupt

current
• No measurement
• No directional dependency
• Feedback? User-complaints
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Over-current relay
• Symbol: IEC ANSI

– Time delayed I> 51

– Instantaneous I>> 50

• Used in medium and high voltage systems

• Measurements of line currents (3)
• No directional dependency
• Operates together with a circuit breaker 52
Remaining problems:
What about infeed and
meshed systems?
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Directional over-current relay

• Symbol: 67
• Used in medium and high voltage systems
• Measurements of line currents (3) and
phase voltages (1-3)
• Directional dependent. Handles infeed.
67

Remaining problem:
What about meshed
systems?
67
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Distance protection
• Symbol: Z< 21

• Used in high voltage systems

• Measurements of line currents (3) and phase
voltages (3)
• Directional dependent. Calculates the
impedance to the fault U/I. Handles meshed
systems
Remaining problem:
What about short lines?

Z< Z<
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Differential protection
• Symbol: Idiff 87
• Used in high voltage systems (short lines, bus
bar) and generator/motor/transformer protection
• Measurements of line currents in (3) and line
currents out (3)
• Calculates the relative current difference i/i.
• Communication from each end required.

Idiff Idiff
Communication
87T 87B 87L
Bus differential
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Ground fault protection

• Symbol
51N
– Time delayed IE>

– Instantaneous IE>> 50N

– Directional 67N

– Distance 21N

• Used in medium and high voltage systems

• Measurement of zero sequence current
and voltage (special connection of CTs and VTs)
• Usage of isolated and resonance grounding in Norway
requires special attention
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Over/under voltage/frequency
• Symbols
– Over/under voltage 59 27

– Over/under frequency 81O 81U

• Used for high voltage and generator

protection
• Measures the phase voltages (3)
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Temperature relay
• Symbol: > 49

• Used in generator/motor/transformer
protection
• Switch gear protection and internal self
protection
• Measures a temperature

• Pressure relays same category

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Combinations
in distance protection
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Challenges in protection
• Needs to be continuously maintained and
adjusted as the power system changes or grows
• Wrong/improper settings contribute significantly
to outages/blackouts
• Distributed generation DG (on MV level)
changes the traditional scheme
– Today's solution is to disconnect the (small) DGs for
any disturbance (under/over frequency relay)
– Or add extra time delays for DG feeders
• Utilize modern measurement and
communication possibilities (smartgrid)
– Extreme reliability demands, utilize redundancy
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TET4215
Power System Protection and Control
• Builds on TET4115 Power system analysis
• Supplements TET4180 Power System Stability and Control
• After completing this course the candidate shall understand the following items:
– Identify the challenges and solutions to industrial power system protection problems.
– Select the appropriate protection schemes for various applications.
– Analyse power system faults for balanced and unbalanced conditions.
– Gain knowledge about signal processing techniques needed for power system protection.
– Describe current and voltage transformers and their impact on protection scheme performance.
– Identify, apply, and calculate settings for overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance, differential and pilot
protection schemes.
– Identify, apply, and calculate settings for power lines, transformer, generator and bus bar protection
schemes.
– Understand the main functions of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Energy
management System (EMS).
– Identify and apply wide-area monitoring and control (and protection) schemes.
• After completing this course the candidate should be able to:
– Investigate current and voltage transformers and its impact on protection principles.
– Perform power system analysis subject to symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
– Connect secondary current and voltage circuits of relay protections.
– Select proper sets of relays and to measure characteristics of protection.
– Calculate relay settings and test this in different operating conditions.
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Time table I
Week Lectur Content Resp. Exercise/Lab
e
2 1-2 Power systems protection overview HKH
Jan 8 H&P chapter 1, Alstom chapter 2+7
3-4 Power systems control overview KJU
H&P chapter 10, Alstom chapter 20
3 5-6 Short circuit calculations I Vijay Ex 1. Zones +
Jan 15 TET4115 background, Alstom chapter 4 SC
7-8 Short circuit calculations II HKH
Alstom chapter 4
4 9-10 Instrument transformers HKH Ex 2. Control +
Jan 22 H&P chapter 3, Alstom chapter 6 IT
11-12 Over-current protection HKH
H&P chapter 4, Alstom chapter 9
5 13-14 Signal processing I MMS Lab 1.
Jan 29 Alstom chapter 3+7 Overcurrent
15-16 Signal processing II MMS protection (OC)

6 17-18 Distance protection I MMS Lab 2. Distance

Feb 5 H&P chapter 5, Alstom chapter 11 protection (DP)
19-20 Distance protection II MMS
H&P chapter 6, Alstom chapter 12
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Time table II
Week Lecture Content Resp. Exercise/Lab
7 21-22 Relay planning and documentation LB Lab 3. PCM/DigSi
Feb 12 (Jacobsen)

23-24 Relay testing (Siemens) EL

Alstom chapter 21
8 25-26 Ground fault protection I HKH Lab 4.
Feb 19 Alstom chapter 9.16- OC+Omicron (RT)
27-28 Ground fault protection II HKH

9 29-30 Generator protection I ZG Lab 5. Gen.

Feb 26 H&P chapter 7, Alstom chapter 17 protection
31-32 Generator protection II ZG
H&P chapter 7+15
10 33-34 Differential protection I MMS Lab 6. Diff.
Mar 5 H&P chapter 8, Alstom chapter 10 protection + SIM
35-36 Differential protection II MMS
H&P chapter 9, Alstom chapter 15+16
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Time table III

Week Lecture Content Resp. Exercise/Lab
11 37-38 Synchro-phasors KJU Lab 7. PMU
Mar 12 Alstom chapter 20, ++algorithm theory
39-40 Blackout and wide-area control and KJU
protection
H&P chapter 14
12 Main excursion (common to all courses)
13 Easter
14 41-42 Station bus, IEC 61850 MMS Lab 8.
Apr 2 Alstom chapter 24 DP+RT+Simulation
43-44 Digital substation, cyber security NN (SIM)
(Statnett)
Alstom chapter 25
15 Technical visit? Lab 9. Real-time
Apr 9 demo
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Lab exercises
• 8 short lab exercises (2 hours in-lab)
• Each with prelab calculation/preparation and inlab hands-on
• Lab 1: Simple overcurrent calculation and settings with JEL
REFLEX 205 + Leybold source+switch+line
• Lab 2: Simple impedance calculations and distance relay
settings with JEL REFLEX 223+ Leybold source+switch+line
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Lab exercises
• Lab 3: Working with ABB PCM and Siemens DigSi
• Lab 4: Working with Omicron relay tester. Inverse
current characteristics.
• Lab 5: Working with Omicron relay tester and
transplay feature. Generator protection small
hydro.
• Lab 6: Working with Omicron relay tester and
transplay feature. Differential protection.
• Lab 7: Working with PMUs
• Lab 8: Working with Omicron relay tester and
transplay feature. Distance pilot protection.

• 3 Omicron CMC356
• 3 Siemens 7UM85 generator protection relays with
impedance, differential, overcurrent, generator
functions
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Power system protection and

control
• An exciting, fast forward moving area in
the core of future power systems
• A relay engineer is involved in all new
expansions of the power system and in all
fault cases and scenarios
• A relay engineer needs good power
systems knowledge and capability of
analyzing faults.