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Earthing Rod Resistance Calculation Methods

This document discusses methods for calculating earth rod resistance and sizing earthing conductors according to IEEE and IEC standards. It describes Schwarz's equations for calculating total earth resistance based on the resistance of buried conductors (R1), earth rods (R2), and their mutual resistance (Rm). Equations are provided for calculating the resistance of buried conductors and earth rods based on factors like soil resistivity, conductor length and diameter. The document also discusses sizing earthing conductors to not exceed temperature limits during short circuit faults.

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M Abu Sayed
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200 views5 pages

Earthing Rod Resistance Calculation Methods

This document discusses methods for calculating earth rod resistance and sizing earthing conductors according to IEEE and IEC standards. It describes Schwarz's equations for calculating total earth resistance based on the resistance of buried conductors (R1), earth rods (R2), and their mutual resistance (Rm). Equations are provided for calculating the resistance of buried conductors and earth rods based on factors like soil resistivity, conductor length and diameter. The document also discusses sizing earthing conductors to not exceed temperature limits during short circuit faults.

Uploaded by

M Abu Sayed
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Methods of Calculating Earth Rod Resistance
  • Earthing Resistance of Single Rod
  • Step and Touch Voltage
  • Earthing Conductor Size Calculation

1.

METHODS OF CALCULATING EARTH ROD RESISTANCE CALCULATION


1.1 General
The buried conductor size, total earthing loop resistance, touch voltage and step
voltage are studied based on the calculation by Schwarz equations, which are
defined by IEEE std 80-2000.
Schwarz developed the following set of equations to determine the total resistance
of an earthing system in a homogeneous soil consisting of horizontal (buried
conductors) and vertical (rods) electrodes. Schwarz’s equations extended accepted
equations for a straight horizontal wire to represent the earthing resistance, R1 , of a
grid consisting of crisscrossing conductors, and a sphere embedded in the earth to
represent earthing rods, R2 .
He also introduced an equation for the mutual earthing resistance Rm between the
buried conductor and rod bed.
Schwarz used the following equation to combine the resistance of the buried
conductors, rods, and mutual earthing resistance to calculate the total system
resistance, Rg .

where
R1 earthing resistance of buried conductors in Ω
R2 earthing resistance of all earthing rods in Ω
Rm mutual earthing resistance between the group of buried conductors, R1 , and
group of earthing rods, R2 in Ω
Earthing resistance of the buried conductor

where
ρ is the soil resistivity in Ω ·m
Lc is the total length of all connected grid conductors in m
a’ is sqrt(a. 2h) for conductors buried at depth h in m, or
a’ is a for conductor on earth surface in m
2a is the diameter of conductor in m
A is the area covered by conductors in m2
k1, k2 are the coefficients [see Figure 1(a) and (b)]

Earthing resistance of the rod bed

where
Lr is the length of each rod in m
2b is the diameter of rod in m
nR number of rods placed in area A

Mutual earthing resistance between the buried conductor and the rod bed

The combined earthing resistance of the grid and the rod bed will be lower than the
earthing resistance of either component alone, but still higher than that of a parallel
Combination. Schwarz compared the results of his equations to previously published
theoretical work and to model tests to verify the accuracy of his equations. Since they
ware published in 1954, Schwarz’s equations have been modified by Kercel to provide
equations for constants k1 and k2 and further expanded to include the use of
equations in two-layer soil (Naham and Salamon).

1.2 Earthing resistance of single rod.


The earth resistance of a single rod or pipe electrode is calculated using the Fagan
and Les formula.
where
L is the length of the electrode in m
2b is the diameter of the electrode in m
ρ is the resistivity of the soil in Ω ·m

2.1

2.2
D: Spacing between parallel conductors
d : Diameter of grid conductor
h : Depth of ground grid conductor

L : Total length of ground rods


r L : The length of each ground rods
C L : Total length of the conductor in the horizontal grid
p L : Peripheral length of grid
A Lx Ly
L x : The maximum length of the grid in the x direction
L y : The maximum length of the grid in the y direction
3. EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZE CALCULATION
General
For the electrical neutral earthing, earthing conductor shall be designed so as not to
exceed the allowable maximum temperature of the conductor. The calculation is
made based on the criteria of cable sizing for short circuit specified .namely the
conductor is sized so as not to exceed the allowable maximum temperature for the
clearance time of the earth fault current by the protection device.
The temperature rise of the earthing conductor during very short time fault condition
is calculated by the following formula in accordance with IEC 60949 standard:

STANDARDS
Code of practice for Earthing BS7430
For the earthing system calculation, IEEE std 80-2000 is referred to.

1. METHODS OF CALCULATING EARTH ROD RESISTANCE CALCULATION 1.1 General The buried conductor size, total earthing loop res
earthing resistance of either component alone, but still higher than that of a parallel Combination. Schwarz compared the
where L is the length of the electrode in m 2b is the diameter of the electrode in m ρ is the resistivity of the soil
D: Spacing between parallel conductors d : Diameter of grid conductor h : Depth of ground grid conductor L : To
3. EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZE CALCULATION General For the electrical neutral earthing, earthing conductor shall be designe

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