Question 1

TELE4353 If a particular modulation provides suitable BER

performance whenever στ / Ts <= 0.1, determine
Mobile and Satellite Communication the smallest symbol period Ts (and thus the
Systems greatest symbol rate) that may be sent through
RF channels shown in the figures without using
Tutorial 3 (week 7-8) an equalizer. Also find
1. maximum excess delay (10 dB),
S2 2004 2. 90% correlation coherence bandwidth,
3. 50% correlation coherence bandwidth.

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Channel response (1) Channel response (2)

P( k ) P( k )

0 dBm 0 dBm
Indoor Outdoor
-10 dBm -10 dBm
-20 dBm -20 dBm
-30 dBm -30 dBm

0 Excess delay 0 5 10 Excess delay

50 75 100 (ns) µs)
(µ

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Average Delay Spread RMS Delay Spread

    
P( k ) Multi-path P( k ) Multi-path
Profile (Discrete) Profile (Discrete)
P( 1 ) P( 1 )
2
ak P( )
= 2
− 2
k k k

P( ) P( ) = k
2
= k
P( ) P( )
0 k
ak P( k ) 0 k

P( 2 ) k P( 2 )
k
t t

0 =0 1 2 k 0 =0 1 2 k 2 2 2
ak k P( k ) k
2
= k
2
= k

ak P( k )
k k

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 Maximum excess delay (X dB) Channel coherence bandwidth
• Channel spaced frequency correlation function
P( k ) Multi-path answers the question:
Profile
P( 
1 )
(Discrete) “What is the correlation between the received signals
P( 
0 ) P(  k ) that are spaced in frequency ∆f=f1-f2?
P( )

2

t
• It can be measured by sending two sinusoids separated

0 =0 

1


2 in frequency by ∆f, and cross-correlating the two

separately received signals and repeating the process
Time delay (with reference to the first arriving path) for all ∆f.
during which multipath energy falls X dB below • Channel coherence bandwidth is a measure of the
the maximum. The strongest path might not be the range of frequencies over which the channel might be
first arriving path. considered flat. Passing all spectral components with
equal gain and linear phase.
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Solution to Q1, Indoor channel Solution to Q1, Indoor channel

P( k )
1* 0 + 1*50 + 0.1* 75 + 0.01*100
 
k 2
= = = 27.725 ns στ = 2
− τ = 1498.8 − 27.7252 = 27 ns


P( k )  1 + 1 + 0.1 + 0.01
k
στ 1
2 ≤ 0.1 Ts ≥ 10σ τ = 270 ns Rs = ≤ 3.7 Msps
P( k ) Ts Ts
1* 0 + 1* 50 2 + 0.1* 752 + 0.01*100 2
 
k
2
= k
= = 1498.8 (ns) 2 1 1
1 + 1 + 0.1 + 0.01


P( k ) 
Bc 0.9 = = = 740 kHz
k 50σ τ 50* 27 ns
P (
)
k
1 1
Bc 0.5 = = = 7.4 MHz
0 dBm 5σ τ 5* 27 ns
-10 dBm Indoor
-20 dBm From the first figure, after 75 ns the power falls below 10 dB
-30 dBm of the maximum τx = 75 ns
0 50 75 100 Excess τ0 = 0 τx - τ0 = 75 ns
delay (ns)

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Solution to Q1, Outdoor channel Solution to Q1, Outdoor channel

P( k ) 2
k
0.01* 0 + 1*5 + 0.1*10 στ = 2
− τ = 31.53 − 5.412 = 1.50 µ s

= k

P( k )
=
0.01 + 1 + 0.1
= 5.41 µ s
στ

1
k
≤ 0.1 Ts ≥ 10σ τ = 15.04 µ s Rs = ≤ 66.47 ksps
P( k ) 2 Ts Ts
k
0.01* 0 + 1* 5 + 0.1*10 2 2
 

2
= = = 31.53 (µ s) 2 1 1
Bc 0.9 = = = 13.3 kHz
k

0.01 + 1 + 0.1


P( k ) 
50σ τ 50*1.5µ s
k

1 1
Bc 0.5 = = = 133.3 KHz
P ( 
k )

