OPEN BOOK REVIEW
RUSSEL AND HIS WRITING STYLE :
Russell was the most legand personality in the history of literary work. He was one among
the prose writers. He was pessimist and was completely in support of humanism. He was in
the favour of world government. He was prisoned for six month by British government as he
was supporting [Link] wrote very long sentences which contain short meaning. Russel
don't have any aprohistic style in his writing. With his long sentences and containing few
meaning can make a person feel hectic.
OVERVIEW OF RUSSELL'S ESSAYS:
FUTURE OF MANKIND :
Russell was deeply concerned with the "future of mankind". He is called as the traitor for his
anti war stand. For this, he was given a noble prize as well. He logically explained three
possibilities of mankind.
(l) After after the second world War there will be a complete extinction of human life.
(ll) if there would be a y human sign, it will reduced to barbarsim.
(lll) and there will be complete control of government.
Russell says that the use of atomic weapons in the war would eliminate the human life every
where but if there would be any life, there will fight against and will not surrender to the
power. But their reign will be of shorter time and subject will be of deadbodies.
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He also says that if there Will be any human sign left on the earth, it will reduce to barbarsim.
Big cities, industres, crops will be destroyed and will cause famine. There will be shortage of
libraries, laboratories and scientists. People will kill scientists in the hope of " golden age"
He says that there is a mutual agreement of government as in the shape of victory of America
and Russia with the use of power. And the government will rule over the world.
According to Russell, wars are the important part of life as they make man learn to live,
remove their frustration. It creates heroism and necessity for human life. He put emphasis on
the alliance of America and other British and European countries. By doing this, they will rule
over the world and out their attention on the humanity. They would have a legal check on the
leader that there will be no chance of Corruption. As America' s alliance will provide them
liberty of thoughts, freedom, facilities. While Russia can't provide them Liverty of thoughts
and freedom.
Now in the modern time, power of America is expanding over other countries and it will be a
positive point according to Russell.
It shows his pure humanism nature.
FUNCTION OF THE TEACHER :
The function of a Teacher is one of the most important and thought provoking essay of
Russell that enable to reader to think about the real function of the teacher. The functions of
the teachers have now completely changed as compared to the past. In the past a teacher
was to inculcate in his students, the ideas he considered to be a good and mature person but
now a days teachers have become like a propagandanist and only teach according to the wish
of their employers. Their only fiction is to preach the bureaucrats and state. They do not think
of what's is right but only support state. They are manipulating student's mind.
He says that the real function of the teaching is to teach the student being neutral and partial
and motivate their students in their wise opinion. They shouldn't support their leaders. They
should teach students so theta student can themselve think that what's right or what's
wrong. A teacher should remain aloof from strife of political parties. As teacher is considered
as the guardian of the civilization. He should develop a positive attitude in students. They
should spread and promote civilization. The teacher must rise above the temptation of
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flattering the prejudice of those in authority, even if he can improve his professional aspects
by doing so. He should have feeling of warm affection toward their students.
As matters stand today, teachers are unable to do their best as beacuse of many reasons like
overwork. They should not do overwork and should not compel their students to do
[Link] to Russell, a student should not be prepared for examination bht they should
have the thirst and hunger for the real knowledge. A teacher should have a spirit of tolerance
so that he may enable him to bear the manners and understandings of the students.
As the result, we conclude that a teacher should have a positive attitude as being neutral to
the students. He is not supposed to support any political parties.
IDEAS THAT HAVE HELPED MANKIND :
Russell presented the ideas that have helped mankind. He logically present the concept of
"help" as to what things an be considered as helpful for mankind. According to him, mam has
increased his level upon animals by increasing his numerical values, increasing their
knowledge, experience, ideas, becoming friendliness, and adding to their happiness.
He classified his ideas into two category; technical ideas, moral ideas.
Technical ideas include "ideas of fire" that helped mankind as the use of light, to have heat
and later to cook food. "language" which became the source of communication. "taming the
animal" and "ideas of agriculture" helped making to gain their benefits and to live life. Later,
ideas of mathematics, astronomy, discovery of telescope, force of gravity , law of inertia,
have helped mankind.
As well as he presented moral ideas that have helped mankind as brotherhood which was not
practiced well as human have the capacity to to love to appreciate beauty and to enjoy
intellectual understandings. At the same time he is cruel,greedy and pridy. Where there are
benefits of brotherhood, disadvantages are also present.
He also emphasis on individual liberty and freedom by presenting political ideas that have
helped mankind. He believed that government after a sufficient time will accept individual
liberty. For him, America and Russia are two states that can establish a world government
and can help economic and scientific growth and happiness.
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IDEAS THAT HAVE HARMED MANKIND:
Russell presented that what things have harmed mankind. He explains that one of the most
worst thing is a person's mind, his thoughts and his consciousness. People believe in many
superstitions like if something bad happens, they blame it with their bad fortune or someone
else 's action. "passion of pride" has destroyed human relations and mankind. People are
now jealous of each other' s succeed. They want to get more success than others. Sometimes
people became jealous of each other and harm each other. People started believing that they
are the special instructor of God and the special creature of God. Like Muslims think that
drying fight in war and being killed will lead direct to heaven. There were alot of superstitions
in religion as well; human sacrifice could improve the crops, cattle and sheep should not be
spared.
Russell was completely against Dogma Of politics. He believes that world government can
prevent world wars and can save the human race from extinction from being thrown in the
state of barbarism.
EXPLORATORY PROJECT :
CULTURE AND IMPERIALISM BY EDWARD SAID:
Exaggeration that is being shown propagated throughout world about showing
difference between the Orientals amd the occidental. There is a kind of self
created propaganda that European are far superior as campared to the south
Asian people and this propaganda has damaged the whole world. Edward said
says, there must be some kind of difference between the Orientals and the
occidental but these differences are not much as are shown or propagated
throughout the world and through all the states of medium and medias.
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"what right have you people to give these years of superiority to those whom you willingly choose
calls as Orientals"
This statement early shows that Said is of the view these Weare willingly call
themselves superior with certain kind of objectives and motives showing that
Orientals are inferior as compared to that of European nations or white people.
Edward choose the title of the book "culture and imperialism" to show tk
difference and explains the realities. There are two more books present having
the same topic named as " culture and society", " culture and domination".
Edward shows that economy, weapons, army and strength can not dominate
the world but culture dominated the society and other countries as well. As in
our country we give more prestige to the person wearing good clothes and
speaking better English. Basically this is the cultural imperialism that is in our
mind. Before the world War two, the map if the would was in the different
forms of colonies as Saria, Sri Lanka, Indo-pak, Bhutan, Barma were the colonies
of great Britain. Before second world War, World exists in the form of colonies
and imperialism was directly present in them. After second world War, we don't
see any kind of colonies system of European and American countries but there
influence is still present [Link] countries quiet systematically and quiet
objectively propagated their culture. After that they wanted to implement their
culture to other countries. As we see that English language is a compulsory
subject till someone's graduation.
Karl max says,
All literature is a propaganda, but all propaganda is not literature "
Edward said remained the member of" House of common "," house of lord ","
Embassodor in Indo-pak". This books has translated kn more than ten languages
of world.
According to Edward, occidentals are trying to implement their culture to other
countries to want to control them in the form of imperialism.