Computational Modeling and Analysis of Highly Nonlinear Photonic

Crystal Fiber
Bikash Kumar Paul1, 2,3,*, Kawsar Ahmed2, 3, Shariful1, 3, Kaushik Sarker1, Touhid Bhuiyan1, Muhammad
Shahin Uddin3
1
Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Sukrabad, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1207,
Bangladesh.
2
Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
3
Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology
University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh.
Abstract:In this latter, a numerical investigation of the Carbon disulfide (CS 2) embedded photonic crystal
fiber (PCF) has been reported. Numerical results incurred by using finite element method (FEM). A
circular perfectly matched layer is used to simulate the [Link] indicates high Kerr nonlinearity of
XXXX w-1km-1at the operating wavelength λ = 1.00 μm. In addition, effective mode area, confinement
factor, numerical aperture, power fraction, dispersion and V-parameter have been also studied. Geometric
parameters have been also tuned to observe optical characteristics over the specified domain of operating
wavelength. The model shows ultrahigh negative dispersion profile of xxxx ps/ ([Link]) at λ = 1.00 μm.
Therefore excellent optical performances of the suggested model enables it to be used in parametric
amplification, polarization maintaining nonlinear signal processing, optical nonlinear sensor, super-
continuum spectrum generation, optical coherence tomography and so on.
Keywords:Nonlinearity; Dispersion; Numerical aperture; Confinement factor; Photonic crystal fiber
Introduction: Fiber optic technology becoming more mature and popular in recent decades due to
intense focus of engineers, scientist, researchers. Optical science and engineering is one of basic research
area. As consequence of many innovations have been already done. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is one of
them and it was first introduced by Russel et al. in 1992. PCF is a type of micro structured optical fiber
where two air cavities are arranged in two dimensions (2D). These air cavities play the role of dielectric
constant. PCF are getting more popularity due to some novel characteristics such as endlessly single
mode, high birefringence, low confinement loss, high nonlinearity, and ultrahigh negative dispersion and
so on. Among these novel characteristics high nonlinearity is urgently required for super continuum
generation, parametric amplification, four wave mixing and other applications.
Among the features of PCFs, nonlinearity is one of the most interesting characteristics. Large nonlinear
coefficient in PCFs can be realized by using a small core and a large air holes cladding. Nowadays, highly
nonlinear PCFs are interesting candidates for many practical applications including all-optical signal
processing, wavelength conversion and supercontinuum generation [8,9]. However, for such PCFs,
controllability of chromatic dispersion is crucial for optical communication as it limits the information
carrying capacity of the optical fiber.
Nonlinearity is one of the most interesting characteristics for

So, PCF have tremendous possibilities for crucial technologies in optical communication system. To get
this possibilities implemented, it is very extremely significant to understand how photonic crystal
structures can meet the rigorous requirements of optical communication [Link] example, a
fundamental challenge for high nonlinear application is to achieve significantly low effective mode area
that is sufficient to cover the signal of interest.

So far, various nonlinear PCFs with remarkable dispersion profile and numerical aperture, few research
studies have been done already reported. From these studies there found some gap to improve this sector.

In this work, a simple hexagonal cladding with elliptical core based PCF has been designed and it has
been also numerically investigated inside the optical window from 1.00 µm to 2.00 µm. The guiding
mechanism of this fiber is index guiding where total internal reflection is occurs. This PCF is
characterized by using the full-vector finite element method. Some outstanding optical performances have
been distinctly noticed from the introduced microstructure PCF. The formation of the paper is as follows:
section 2, following the design consideration for the proposed PCF structure, section 3 composes with
fundamental numerical methods, section 4 deals with results and discussions of the numerical
investigation, and section 4 concludes the paper.
Design consideration for the proposed PCF structure:
 Fig. 1. The cross-section view of the proposed Fig. 2. Relationship between the flow of power
hexagonal PCF. and ellipticity when λ = 1.55 µm for both
fundamental X and Y-polarizations, where the
arrow surface indicate the direction of electric
field.

Figure 1. shows the cross section of the highly nonlinear CS 2integrated photonic crystal fiber. The PCF
consists of three layer of air holes. The air holes are perfectly circular and arranged in hexagonal pattern.
The cladding air hole rings follows the rhythm of 6×l n; where, n = 1,2,3. So, in accordance with this
rhythm the 1st layer cladding of the PCF consists of total six air holes and 2 nd layer consists of total twelve
air holes and the 3rd layer consists of total eighteen air holes. The radius of the first to final layer are
unique with r = d/2 = 0.50 μm. The distance from the center of the hole to another hole is known as pitch
and it is denoted as Ʌ. Here, the pitch within the same layer or ring is denoted by Ʌ 1 and pitch within one
layer or ring to other layer or ring is denoted by Ʌ 2 respectively. The numerical values for both pitch
variables are same. Besides, the core regionsymmetry has been destroy by adding an elliptical shape. The
semi major and minor axis of the shape is respectively denoted by a and b. Besides the electricity of this
ellipse is e = [Link] an absorption boundary has been added to reduce the nonphysical radiation. As
an absorption boundary, perfectly matched layer (PML) has been added to compresses the fiber cladding
region. This layer is presented in figure 1 with cyan color. The thickness has been set by considering total
radius of the fiber cladding. Air filling fraction (AFF) or filling fraction (FF) is estimates by the ratio of
diameter and pitch. The AFF of the introduced model is [Link]. It is one of the significant parameter for
fiber fabrication. It noted that high value of AFF, is greater than 0.93 leads more complication during
fiber assembly []. The based material of the introduced PCF is pure silica. The refractive indices of
cladding and core region aredetermined by Sellmeier equation [].As the suggested model AFF vale is
very compared with this cutoff value. So the fiber can be easily fabricated. Using stack and draw
technique the capillary air holes are made first then the core region is will filled with CS 2.
Numerical Analysis:
Different numerical techniques has been used to study numerous properties of micro structured PCFs.
These techniques are multipole method (MPM), the plan wave expansion (PWEM), finite domain time
differences (FDTD), the Fourier transform method (FTM), full vector finite element method (FV-FEM)
are well recognized. Among these methods FV-FEM is highly suited to analyze periodic microstructure
with anisotropic perfectly matched layer. Moreover this technique offers less computer memory; less
computation time and predicts all propagation characteristics of PCF and with great accuracy. Using this
method, the PCF cross-section, with finite number of air holes is divided into homogeneous subspaces
where Maxwell’s equations are solved by accounting for the adjacent subspaces [17].Once the modal
effective index neff is obtained from propagation constant β, by solving an Eigen value problem drawn
from the Maxwell’s equations using the FV-FEM. The base material of the micro structured PCF is silica
which refractive index is varied by empirical equation introduced by Wilhelm Sellmeier in 1871. The
refractive index of the background material can be determined by Sellmeier equation as follows [].

2 B 1 λ2 B 2 λ2 B 3 λ2
n silica ( λ )=1+ 2 + + (1)
λ −C 1 λ2−C2 λ 2−C3
Here, B1,2,3 and C1,2,3 are experimentally determined the Sellmeier coefficient for silica at the standard
temperature T = 25oC. Besides, the core material of the introduced PCF is CS2, and its refractive index is
also followed by the Sellmeier equation []

2 1.50387 λ2
nCS ( λ )=1+ 2 (2)
2
λ −0.03049
Starting with Maxwell’s curl equations, the vector equation for the electric field vector E can be derived
as:

( ∇¿¿ i 2+ k 20 n2i −β 2) E=0 ¿ (3)

here, the subscript i is section number, k 0 = 2π/λ, is the wave number in free space and λ is the operating
wavelength; By applying the finite element procedure equation (4), the following eigen-value equations is
obtained as follows

[ A ] { H }=n2eff [ B ] { H } (4)

Where, the global finite element matrices are respectively presented by [A] and [B]. The full vector
magnetic field distribution on the cross section of PCF is represented by {H}. The n eff is the effective
index of the mode for controlling wavelength.
The effective mode area is defined by the following expression
Aeff =¿ ¿ ¿ (5)

2π n2
γ= ( )( )
λ A eff
(6)
 −1
πA
(
NA ≈ 1+ 2eff
λ ) 2
(7)

2
−λ d n eff (λ)
D ( λ )= (8)
c d λ2

Results and Discussions:

Conclusions:
In this work, a simple hexagonal shape PCFs has been numerically investigated for high nonlinearity. The
FEM embedded analyzer COMSOL Multiphysics version 4.2 has been taken to determine indispensable
optical characteristics. During comprehensive electromagnetic investigation PML boundary has been
cautiously ensured. By properly choosing parameters of the lattice and hole, and with careful
modification of inner cladding, core region the PCF model has been optimized. The kerr nonlinear
coefficient accomplishes 103 km−1w−1 magnitudes after optimization of the geometric parameter for both
X and Y polarizations. Besides, it also offers good dispersion profile as well as numerical aperture of XX.
Such fiber with these tremendous optical performances has a good application prospect in the nonlinear
optics and relevant areas.

Acknowledgment: This manuscript has not been published yet and not even under consideration for
publication elsewhere. The authors are grateful who have participated in this research work.
Conflict of Interest: All the authors have read the manuscript and approved this for submission as well
as no competing interests.
Funding: There is no funding for this work.
References: