EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE
AGGREGATE WITH WASTE TIRE RUBBER
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is one of the most widely and continuously using as a construction
materials in the world wide in which cement and aggregates are the most vital
constituents. Further, these aggregates have been customarily treated as inert filler in
concrete but in fact, aggregates not truly inert but its physical, thermal, and sometimes
chemical properties influence the concrete. Due to tremendous demand of concrete as a
construction material from society, it is need to preserve the natural coarse aggregates by
using alternative materials which can obtain from recycled or waste materials.
Therefore, the best management strategy for scrap tires is the recycling which leads to
utilization of scrap tires with minimizing environmental impact and maximize the
conservation of natural resources.
Over the two decades, researchers have underscored to use waste tire rubbers in
concrete and were remarked that recycling of waste rubber tire is most viable in concrete
as a partial replacement to mineral coarse aggregates. The twofold advantage that is, it
can prevent the depletion of scarce natural resources and the other will be the prevention
of different used materials from their severe threats to the environment. Partial replacing
the coarse aggregates of concrete with recycled waste tire aggregates can improve the
qualities such as low unit weight, high resistance to abrasion, durability, absorbing the
shocks and vibrations, high ductility etc. It was estimated that in India alone, more than
13 millions car and truck tires are being discarded annually which becomes one of the
major environmental challenge the world facing because waste rubber is not easily
biodegradable even after a long period of landfill treatment.
Therefore, rubberized concrete has widely used for the development related
projects such as roadways or road intersections, recreational courts and pathways and
skid resistant ramps. With this new property, it is projected that these concretes can be
used in architectural applications; panels that require low unit weight, rail-roads to fix
rails to the ground, roofing tiles etc. Significant problem of rubber tire waste disposal
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and other side shortage of natural coarse aggregates in construction field then to
overcome these issue, it is essence to use recycled waste tires as an aggregate which can
provide the solution for two major problems, that is, environmental problem created by
waste tires and depletion of natural resources by aggregate production consequently the
shortage of natural aggregates in some countries. Shredded rubber reduces weight of the
concrete. With the increase in construction activities, there is heavy demand on concrete
and consequently on its ingredient like aggregate also. So waste tire rubber can be used
as an alternative to this demand.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of a concrete produced by
replacing part of coarse aggregate by locally available waste tire rubber .
To determine effect of different proportion of tire rubber in the mix. i.e
(0%,0.5%,1%,1.5%)
To determine the strength of cubes at 7 and 28 days and comparing with
conventional concrete.
To determine the percentage variation in strength in cubes 7days and 28 days.
To reduce the pressure on naturally available materials by replacing it with
waste tire rubber as aggregate.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 “ Partial Replacement of Coarse aggregate in Concrete by Waste Rubber Tire”
- [Link] - Volume 3 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017
Throughout the world, the disposal of used tires is a major environmental
problem causing environmental hazards such as breeding ground for mosquitoes,
producing uncontrolled fire and they are contaminating the soil and vegetation.
Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify alternative outlets for these tires, with the
emphasis on recycling the waste tire. Concrete is an excellent structural material and
considered as essential for the modern civilization and human society. Now, the use of
waste tires in concrete has become technically feasible and the concrete is being
considered as light weight concrete. This study reviews the feasibility of using waste
tires in the form of chips with different sizes in concrete to improve the strength as well
as protecting the environment. In this study, we outline the use of rubberized concrete in
structural and non-structural members and show how it is suitable for the concrete, its
uses, barriers and benefits to future study.
2.2 “Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Waste Tyre Rubber and Fine
Aggregate by Waste Glass” - Deepak Parakh1, Amit Harde2, Atul Naykodi3, Rohan
Kadam4 & Pravin Shelke5 - Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362
Disposal of waste glass and worn out tires has become measure issue in India in
the past few years as it has very few uses, and if new tires are to be produced from waste
rubber then it has to be melted and remoulded. This process intern increases pollution
and releases toxic gases in the air, which are harmful to the environment as well as
living creatures. The main constituent of glass is silica; hence it can be helpful in AAR
which take place in all types of concrete. Natural coarse aggregate are extracted from
quarries and a result this quarries will soon be depleted in few decade if the rate of their
uses continuous at this pace .As a result there was a need of permanent solution to this
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perpetual problem. Keeping this view the feasibility of use of waste tires as replacement
of coarse aggregate and waste glass replacement of fine aggregate in road construction
has been experimentally assessed in this project. Basic mechanical and physical test
have been carried out on aggregates. Where as in case of fine aggregates, blocks were
casted and tested compressive strength. The experimental results by replacement of
coarse aggregate up to 15% by waste tire have shown remarkable improvement in the
physical properties of coarse aggregate. The experimental results also stated that fine
aggregate can be replaced up to 10% by waste glass.
