Dept.

of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song

457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

Chapter 7 Analysis of Stress and Strain

7.1 Introduction

1. Flexure and shear formula (𝜎𝜎 = −𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝐼𝐼 and 𝜏𝜏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉/𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼), torsion formula (𝜏𝜏 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇/𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 ),
etc. help determine the stresses on cross sections

2. However, larger stresses may occur on inclined sections

3. Example 1: Uniaxial stress (Section 2.6) – maximum shear at 45° and maximum
normal at cross sections

4. Example 2: Pure shear (Section 3.5) – maximum tensile and compressive stresses
occur on 45°

5. Generalization of these examples  need theories for “Plane Stress”

6. Transformation equations help determine the stresses in any general direction from
the given state of stress

7.2 Plane Stress

1. Stress element under “plane stress” condition,

e.g. in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 plane: only the 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 faces
of the element are subjected to stresses, and
all stresses act parallel to the 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 axis.

2. Normal stress (𝜎𝜎)

- Subscript identifies the face on which the

stress acts, e.g. 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 and 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

- For e__________, equal normal stresses

act on the opposite faces

- Sign convention: ________ is positive

while ___________ is negative

3. Shear stress (𝜏𝜏)

- Two subscripts: the first indicates the face,

and the second direction

- Sign convention: positive for plus(face)-

plus(direction), and negative otherwise
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

- The sign convention described above is

consistent with the shear stress pattern
discussed in Section 1.7 (derived from the
equilibrium equation)

- Thus, 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

 Stresses on Inclined Sections

1. To express the stresses acting on the inclined

𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 element in terms of those on the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
element, consider the e__________ of the forces on the wedge-shaped element

2. Equilibrium equation in 𝑥𝑥1 direction:

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 𝐴𝐴0 sec 𝜃𝜃 − 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴0 cos 𝜃𝜃 − 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴0 sin 𝜃𝜃 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴0 tan 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 − 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴0 tan 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 0

3. Equilibrium equation in 𝑦𝑦1 direction:

𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 𝐴𝐴0 sec 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴0 sin 𝜃𝜃 − 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴0 cos 𝜃𝜃 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴0 tan 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴0 tan 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 = 0

4. Using the relationship 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , and also simplifying and rearranging, we obtain

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 sin2 𝜃𝜃 + 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃

𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 = −�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (cos2 𝜃𝜃 − sin2 𝜃𝜃)

5. For 𝜃𝜃 = 0, 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 = and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 =

6. For 𝜃𝜃 = 90°, 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 = and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 =

Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑅𝑅 = �� 2 ,
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = , sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 =
2 2𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

4. The larger of the two principal stresses, 𝜎𝜎1

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝜎1 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 �𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 � = + cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝
2 2

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

= + � � + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � �
2 2 2𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2

= + �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

5. The smaller of the principal stresses, 𝜎𝜎2  From the property 𝜎𝜎1 + 𝜎𝜎2 =

𝜎𝜎2 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝜎1

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2

= − �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

6. A single formula for the principal stresses

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2

𝜎𝜎1,2 = ± �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

 Principal Angles

1. Principal angles 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 and 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝2 (corresponding to 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 , respectively) are roots
2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
of the equation tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = 𝜎𝜎  Check the normal stresses to determine 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 and
𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝2

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

2. Alternatively, 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 is the root that satisfies both cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 = 2𝑅𝑅
and sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑅𝑅
.

Then 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝2 is 90° larger or smaller than 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1

 Shear Stresses on the Principal Planes

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
1. If we set 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 = 0 for the transformation equation 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 = − 2
sin 2𝜃𝜃 +
2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃, we get the equation tan 2𝜃𝜃 = 𝜎𝜎 , which is the same as the condition
𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

for having principal stresses

2. “The shear stresses are zero on the principal planes”

Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Maximum Shear Stresses

1. Setting the derivative to be zero, i.e.

𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
= −�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � cos 2𝜃𝜃 − 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = −
2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

2. Relationship between 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 and 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 :

1
tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = −
tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝

3. Can show (See textbook for the derivation) 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 ± 45°

4. Maximum shear stress

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 2 = 1
𝜎𝜎 − 𝜎𝜎2
𝜏𝜏max = �� � + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

 Example 7-3: The state of stress in the

beam web at element C is 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 86 MPa,
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −28 MPa, and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −32 MPa. (a)
Determine the principal stresses and show
them on a sketch of a properly oriented
element; and (b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and show them on a sketch of
a properly oriented element.
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑅𝑅 = �� 2 ,
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = , sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 =
2 2𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

4. The larger of the two principal stresses, 𝜎𝜎1

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝜎1 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 �𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 � = + cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝
2 2

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

= + � � + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � �
2 2 2𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2

= + �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

5. The smaller of the principal stresses, 𝜎𝜎2  From the property 𝜎𝜎1 + 𝜎𝜎2 =

𝜎𝜎2 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝜎1

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2

= − �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

6. A single formula for the principal stresses

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2

𝜎𝜎1,2 = ± �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

 Principal Angles

1. Principal angles 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 and 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝2 (corresponding to 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 , respectively) are roots
2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
of the equation tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = 𝜎𝜎  Check the normal stresses to determine 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 and
𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝2

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

2. Alternatively, 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 is the root that satisfies both cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 = 2𝑅𝑅
and sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑅𝑅
.

Then 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝2 is 90° larger or smaller than 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1

 Shear Stresses on the Principal Planes

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
1. If we set 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 = 0 for the transformation equation 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 = − 2
sin 2𝜃𝜃 +
2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃, we get the equation tan 2𝜃𝜃 = 𝜎𝜎 , which is the same as the condition
𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

for having principal stresses

2. “The shear stresses are zero on the principal planes”

Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Maximum Shear Stresses

1. Setting the derivative to be zero, i.e.

𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
= −�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � cos 2𝜃𝜃 − 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = −
2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

2. Relationship between 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 and 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 :

1
tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = −
tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝

3. Can show (See textbook for the derivation) 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 ± 45°

4. Maximum shear stress

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 2 = 1
𝜎𝜎 − 𝜎𝜎2
𝜏𝜏max = �� � + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

 Example 7-3: The state of stress in the

beam web at element C is 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 86 MPa,
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −28 MPa, and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −32 MPa. (a)
Determine the principal stresses and show
them on a sketch of a properly oriented
element; and (b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and show them on a sketch of
a properly oriented element.
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

 Equations of Mohr’s Circle

1. Recall the transformation equation

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 = + cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃
2 2

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

→ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 − = cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 = − sin 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃
2

2. It can be shown that

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 − � + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥21 𝑦𝑦1 =
2

3. Note from the previous note that

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2

𝜎𝜎aver = 𝑅𝑅 = �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

4. Now the equation above becomes

2
�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 − 𝜎𝜎aver � + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥21 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑅𝑅 2

5. In words, (𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 , 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 ) is located on a circle whose center is ( , ) and the radius
is ____

 Construction of Mohr’s Circle

1. What’s required: _____, _____ and _____

2. Sign conventions (consistent with the transformation

formula, etc.)

- Positive shear stress: d________

- Positive normal stress: to the r______

- Positive rotation: c___________

3. Construction procedure

1) Draw a set of coordinate axes with 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 as abscissa and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 as ordinate
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

2) Locate the center C, ( , )

3) Locate point A representing the stress condition ( , ) shown in Figure (a), 𝜃𝜃 =

4) Locate point B representing the stress condition on the 𝑦𝑦 face, i.e. ( , ), 𝜃𝜃 =

5) Draw a line AB. This goes through C (why?), i.e. opposite ends of the diameter of
the circle

6) Using Point C as the center, draw Mohr’s circle through points A and B. The
radius is the length of the line segments AC and BC, which is 𝑅𝑅 =
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
�� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2

 Stresses on an Inclined Element

1. Consider the new axes 𝑥𝑥1 and 𝑦𝑦1 after rotation 𝜃𝜃

2. From the point A representing the original state (𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 ), rotate by 2𝜃𝜃
c__________wise to locate the point D representing the inclined element

3. The coordinates of D are the normal and shear stresses of the inclined element
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

4. Proof: available in the textbook

 Principal Stresses

1. The points 𝑃𝑃1 and 𝑃𝑃2 on Mohr’s

circle represent m________ and
m_________ normal stresses,
respectively  principal stresses

2. Principal stresses:

𝜎𝜎1 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃1 = +

2

𝜎𝜎2 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 − 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃2 = −

2

3. The angle of rotation to achieve the principal planes = the angle between A and 𝑃𝑃1
(or 𝑃𝑃2 ) divided by _____

4. The angle 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 can be obtained from

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 = sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 =
2𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

5. From Mohr’s circle, it is clear that

𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝2 = 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 + °

 Maximum Shear Stresses

1. The points 𝑆𝑆1 and 𝑆𝑆2 on Mohr’s

circle represent maximum positive
and negative shear stresses,
respectively.

2. The angle between these points and

𝑃𝑃1 and 𝑃𝑃2 (on Mohr’s circle) =

3. This confirms once again that the

angle between principal stress and
maximum shear stresses is

4. The normal stresses under

maximum shear stresses =
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Example 7-4: At a point on the surface of a hydraulic ram

on a piece of construction equipment, the material is
subjected to biaxial stresses 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 90 MPa and 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 =
20 MPa. Using Mohr’s circle, determine the stresses
acting on an element inclined at an angle 𝜃𝜃 = 30°.
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Example 7-5: An element in plane stress on the surface

of an oil-drilling pump arm is subjected to stresses 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 =
100 MPa, 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 34 MPa, and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 28 MPa. Using
Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an
element inclined at an angle 𝜃𝜃 = 40°, (b) the principal
stresses, and (c) the maximum shear stresses.
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Example 7-6: At a point on the surface of a metal-

working lathe the stresses are 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −50 MPa, 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 =
10 MPa, and 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −40 MPa. Using Mohr’s circle,
determine (a) the stresses acting on an element inclined
at an angle 𝜃𝜃 = 45°, (b) the principal stresses, and (c)
the maximum shear stresses.
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

7.5 Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress

 Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress

1. Conditions (in addition to being in “Plane Stress”)

1) Material properties uniform throughout the body

and in all directions (h__________ and
i_________)

2) The material is l______ e______, i.e. follows

Hooke’s law

2. “Resultant” strains

1 1 𝜈𝜈
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 = �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜈𝜈𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 = �𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜈𝜈𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 � 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧 = − �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 �
𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
3. Shear strain: 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =
𝐺𝐺

4. Solving the equations of resultant strains simultaneously for 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 and 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 , we can
obtain “Hooke’s law for plane stress” as

𝐸𝐸
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = �𝜀𝜀 + 𝜈𝜈𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 �
1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑥𝑥

𝐸𝐸
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = �𝜀𝜀 + 𝜈𝜈𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 �
1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑦𝑦

𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝐺𝐺𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

5. Hooke’s law for plane stress contain three material constants: 𝐸𝐸, 𝐺𝐺, and 𝜈𝜈, but only
two are independent because of the relationship

𝐸𝐸
𝐺𝐺 =
2(1 + 𝜈𝜈)

 Volume Change (for Plane Stress)

1. Original volume: 𝑉𝑉0 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

2. Final volume: 𝑉𝑉1 = (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 )�𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 �(𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧 )

3. Volume change: 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 = 𝑉𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑉0 ≅ 𝑉𝑉0 (𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧 )

4. Unit volume change (“dilatation”):

𝑒𝑒 = 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥/𝑉𝑉0 =
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Strain-Energy Density (for Plane Stress)

1. Work done by the force on 𝑥𝑥-face and 𝑦𝑦-face:

1 1
(𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 ) + �𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎��𝑏𝑏𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 �
2 2
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
= �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 �
2

2. Strain energy density by the normal stresses:

1
𝑢𝑢1 = �𝜎𝜎 𝜀𝜀 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 �
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

3. Strain energy density associated with the shear stresses:

𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑢𝑢2 =
2

4. Strain energy density in plane stress:

1
𝑢𝑢 = �𝜎𝜎 𝜀𝜀 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 �
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

5. Using Hooke’s law, the strain energy density can be alternatively described as

2
1 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑢𝑢 = �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥2 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦2 − 2𝜈𝜈𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � +
2𝐸𝐸 2𝐺𝐺
2
𝐸𝐸 2 2
𝐺𝐺𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑢𝑢 = �𝜀𝜀 + 𝜀𝜀 + 2𝜈𝜈𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀 � +
2(1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 ) 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
2

 Example 7-7: Consider a rectangular plate

with thickness 𝑡𝑡 = 7mm under plane stress
(biaxial) condition. The readings of the gages
A and B give 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 = −0.00075 and 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 =
0.00125. 𝐸𝐸 = 73 GPa and ν = 0.33. Find the
stresses 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 and 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 and the change Δ𝑡𝑡 in
the thickness. Find the volume change (or
dilatation) 𝑒𝑒 and the strain energy density 𝑢𝑢 for the plate.
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

7.7 Plane Strain

 Plane Strain Versus Plane Stress

1. Recall “plane stress” condition:

𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 0 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0

2. “Plane strain” condition:

𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 0 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝛾𝛾𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0

Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

3. Under ordinary conditions, plane stress and strain (do/do not) occur simultaneously.

4. The following exceptional cases of plane stress = plain strain (why?)

1) Plane stress with 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

2) Zero Poisson effect, i.e. ν = 0

 Transformation Equations for Plane Strain

1. Transformation equations (Proof in Textbook)

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥1 = + cos 2𝜃𝜃 + sin 2𝜃𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
=− sin 2𝜃𝜃 + cos 2𝜃𝜃
2 2 2

2. Sum of strains is conserved, i.e. 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 = const

3. Principal strains

𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
tan 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 =
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 2 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2

𝜀𝜀1,2 = ± �� � +� �
2 2 2

4. Maximum shear strains and corresponding normal strains

𝛾𝛾max 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 2 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2

= �� � +� �
2 2 2

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀aver =
2

5. Mohr’s circle for strains ()

6. Applications of transformation
equations: one can use
transformation equations for
plane strain for plane stress
conditions (and vice versa)
because 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧 does not affect the
strains
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Strain Measurements

1. Electrical-resistance strain gage measures n_________ strain in t______ directions

with 45° angle differences (why?)

2. How it works: electrical resistance of wire is altered when it stretches or shortens

 Example 7-8: Consider a plane strain

condition with 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 340 × 10−6 , 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 110 ×
10−6 , 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 180 × 10−6 . Determine (a)
strains at 𝜃𝜃 = 30°, (b) principal strains, and
(c) maximum shear strains.
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University Junho Song
457.201 Mechanics of Materials and Lab. junhosong@[Link]

 Example 7-9: Explain how to obtain strains 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥1 , 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦1

and 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 associated with an angle 𝜃𝜃 from the
gage readings 𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎 , 𝜀𝜀𝑏𝑏 and 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐 .