Hello Bird, Goodbye: 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Chapter One consists of six parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Statement of the

Problem and the Hypotheses, (3) Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, (4) Significance of the

Study, (5) Scope and Delimitation of the Study, and (6) Definition of Terms.

Part One, Background of the Study, presents the rationale for the choice of the problem.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses, enumerates the main and

specific problems to be answered by the research and the hypotheses to be tested.

Part Three, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, discusses the theories and procedural

flow involving the independent and dependent variables.

Part Four, Significance of the Study, cites the benefits that may be derived from the

results of the study.

Part Five, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, specifies the scope and coverage of the

study.

Part Six, Definition of Terms, gives the conceptual and operational meanings of the

important terms used in the study.

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Background of the Study

Birds play an essential role in the functioning of the world’s ecosystem but when left

unchecked, a few species of them can also be detrimental (Sekercioglu et al., 2016).

Even a single bird spotted on the airport runway or on airside areas is a huge problem for

airport personnel. It can bring an enormous threat. It can cause flight delay, can cause millions

for damage repair, and can cause the death of the hundreds of passengers when bird strikes

happen. In 2018, the Roxas City Airport ranked in the most number of bird spikes in the whole

Philippines, according to Cynthia A. Aspera, Airport Manager II of Roxas City Airport. The

Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) together with the department of environment

and natural resources (DENR) had been fighting ways of mitigating the birds without harming

them but unfortunately, they still haven’t found the best bird control method.

In addition, agriculture and fisheries are the leading industries which contributes large

amounts in the country’s economic growth (Habito et al., 2005). However, these sectors also

suffer from decrease in quantity and quality of yielded products, and birds are one of the major

causes of the said decrease. Because of the alarming problems, the researchers were led to

innovate common bird control methods.

Several devices have been used to control bird infestation in airport runways and in agricultural

sectors. These however, were found ineffective because of the species diversity of birds with

different frequency sensitivity. Thus, this research aimed to construct a solar-powered multi-

technique bird repeller.

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Statement of the Problem

General Objective

Generally, this study aims to construct and test a solar-powered multi-technique device

that can repel common bird species.

Specific Objectives

1. To determine if the solar-powered multi-technique device can repel Domestic Doves or

“Salampati” (Streptopelia risoria) using different frequencies, 5m away from the cage.

2. To determine if the solar-powered multi-technique device can repel Domestic Doves or

“Salampati” (Streptopelia risoria) using different frequencies, 10m away from the cage.

3. To determine if the solar-powered multi-technique device can repel Domestic Doves or

“Salampati” (Streptopelia risoria) using different frequencies, 15m away from the cage.

4. To determine if the solar-powered multi-technique device can repel Chestnut munia or

“Maya Pula” (Lonchura atricapilla) using different frequencies, 5m away from the cage.

5. To determine if the solar-powered multi-technique device can repel Chestnut munia or

“Maya Pula” (Lonchura atricapilla) using different frequencies, 10m away from the

cage.

6. To determine if the solar-powered multi-technique device can repel Chestnut munia or

“Maya Pula” (Lonchura atricapilla) using different frequencies, 15m away from the

cage.
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 4

Hypotheses

1. The solar-powered multi-technique device cannot repel Domestic Doves or “Salampati”

(Streptopelia risoria) using different frequencies, 5m away from the cage.

2. The solar-powered multi-technique device cannot repel Domestic Doves or “Salampati”

(Streptopelia risoria) using different frequencies, 10m away from the cage.

3. The solar-powered multi-technique device cannot repel Domestic Doves or “Salampati”

(Streptopelia risoria) using different frequencies, 15m away from the cage.

4. The solar-powered multi-technique device cannot repel Chestnut munia or “Maya Pula”

(Lonchura atricapilla) using different frequencies, 5m away from the cage.

5. The solar-powered multi-technique device cannot repel Chestnut munia or “Maya Pula”

(Lonchura atricapilla) using different frequencies, 10m away from the cage.

6. The solar-powered multi-technique device cannot repel Chestnut munia or “Maya Pula”

(Lonchura atricapilla) using different frequencies, 15m away from the cage.
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 5

Theoretical Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Experimental Set-Ups:
Set-Up A:
Multi-Technique Bird Repellent:
Mean number of Birds Repelled
Ultrasonic Sound
at difference distances:
Sonic Sound Testing of
5m
Infrasonic Sound Device
10 m
15 m
Set-Up B:
Commercial Sonic Bird
Repellent

Figure 1. Mean number of birds repelled at different distances using different bird repellent

setups.

Conceptual Framework

frequency frequency transducer

power drive
scanner generator output
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 6

Figure 2. Block diagram of the ultrasonic bird repeller.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study may provide significant information to the Department of

Agriculture, farmers, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Airline companies,

fishpond operators, fishermen, and other researchers.

The results of the study can help the Department of Agriculture assist the farmers who

are having problems regarding bird pests who feeds on their crops.

Farmers can benefit in this study by having a hundred-percent harvest since bird pests are

repelled from their crops.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources can benefit in this study in terms

of conserving farms and keeping an eye on bird pests.

Through this study, airline companies can stop bird strike incidents, thus saving lives and

money.

Fishpond operators and fishermen can profit more through the help of this study. They

will no longer worry about the decrease in their fish harvest.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is limited to the use of birds contained in a simulated environment.

 Hello Bird Goodbye: 7

This device was constructed to test if ultrasonic, sonic, and ifransonic frequencies are

effective in repelling common bird species.

Observations of birds’ reactions to the broadcasted waves will be made. For experimental

control, the birds’ response in portions of the field where the broadcasted waves did not reach

will also be observed. Simple average will be employed in evaluating the signal reach from the

raw data obtained.

Definition of Terms

A. Bird - any warm-blooded vertebrate of the class Aves, having a body covered with

feathers, forelimbs modified into wings, scaly legs, a beak, and no teeth, and bearing

young in a hard-shelled egg (The American Heritage Science Dictionary, 2011). In this

study, the birds’ reactions and behavior when exposed to ultrasonic frequencies.

B. Infrasonic -   in its popular definition as sound below a frequency of 20 Hz, is clearly

audible, the hearing threshold having been measured down to 1.5 Hz (Leventhall, 2007).

In this study, infrasonic sound is also utilized a feature for the device.

C. Repeller - to act with a force that drives or keeps away something (Online Etymology

Dictionary, 2010). In this study, ultrasonic frequencies will be utilized as a bird repeller.

D. Solar Power - generally describes technologies that convert sunlight into electricity and in

some cases thermal or mechanical power (ScienceDaily, 2016). In this study, solar power

will be used as source of electrical energy.

E. Ultrasonic - vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible range for

humans—that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is applied to ultrasound
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 8

waves of very high amplitudes (Brittanica, 2014). In this study, ultrasonic frequencies

will be utilized to repel birds.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses literatures and studies related to the present investigation. It

consists of three (3) parts: (1) Birds as Pest; (2) The Repulsive Property of Ultrasonic

Frequencies; and (3) Synthesis.

The first part, “Birds as Pest,” elucidates how birds become problematic to different

economic sectors.

The second part, “The Repulsive Property of Ultrasonic Frequencies,” elucidates how

ultrasonic frequencies can act as a repeller device because of its repulsive property.

The third topic, “Synthesis,” summarizes the literatures and studies cited.
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 9

Birds as Pest

Many common birds prove beneficial to man. These benefits include down feather

production, insect and weed population control, pollination and the sport of watching and

feeding. Yet many problems may arise when birds associate too closely with people. Common

bird problems range from general nuisance and building defacement to food contamination and

disease transmission (DoMyOwn, 2018).

The acid in bird droppings is highly corrosive and can therefore damage building

exteriors. Birds can also cause damage to your home or office by dislodging roof tiles and

leaving debris from their nests in drains and gutters. In time, this can cause blockages and

problems with flooding when heavy rainfall occurs. While not much can be done about the odd

bird dropping, if a flock of birds nest around a building or structure, the area will eventually

become overridden with the mess of bird droppings. In addition to its corrosive property, most

bird droppings give off a foul smell. They have been known to return to their nests with

cigarettes that are still lit, making them a big fire hazard. They frequently foul entrances and

pavements. This can be dangerous when slippery. During breeding season, birds may attack

people when their nests and younglings are provoked. One of the main reasons why birds are

sometimes classified as pest is because they carry ectoparasites such as mites. These can be

transferred to humans and cause diseases such as Ornithosis, [Link], and Salmonella. Their

molted feathers can also cause respiratory problems and their droppings sometimes contain

parasitic worms that can take up residence within the human body (Stait, 2017).
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 10

According to a report, birds could also be causing drastic decrease in crop yields by

destroying them, which calls it as an emerging concern in agriculture. “The avian species inflict

losses in agriculture by damaging crops during sowing, seeding and ripening stages, leading to

economic losses to the farming community,” states the interministerial report of the Committee

on Doubling Farmer’s Income (DFI) – Volume X titled “Risk Management in Agriculture,”

released by the Ministry of Agriculture. “Birds are known to cause considerable economic

damage to a variety of crops during vulnerable stages in different agro-ecological regions of the

country. The extent of bird damage to any crop depends on several factors like concentration of

local bird population, total area under the crop, cropping pattern habitat of the area, season

and physiological status of the birds,” also stated in the report. It identified 63 bird species of

birds, 1364 from 19 families that caused damage to several crops. A whopping 52 bird species

attacked cereals, pulses got attacked by 14 bird species, while oilseeds faced damage risk by 15

species, and fruits by 23 species. They also caused damage to the crops of smaller grains such as

pearl millet and sorghum as well as corn. Moreover, bird damage was found to be more in

isolated, early or late maturing fields, varied between regions, seasons, number of species, their

density, concentration of migrants and their food habits (Down To Earth, 2019).

The aviation industry is also frequented with bird strikes. A bird strike is strictly defined

as a collision between a bird and an aircraft which is in flight or on a takeoff or landing roll. Bird

strikes are common and can be a significant threat to aircraft safety. For smaller aircrafts,

significant damage may be caused to the aircraft structure. All aircraft, especially jet-engine

ones, are vulnerable to the loss of thrust which can follow from the ingestion of birds into engine

air intakes. This has resulted in a number of fatal accident (SKYbrary, 2019).
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 11

Between 1960 and 2014, bird strikes were responsible for the destruction of

approximately 150 civil aircrafts and the death of 271 people (Hedayati & Sadighi, 2015).

The Repulsive Property of Ultrasonic Frequencies

Ultrasonic devices operate through emitting short wavelength, high frequency sound

waves that are too high in pitch to be heard by the human ear – generally accepted to be

frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz (Elert, 2016). Humans are usually unable to hear sounds

higher than 20 kHz due to physiological limitations of the cochlea, though there is considerable

variation between individuals, especially at such high frequencies. Some animals, such as bats,

dogs and rodents, can hear well into the ultrasonic range (Ryckegham, n.d.). Some insects, such

as grasshoppers and locusts, can detect frequencies from 50,000 Hz to 100,000 Hz, and

lacewings and moths can detect ultrasound as high as 240,000 Hz produced by insect-hunting

bats.

The use of ultrasonic frequencies to repel away pests such as mosquitoes and rodents

have been studied and tested multiple times.

Ultrasonic waves are used in repelling animals, specifically, mainly by means of the

characteristic of wide acoustic frequency bands of certain animals; ultrahigh-frequency

ultrasonic waves are used for repelling mice, dogs, wolves, cats, and certain insects; and high-

power ultrasonic waves repeatedly stimulate auditory nerves of animals so that the animals are

made fretful and uneasy and then flee the uncomfortable generation environment due to

endocrine dyscrasia (Liu, 2017).

 Hello Bird Goodbye: 12

In a study conducted by Saini, et al. (2017), ultrasonic waves have frequencies more than

20,000 Hz which are inaudible to humans but not in insects. When mosquitoes come in contact

with ultrasonic waves, they sense the waves from a special hair or sensilla present on their

antennae, which will create stress on the nervous system and jam their own ultrasonic frequency

and force them to leave that area. The frequency ranges of 38-44 kHz can be used effectively to

repel mosquitoes and flies.

Ultrasonic frequencies were also used in a study to repel away pests in a farm. Results

showed that the implementation of the device in the farmland has shown a great reduction of bug

attack compared to others which doesn’t have one (Rashid, 2014).

Birds are now also being tested in the effectivity of ultrasonic frequencies. The use of

ultrasonic frequencies (which human ears cannot detect, but are perceived by small birds) is a

novel technology that can effectively repel such birds from designated places. Ultrasonic waves

create a hostile environment for the pest birds and had a repulsive influence on them. Though

they have a small radius of action, they were eventually driven away from the designated

locations (Ezeonu, Amaefule, & Okonkwo, 2012).

Results of a study conducted by Whitford (2004) clearly showed that birds experience

severe distress in the presence of ultrasonic frequencies. His studies of ultrasonic devices used in

the field show significantly reduced bird populations and bird droppings. These findings have

been carefully documented in recent years by the highest scientific authorities on the subject of

bird behavior and bird control efficacy proving that ultrasonic devices are, in fact, an effective

bird control method.

 Hello Bird Goodbye: 13

Synthesis

Birds are a part of the natural world order. They prove beneficial to man and the

environment as natural pollinators and insect population control. But, when birds increase in

number and associate more closely with humans, they become nuisances or pests. The

agricultural and aviation sector suffers the most when it comes to bird infestation. Yielded crops

substantially decrease in quality and quantity because of bird pests such as swallows or maya. In

the aviation sector, bird strikes frequently occurs during takeoff, damaging aero planes, posing a

risk to human lives. Birds can also be carriers of diseases and their droppings can be corrosive to

man-made structures. Numerous efforts have been made to eradicate this problem. Like

mosquitoes and rats, birds are proven to hear ultrasonic frequencies. Ultrasonic frequencies are

sound waves that is only heard by certain animal species; humans the exception. Studies shown

that insects and rodents have an almost immediate reaction when exposed to ultrasonic

frequencies. Birds are also now being tested in the latest studies which aims to repel away birds

from economic sectors. Several devices have been used to control bird infestation in airport

runways and in agricultural sectors. These however, were found ineffective because of the

species diversity of birds with different frequency sensitivity. Thus, this research aimed to

construct a solar-powered multi-technique bird repeller.

 Hello Bird Goodbye: 14

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Chapter Three consists of seven (7) parts, as follows: (1) Research Design, (2) Materials and

Equipment, (3) Procedural Design, (4) General Procedure, (5) Time Table, (6) Cost Analysis, (7) Data

Collection, Analysis and Procedure

Part One, Research Design, describes the research design to be used in this study.

Part Two, Materials and Equipment, enumerates the different materials and tools to be used in

this study.

Part Three, Procedural Design, enumerates the procedure in a graphic presentation.

Part Four, General Procedure, enumerates and describes the procedure in detail.

Part Five, Time Table, enumerates and describes the timeline of the research from consultation to

conduction.

Part Six, Cost Analysis, summarizes the total cost of the research.

Part Seven, Data Collection, Analysis, and Procedure, describes how data will be collected and

organized.
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Research Design

This study will utilize Complete Randomized Design (CRD). There will be a set-up with

three (3) settings done in three (3) replications

Replications
Set – up
1 2 3

A. Multi – Technique Bird Repellent

(Researchers’ Device)

A.1 Infrasonic Sound

A.2 Sonic Sound

(air horn siren, thunder, hammer)

A.3 Ultrasonic Sound

B. Sonic Bird Repellent

(Commercial)
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 16

Materials and Equipment

Tools and Materials

The tools and materials used in making the device were the following: pliers, soldering

iron and rod, scissors, glue gun and glue, screw driver, electric saw, 20W stereo amplifier, 12V

USB player with an infrared receiver module, four 3.7V solar rechargeable battery, regulator AN

7812, four 150W 107 dB tweeter speakers, three 6V solar panels, passive infrared sensor with

time delay, red LED, switch, 4GB SD card, aluminum sheet and angle.

Casing of the Device

Four pieces 11” x 6” and 2 pieces 6” x 6” aluminum sheets; 4 pieces 11” and 8 peices 6”

long aluminum angle, rivets, screws, and hinges were used to construct the casing of the device.
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 17

Procedural Design

Gathering of Materials Needed

Assembling of the Materials and Constructing

of the Device

Acclimatization of birds

Testing of Device

Gathering of Data

Analyzing of Results

Releasing of birds
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Figure 3. Procedural Design

Schematic Diagram

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Device

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General Procedure

Gathering of Materials Needed

The electrical and electronic materials needed in the study will be bought at three (3)

different local Electronic Shops in Roxas City since not all of the materials needed are available

in one shop only. The SD card and solar panels will be provided by the researchers from a

damaged solar light and is reused in the study.

The aluminum sheet and angle to be used as casing will bebought and cut in one of the

glass supply store in Roxas City.

Assembling of the Materials and Constructing of the Device

Designing and making of the casing of the device will be done by the researchers. A

dimension of 11in x 6 in x 6 in aluminum box covered with an aluminum angle in each corner

will be done It will be connected using a rivet and screws. A hole in each of the four side of the

box was made for the tweeter speakers.

11 in
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 20

6 in

6 in

Figure 4. Casing of the Device

Assembling of the electrical parts and electronic components of the device and its

placement in the casing will be done by the researchers with the assistance of a licensed

electrician, Mr. Edwin Vidal, in his electronic shop in Capricho II, Roxas City. One hundred

percent (100%) of the idea on how a device should function came from the researchers, although

it was with the assistance of a licensed electrician who suggested on the connection and what

electronic parts should be used that the device was assembled and made. The researchers will

observe and help in soldering as the electrician connected and assembled the electronic parts and

electrical connections.

Acclimatization of birds

120 Chestnut Munia (mayang pula) will be bought at a local pet store while the domestic

doves (Salampati) used in the study were owned by one of the researchers. The local seller has

an official permit for selling birds. The birds will be placed in cages supplied enough water and

food pallets and will be acclimatized for seven (7) days.

Testing of the Device

Testing the effectiveness of the device on Chestnut Munia (mayang pula) and domestic

doves (salampati) will be done in Brgy. Mongpong, Roxas City with the guidance of the

domestic doves’ owner. The birds will be tested inside a contained large cage as suggested by the
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 21

panel of evaluators during the Division Scilympics. Two (2) set – ups were tested with three

trials each and each trial had ten (10) birds in the cage: set-up A using the researchers’ device

and set – up B using the sonic bird repellent (commercial). The testing will take four days for

each day is consumed for one set-up only and the trials will be done at different time of the day

where birds are naturally active; 6 – 7 A.M.; 11 – 12:30 A.M. and 3 – 4 P.M. The testing for

each set up will be done one day at a time to avoid damaging the auditory nerves of the birds

with too much exposure in the sound waves produced by the device. The device will be tested at

different distances from the cage: 5 m, 10 m and 15 m respectively.

Though ultrasonic waves can be produced by electronic devices, it is only limited to 22

KHz and youtube’s audio compression cut off frequencies above 16 KHz. To generate ultrasonic

frequencies above 22 KHz, the researchers used an oscillator and a frequency generator.

Gathering of Data

The behavior and reaction of birds will be observed and recorded during the testing of the

device. At 5 m distance from the cage, the device will be set-up and switched on (but no sound

played). The researchers will wait until the birds were calm and feel no threat before the sound

was played. As soon as the sound will br played and heard by the birds, the researchers will

observ and record the birds’ reaction, whether they flew away from the source of sound, became

disoriented/restless or no reaction at all. The researchers will then count the number of birds that

was affected by the sound, those that flew away and became disoriented/restless. This method

will be repeated at 10 m and 15 m distance of the device from the cage respectively.

Analyzing of Results
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 22

The data gathered will be tabulated, the means will be computed and One-Way Analysis

of Variance (ANOVA) will be employed.

Releasing of birds

The purchased birds will be released free after the testing of the device and the conduct of

the study were done.

Time Table

Task Date Description

 Brainstorming of the researchers for the research title. 06/17/19
 Presented research title 06/19/19
 Consultation for the possibility of the device to be
06/26/19
constructed to a licensed electrician
 Research Title Defense 07/03/19
 Approval of Research for Conduction and Filling of
07/03/19
Forms
 Ordered commercial sonic bird repellent device online 08/16/19
 Delivery of the commercial sonic bird repeller 08/24/19
 Start of the construction of the device 08/24/19
 The researchers bought Chestnut Munia (Maya Pula) 08/25/19
 Consultation with a licensed veterinarian regarding the
08/27/19
use of birds as subjects for testing the device
 Construction of the device was finished 08/30/19
 Testing of device 08/31/19
 Drafting of Manuscripts for Local Science Fair 09/01/19
 Submission of manuscripts for Local Science Fair 09/04/19
 Local Science Fair 09/06/19
 The researchers started to improve and develop the
09/07/19
device
 Revisions of manuscript for Division Science Fair 09/11/19
 Modification and Improvement of device was finished 09/13/19
 Went to CAAP for formal conduction of survey and
09/13/19
tests to evaluate the device
 Testing of device at CAAP 09/14/19
 Conduction of survey at CAAP 09/15/19
 Final Revisions of Manuscripts for Division Science
09/16/19
Fair
 Division Science Fair 09/26/19
 Hello Bird Goodbye: 23

 Improvement suggested by consultants 09/28/19

 Improvements established on the device 09/30/19


Cost Analysis

QTY UNIT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PRICE

1 PIECE 20 Watts Stereo Amplifier Kit
12 Volts USB Player with an Infrared Receiver
1 PIECE
Module
1 PIECE 3.7 Volts Rechargeable Batteries
P1,500.00
1 PIECE Regulator AN 7812
1 PIECE 150 Watts Tweeter Speaker
1 PIECE PIR with Time Delay
1 PIECE Switch
1 PIECE Commercial Bird Repeller P1,096.00
1 PIECE Aluminum Casing P605.00
TOTAL P3201.00

Data Collection, Analysis, and Procedure

The number of birds repelled will be collect and One-Way Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) will be used for data analysis and procedure

 Hello Bird Goodbye: 24

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