2.3 “Effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregates in concrete by untreated
and treated tyre rubber aggregates” - Shahid Rasool Tarry - Volume 3; Issue 1;
January 2018; Page No. 65-69, ISSN: 2455-4227
In this research work, emphasis is given on the pre-treating of the rubber
particles and then using them as the partial replacement of the conventional rock
aggregates. To get the best results, the rubber aggregates used are surface treated by
sodium hydroxide and cement paste before using them in the concrete.M20 grade
concrete is used. Findings: Using untreated rubber aggregates, the compressive strength
of the resultant concrete reduced rapidly, but when treated rubber aggregates were
introduced, it resulted in the regaining of more than 90% of the 28 day compressive
strength of normal concrete which can be considered quite satisfactory considering the
easy and cheap availability of the used tyres and the negative impacts it can have on the
environment if left unused. This much compressive strength is enough for treated-
rubberized concrete for its use in different areas where compressive strength is not much
important like in floors and concrete road pavements. Flexural and split tensile strength
is found to be higher than that of the normal concrete but only when treatment is given
to the rubber aggregates before using them. Workability is decreased. Flexibility gets
increased and due to the lower unit weight of the rubber particles, it is also lighter than
the normal concrete. These enhanced properties can be helpful in using this concrete in
flexible slabs and as light weight concretes.
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2.4“Partial Replacement of Coarse aggregate by waste tires in cement concrete”-
Rahul Mahla1, Er. R.P. Mahla2- IJTR Vol. 4, Issue 2, Jul-Aug 2015
Solid waste management has gained a lot of attention to the research community
now-a- days. Out of the various solid waste, accumulated waste tyres, has become a
problem of interest because of its non- biodegradable nature. Most of the waste tyre
rubbers are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as thermal power plant, cement
kilns and brick kilns etc. Unfortunately, this kind of usage is not environment friendly
and requires high cost. Thus, the use of scrap tyre rubber in the preparation of concrete
has been thought as an alternative disposal of such waste to protect the environment. In
this study an attempt has been made to identify the various properties necessary for the
design of concrete mix with the coarse tyre rubber chips as aggregate in a systematic
manner. In the present experimental investigation, the M20 grade concrete has been
chosen as the reference concrete specimen. Scrap tyre rubber chips, has been used as
coarse aggregate with the replacement of conventional coarse aggregate.
2.5 Use of Rubber as Aggregate in Concrete: A Review - Ishtiaq alam, Umer ammar
mahmood, Nouman khattak - ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 04, No. 02, April 2015
Rubber is produced excessively worldwide every year. It cannot be discharge off
easily in the environment as its decomposition takes much time and also produces
environmental pollution. In such a case the reuse of rubber would be a better choice. In
order to reuse rubber wastes, it was added to concrete as coarse aggregate and its
different properties like compressive strength, Tensile strength, ductility etc. were
investigated and compared with ordinary concrete. As a result it was found that
rubberized concrete is durable, less ductile, has greater crack resistance but has a low
compressive strength when compared with ordinary concrete. The compressive strength
of rubberized concrete can be increased by adding some amount of silica to it.
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CHAPTER 03
METHODOLOGY
PROCUREMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
[Link] [Link] AGGREGATES [Link] AGGREGATE 4. TIRE RUBBER
TESTING OF RAW MATERIALS
CEMENT FINE AGGREGATE COARSE AGGREGATE
SPECIFICGRAVITY SIEVE ANALYSIS SIEVE ANALYSIS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TIRE RUBBER
STD CONSISTENCY SPECIFIC GRAVITY
INITIAL SETTING TIME WATERABSORPTION WATERABSORPTION
IMPACT TEST
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN BY USING IS 10262-2009
CRUSHING GRADING AND PREPARATION OF CONCRETE MIX(M25)
ADDITION(0.5%,1%,1.5%) OF TIRE RUBBER
PREPARATION OF CUBES
HARDENING PROPERTIES
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
RESULT
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3.1 MATERIALS
3.1.1 Cement:
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade conforming to Indian Standard IS 12269-
1987 is used in the experimental program. Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and
hardens and can bind other materials together.
TABLE 3.1 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
53 GRADE OPC
OXIDES OPC
SiO2 20.98%
Al2O3 5.42%
Fe2O3 3.92%
CaO 62.85%
MgO 1.76%
Na2 0.28%
K2O 0.53%
3.1.2 Tire rubber:
Management of waste-tyre rubber is very difficult for municipalities to handle
because the waste tyre rubber is not easily biodegradable even after long-period of
landfill treatment. However, recycling of waste tyre rubber is an alternative. Recycled
waste-tyre rubber have been used in different application. It has been used as a fuel for
cement kiln, as feedstock for making carbon black, and as artificial reefs in marine
environment. It has also been used as a playground matt, erosion control, highway crash
barriers, guard rail posts, noise barriers, and in asphalt pavement mixtures. In the last past
two decades, research had been performed to study the availability of using waste tyre
rubber in concrete mixes. Recycled waste tyre rubber is a promising material in the
construction industry due to its lightweight, elasticity, energy absorption, sound and heat
insulating properties. In this paper the compressive strength of concrete utilizing waster
tyre rubber has been investigated. Recycled waste tyre rubber has been used in this study
to replace the fine and course aggregate by weight using different percentages. But in this
project only course aggregate is replace.
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Fig .3.1 Tire rubber
3.1.3River sand:
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Fig. 3.2 River
Sand
Sand is naturally occurring granular material which is composed of mineral
particles and finely divided material. The composition of sand varies depending on the
local rock condition and sources, but the most constituent of sand in inland
continental setting and non-topical costal region is silica dioxide (Sio2) in the form
of quartz. The second commonly used sand is the calcium carbonate, for example
aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various
forms of life, like coral and shellfish. Sand are now used in all the construction
process.
[Link] Aggregate:
Fig 3.3 Coarse
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It gives body to the concrete, reduces shrinkage and effect economy, the
aggregate occupy 70%-80% of volume of concrete. The size of coarse aggregate is
less than 10mm . Building durable structures and pavements requires use of high
quality aggregates or mixture of sand gravel and crushed rock.
[Link]:
Portable clean water has been used for concrete construction and curing
confirming to IS :10262.
3.2. Tests on materials :
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3.2.1. Cement:
The cement was produced in single consignment and properly stored.
Ordinary Portland cementt of 53 grade was used.
The following are the field tests:
1. The cement should look greenish gray in color. There should not be any presence
of lumps.
2. The cement should give smooth feeling when rubbed between the fingers.
3. It should give a cool feeling when a hand is thrust into a cement bag.
4. If a handful of cement is thrown in water, the cement should float for a few
minute before it sinks.
[Link] SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT
The specific gravity of cement is defined as ratio of the mass of the cement taken to
the equal mass of water at standard pressure and temperature.
PROCEDURE:
The specific gravity test procedure contains only four steps. Followings are the four
steps to be followed to perform specific gravity test of cement:
1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry.
Weigh the empty flask. Which is W1.
2. Next, fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask around 30gm and
weigh with its stopper. And it is W2.
3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the
air bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene. And it is W3.
4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask
for counting W4.
5. Mass of cement W5.
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Fig. 3.4: Specific gravity test apparatus
TABLE 3.2OBSERVATIONS FOR SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
1 Mass of empty bottle W1 = 24 g
2 Mass of bottle + Water W2 =68g
Mass of bottle +
3 W3 =66g
kerosene
Mass of bottle +cement
4 W4 =80g
+ kerosene
5 Mass of cement W5 = 20g
=
Specific gravity of
6 =
cement
3.18
[Link] NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
The Consistency of cement test is performed to determine the amount of water
content that is to be added in cement to attain Standard consistency or normal
consistency of cement. (or) Amount of water added in cement to penetrate the Vicat
plunger up to a depth of 57mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould or 33-35mm from
top of the Vicat Mould.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 400g of cement and place it in a bowl or tray.
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2. Now Assume standard consistency of water is 28% and add the same quantity of
water in cement and mix it.
3. Mix the paste thoroughly within 3-5 minutes. The time taken to obtain cement
paste after adding water is called gauging time.
4. Now fill the paste in Vicat mould correctly any excessive paste remained on
Vicat mould is taken off by using a trowel.
5. Then, place the vicat mould on Glass plate and see that the plunger should touch
the surface of vicat mould gently.
6. Release the Plunger and allow it to sink into the test mould.
7. Note down the penetration of the plunger from the bottom of mould indicated on
the scale.
8. Repeat the same experiment by adding different percentages of water until the
reading is in between 5-7mm on the Vicat apparatus scale.
9. Plot the graph on X-axis as Water in % And on Y- axis as Depth of Penetration.
The normal consistency of cement is 29% required for 400g of cement.