5σ τ 5*1.5µ s
0 dBm
-10 dBm Outdoor
-20 dBm From the second figure, after 10 µs the power falls below 10
-30 dBm dB of the maximum τx = 10 µs
0 5 10 Excess τ0 = 0 τx - τ0 = 10 µs
µs)
delay (µ

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 Question 2
π/4 Transmission Techniques
• Assume that θ0=0o. The bit stream 0 0 1 0
• Ik and Qk represent rectangular pulses over one
1 1 is to be sent using π/4 DQPSK. The
symbol duration having amplitudes given by
leftmost bits are first applied to the
transmitter. Determine the phase of θk, and
I k = cosθ k = I k −1 cos φ k − Qk −1 sin φ k
the values of Ik, Qk during transmission.
Qk = sin θ k = I k −1 sin φ k − Qk −1 cos φ k
θ k = θ k −1 + φ k

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Constellation diagram of a π/4 Carrier Phase Shifts Corresponding

QPSK to Various Input Bit Pairs
• a) possible states for θk when θk-1=nπ/4
Information bits mIk, mQk Phase shift φk
• b) possible states for θk when θk-1=nπ/2
• c) all possible states 11 π/4

01 3π/4

00 -3π/4

a) b) c) 10 -π/4
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Generic π/4 QPSK Transmitter π/4 Transmission Techniques, cont.

cos ωct sπ / 4QPSK (t ) = I (t ) cos ω c t − Q(t ) sin ω c t
I(t)
where
LPF
N −1 N −1

Serial to I (t ) = I k p(t − kTs − Ts / 2) = cosθ k p(t − kTs − Ts / 2)

Signal Amplifier k =0 k =0
Parallel
Mapping
Converter N −1 N −1

Q (t ) = Qk p (t − kTs − Ts / 2) = sin θ k p(t − kTs − Ts / 2)

LPF k =0 k =0
Q(t)

-sin ωct
• p(t) corresponds to the pulse shape and Ts is the
symbol period
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 Solution to Q2, modulation Solution to Q2, modulation
• The first two bits are 0 0 , which implies • The second two bits are 1 0 , which implies
• φ1=-3π/4 (from table) • φ2=-π/4 (from table)
• θ1= θ0+φ1=-3π/4 • θ2= θ1+φ2=-π
• This implies • This implies
• I1=cos θ1= -0.707 and • I2=cos θ2= -1 and
• Q1=sin θ1= -0.707 • Q2=sin θ2= 0

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Block Diagram of a Baseband

Solution to Q2, modulation
Differential Detector
• The third two bits are 1 1 , which implies θ k-γγ)
wk=cos(θ

• φ3=π/4 (from table) LPF

Compute
xk
Decision
Device

• θ3= θ2+φ3=-3π/4 Sample at max. output SI

2cos ωct for every Ts
• This implies BPF Multiplex

• I3=cos θ3= -0.707 and -2sin ωct Sample at max. output

SQ
for every Ts
• Q3=sin θ3= -0.707 LPF
Compute Decision
yk Device

θk-γγ)
zk=sin(θ

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Solution to Q2, demodulation

Solution to Q2, demodulation
• The output of the differential decoder is
• The phase difference between three
xk = wk wk −1 + z k z k −1 =
different received phases gives
= cos(θ k − γ ) cos(θ k −1 − γ ) + sin(θ k − γ ) sin(θ k −1 − γ ) =
• θ1- θ0 =-3π/4-0=-3π/4
= cos(θ k − θ k −1 )
• θ2- θ1 =-π-(-3π/4) =-π/4
y k = z k wk −1 − wk z k −1 =
• θ3- θ2 =-3π/4-(-π) =π/4
= sin(θ k − γ ) cos(θ k −1 − γ ) − cos(θ k − γ ) sin(θ k −1 − γ ) =
= sin(θ k − θ k −1 )
• (x1,y1)=(-0.707,-0.707)
• (x2,y2)=(0.707,-0.707)
• γ is a phase shift due to noise, propagation,
• (x3,y3)=(0.707,0.707)
and interference
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 Solution to Q2, demodulation Question 3
• SI=1, if xk>0 or SI=0, if xk<0 • Find the 3-dB bandwidth for a Gaussian
low pass filter used to produce 0.25
• SQ=1, if yk>0 or SQ=0, if yk<0
GMSK with a channel data rate of Rb=270
kbps. What is the 90% power bandwidth in
• we get the received sequence the RF channel?

• 00 10 11

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Occupied RF Bandwidth Containing a Gaussian MSK

Given Percentage of Power • GMSK is the modulation scheme used in current
GSM systems
BT 90% 99% 99.9% 99.99%
• It is a simple binary modulation scheme which
0.2 may be viewed as a derivative of MSK
0.52 0.79 0.99 1.22
GMSK
• The modulating waveform is passed through a pre-
0.25 modulation Gaussian pulse shaping filter
0.57 0.86 1.09 1.37
GMSK
0.5 π π2 ln 2 0.5887
0.69 1.04 1.33 20.8 hG (t ) = exp − 2 t 2 where α= =
GMSK α α 2B B

MSK 0.78 1.20 2.76 6.00

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Solution to Q3 Solution to Q3, cont.

• From given Rb, we get • Thus 3 dB bandwidth is 67.567 kHz. To
1 1 determine the 90% power bandwidth, from
T= = = 3.7 µs
Rb 270 × 10 3 the Table we get
• 0.57 Rb,
• Solving for B, where BT=0.25
• i.e.
0.25 0.25
B= = = 67.567kHz
T 3.7 × 10 −6
• RF BW=0.57Rb=0.57×270000=153.9 kHz

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 Question 4 Traffic occupancy, R
Determine the maximum throughput that can Assume that the system uses fixed packet sizes and
be achieved using ALOHA and slotted fixed channel data rates
ALOHA protocols. Packets are generated by users randomly and packet
transmissions occur with a Poisson distribution
having a mean arrival rate of λ packets / sec.
If τ is the packet duration, in seconds, the traffic
occupancy R= λ τ.
R - normalized channel traffic in units of Erlang.
0 < R < 1.

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Poisson packet generation Throughput, T

The probability that n packets are generated by the
user population during a given time interval ∆t is The average no of messages successfully transmitted
Poisson distributed per unit time. It can be thought of as the fraction
of time (fraction of an Erlang) the channel is
( λ∆t )
−n
e − λ∆t utilized.
Pr ( n packet during time ∆t ) =
n!
T = R * Prob[no collisions] = λτ * Prob[no
For example the probability that 0 packets are collisions]
generated during interval τ is: Pr(0) = e –λτ = e –R

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Vulnerable period Pure ALOHA

The time interval during which the packet are Vulnerable period is double the packet period.
susceptible to collisions The probability that 0 packets are generated during
vulnerable period is:
τ τ
( 2R )
−n
e −2 R
Packet B Pr ( 0 ) = = e −2 R
τ Packet C n!
n=0

Packet B Packet A Packet C will

Will collide with not collide with T = R * Prob[no collisions] = R*e-2R
Packet A packet A
2τ

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 Maximum throughput in pure Slotted ALOHA
ALOHA Vulnerable period is one packet period.
The probability that 0 packets are generated during
T = R*e-2R vulnerable period is:
∂T
= e-2R -2R*e-2R = e-2R (1-2R ) ( R)
−n
e− R
∂R Pr ( 0 ) = = e− R
n!
∂T n=0
=0 R = 1/ 2
∂R
T = 1/ 2* e −1 = 0.1839
R =1/ 2
T = R * Prob[no collisions] = R*e-R

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Maximum throughput in slotted

ALOHA
T = R*e-R
∂T
= e-R -R*e-R = e-R (1-R )
∂R
∂T
=0 R =1
∂R
T R =1
= 1e −1 = 0.3679

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