[Link] INITIAL SETTING TIME
The time to which cement can be moulded in any desired shape without losing it
strength is called Initial setting time of cement Or The time at which cement starts
hardens and completely loses its plasticity is called Initial setting time of cement. Or
the time available for mixing the cement and placing it in position is an Initial
setting time of cement. If delayed further, cement loses its strength.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Take 400g of cement and place it in a bowl or tray.
2. Now add water of Start the stopwatch at the moment water is added to the
cement. Water of quantity [Link] (Where P is the Standard consistency of
cement) is considered.
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3. Now fill the mix in Vicat mould. If any excessive paste remained on Vicat
mould is taken off by using a trowel.
4. Then, place the vicat mould on non-porous plate (Glass plate) and see that the
plunger should touch the surface of vicat mould gently.
5. Release the Plunger and allow it to sink into the test mould.
6. Note down the penetration of the plunger from the bottom of mould indicated
on the scale.
7. Repeat the same experiment at different positions on the mould until the
plunger should stop penetrating 5 from the bottom of the mould.
For Ordinary Portland Cement, The initial Setting Time is 30 minutes.
3.2.2 TEST ON FINE AGGREGATES
Similar tests were carried out on both M-sand.
[Link] SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE
Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine
aggregates. In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then
pass aggregates through them and thus collect different sized particles left over
different sieves.
PROCEDURE:
• Clean the sieves of sieve shaker using cleaning brush if any particles are struck
in the openings.
• Record the weight of each sieve and receiving pan.
• Dry the specimen in oven for 3-4 minutes to get the dried specimen (ignore, if
the specimen is already dried).
• Weigh the specimen and record its weight.
• Arrange the sieves in order as the smaller openings sieve to the last and larger
openings sieve to the top.
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• Keep the weight recorded specimen on the top sieve and then keep the
complete sieve stack on the sieve shaker (Don’t forget to keep the lid and
receiving pan).
• Allow the shaker to work 10-5 minutes – use the clock.
• Remove the sieve stack from the shaker and record the weight of each sieve
and receiving pan separately.
TABLE.3.3 OBSERVATIONS FOR SAND SIEVE ANALYSIS
IS SIEVE WEIGHT
CUMULATIV % OF
DESIGNATIO RETAINED % WEIGHT
E WEIGHT PASSING
N ON SIEVE RETAINED
RETAINED (%)
(GRAMS)
10mm 0 0 0 100
4.75mm 120 11.83 11.83 88.17
2.36mm 110 10.84 22.67 77.33
1.18mm 159 15.68 22.67 77.33
600 µ 133 13.11 51.46 48.54
300 µ 216 21.30 72.76 27.24
150 µ 211 20.8 93.56 6.44
75 µ 51 5.02 98.58 1.42
pan 14 - - -
Calculation: Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative
percentages of aggregates retained on each of the standard sieves ranging from 4.75 mm
to 75 micron and dividing this sum by 100. Fineness Modulus = 389.21/100 = 3.892
[Link] SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES
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The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of
the material. Aggregates having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with
higher specific gravity values.
Water absorption gives an idea of strength. Aggregate having more water absorption are
more porous in nature are generally considered unsuitable.
PROCEDURE
Take about 500g of sample passing through 4.75mm downsize IS sieve and place it in
a tray, covered with distilled water at a temperature of 22 to 32 degree Celsius. Soon
after immersion, air entrapped in or bubbles on the surface of the aggregate shall be
removed by gentle agitation with a rod. The sample shall remain immersed for 24
hours.
The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample, by decantation
through a filter paper, any material retained being return & to the sample, M.
Weigh the empty weight of the pycnometer bottle, M1
The aggregate shall then be placed in the pycnometer and fill the sand up to
1/3rd height of the pycnometer bottle, M2.
Fill the bottle completely with water and sand along and weighed, M3.
Empty the bottle and fill it completely with water and weighed, M4
Dry the sample to constant weight at 100 to 110 degree Celsius for 24 hours
cool to room temperature & weight M5 is taken.
TABLE 3.4 OBSERVATION FOR SAND
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1 weight of empty bottle M1 647.3 grams
Weight of 1/3 rd saturated
2 M2 970.5 grams
surface dry sample,
Weight of pycnometer + M
3 1733.8 grams
distilled water + sample 3
Weight of pycnometer +
4 M4 1536.3
distilled water
Weight of oven dried
5 M5 490.5
aggregate sample in air
Weight of saturated surface dry
6 M 500 grams
sample
Specific gravity of fine
7 GF
aggregates = 2.671
Water absorption of fine ×100
8 WB
aggregates = 0.94%
3.2.3 TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATES
[Link] SIEVE ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATES
The sieve analysis of coarse aggregate it is necessary to grade nominal size of coarse
aggregate.
PROCEDURE
• Take 2 kg of the oven-dried sample. The sample should be perfectly dry because if there
is some moisture content present then the particles will stick together and will not pass
through the sieves.
• Sieve Analysis Temperature of the oven = 110±5 °C
• Place the set of standard and non-standard sieves one above another with the smallest
aperture opening at the bottom.
• The pan is placed at the bottom-most position. This experiment can be performed
manually Time elapsed for the sieving process is 3-5 minutes and should not be less
than 3 minutes.
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• Weigh the mass retained on each sieve and calculate the percentage passing through
each sieve.
• Then calculate Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate.
TABLE.3.5 OBSERVATIONS FPR SIEVE ANALYSIS
IS SIEVE WEIGHT
CUMULATIVE % OF
DESIGNATI RETAINED % WEIGHT
WEIGHT PASSING
ON ON SIEVE RETAINED
RETAINED (%)
(GRAMS)
12mm 0 0 0 100
10mm 283 10.43 10.43 89.57
4.75mm 2206 79.8 90.23 9.77
2.36mm 426 15.42 95.22 4.78
Pan 60 - - -
Calculation: Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative
percentages of aggregates retained on each of the standard sieves ranging from 10 mm to 2.36
mm and dividing this sum by 100. Fineness Modulus = 195.88/100 = 1.958
RESULTS
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Fineness modulus of given sample of coarse aggregate is 1.958
According to the given sample of coarse aggregate is of 10mm nominal
size.
TABLE 3.6 OBSERVATION OF CA
Weight of saturated W1
aggregate suspended` in 2000grams
water with basket
W2
Weight of basket
735grams
suspended in water
Weight of (W1-W2)g=W5 g
saturated aggregate 1265grams
in water
Weight of surface
dry aggregate W3g 2003grams
saturated in air
Weight of oven
W4g 1992grams
dried aggregate
(W3-W5)g
Weight of water equal to
738grams
the volume of the aggregate
Specific gravity
2.630
100
Water absorption 0.55%
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[Link] IMPACT TEST
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3.3 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE
3.3.1 WORKABILITY
Workability test in terms of Slump.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.
2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in
auniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers,
the tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer. Remove the excess
concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
5. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
6. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
7. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of
height point of the specimen being tested.
Fig.3.6: Slump Test
TABLE 3.11 WATER – CEMENT RATIO OBTAINED FOR 78mm
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SLUMP
SLUMP WATER/C
SI. TYPE OF
VALUE EMENT
NO. CONCRETE
(mm) RATIO
1.
3.5 TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE
All the above mentioned mixes were tested for compressive strength and split tensile
strength after 7 days and 28 days of water curing.
3.5.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Compressive strength of concrete cube test providesan idea about all the characteristics
of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done
properly or not. Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15
MPa to 30 MPa and higher in commercial and industrial structures. Compressive
strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement
strength, quality of concrete material, and quality control during production of concrete
etc. Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various
standard codes recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard
specimen for the test. American Society for Testing Materials ASTM C39/C39M
provides Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens.
APPARATUS & EQUIPMENT: Compression test machine, Cube mould of 15 cm
size, Curing Tank, Tamping rods,weighing balance.
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FIG
Fig.3.7: Compression Testing
PROCEDURE:
1. Remove the specimens from water before 30 minutes of testing.
2. Remove any loose sand or other material from the surface of the specimens and
let them dry.
3. Clean the bearing surface of the compression testing machine.
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4. Now place the cube in the testing machine in such a manner that the load is
applied on the sides of the cubes.
5. Align the axis of the specimen with the centre of thrust of spherically seated
platen.
6. Apply the load increasingly at a rate of 140 kg/cm² per minute until the cube
collapse.
7. Note down the maximum load applied to the specimen and any other unusual
activities at the time of failure.
FORMULA: Compressive strength = Load / Cross- sectional Area.
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CHAPTER4
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION
4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS OF CONCRETE CUBES
The compressive strength of concrete cubes after 7days and 28days of water curing
was conducted .on compression testing machine of 2000KN capacity.
FORMULA: Compressive Strength = Load/Cross sectional Area
Load = average load of 3 cubes
Cross sectional Area = 150x150mm
Graphs were plotted for the combination as shown.
Department of Civil Engineering ,SNP College, Ramanagara Page 25
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE
AGGREGATE WITH WASTE TIRE RUBBER
Department of Civil Engineering ,SNP College, Ramanagara Page 26