Swami Vivekanand Subharti University
Dept. of Paramedical Science
ASSIGNMENT ON MICROTOMES
Enrollment No. - 1704000002498 Sub. -Advance laboratory techniques
Sudent’s Name - Mohd. Shahbaz Course - BMLT-3rd year (Batch – 2017)
Father’s Name - Mohd. Arif Date of Submission – May 25, 2020
Submitted to – Vivek Shakya
MICROTOME
The means by which tissue can be sectioned and attached to a surface for further
microscopy.
Derived from the Greek mikros , meaning “small” and temnein, meaning “to cut”.
It is a mechanical device for cutting thin uniform slices of tissue sections.
The earliest form of microtomy was the freehand sectioning of fresh or fixed material
using a sharp razor. The section produced , could , with practice,be quite thin and
translucent.
TYPES OF MICROTOME
Based on the mechanism
Rocking
Rotary Rocking
Rotary
Base-sledge
Sliding
Freezing
Vibrating
Saw
Cryostat
Ultra
Laser
ROCKING MICROTOME
Name derived from the rocking action of the cross arm.
Oldest in design ,cheap , simpleto use,extremely reliable ,minimum maintenance.
The Cambridge rocking microtome was the most popular microtome .
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Knife is fixed, the block of the tissue moves through an arc to stricke the knife .
Between srokes the block is moved towaeds the knife for the required thikness of sections
by means if a ratchet operated micrometer thread.
Steady backward and forward movement of the handle gives ribbons of good sections.
ADVANTAGES
Can cut section from small blocks of any tissue type.
The mechanism is simple .
The mechanism literally last lifetime .
In emergency can be adapted for frozen section by freezing the tissue with
ethyl chloride spray.
DISADVANTAGES
Size of block that can be cut is limited .
Sections are cut in a curved plane.
Light instrument: advisable to fit it into a tray which is screwed to the bench
, or to place it on a dump cloth to avoid movement during cutting.
The cutting anhle of the knife cannot be adjusted.
No serial section is possible.
ROTARY MICROTOME
TYPES OF ROTARY MICROTOME
Manual
Semi-automated
Fully automated
MANUAL ROTARY MICROTOME
Completely manipulated by the operator.
SEMI-AUTOMATED ROTARY MICROTOME
One motor to advance either the fine or coarse handwheel.
FULLY AUTOMATED ROTARY MICROTOME
Two motors that drive both the fine and the coarse advance hand-wheel.
ADVANTAGE OF ROTARY MICROTOME
Ability to cut thin2-3mm section .
Heavier, so more stable .
Large and heavier knife is adjustable .
Easy adaptation to all types .
Can cut celloidin-embedded section by using a special holder to set the knife
obliquely.
Ideal for cutting serial section : laege number of section from each block.
ROTARY ROCKING MICROTOME
This is slightly more robust than the rocking microtome and has the advantage of
producing a flat face to the tissue block .
Most of them have a retracting mechanism which takes the tissue block away
from the knife on the upward stroke.
Although the can be used for paraffin wax work they are used more commonly in
cryostats.
Most widely used ,also called Minot microtomy , after this inventor professor
Mitot.
The knife is stationary and the block is moved up and down in a vertical plane by
the rotary action of the hard wheel.
Suitable for paraffin sections.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The hand wheel rotates through 360 degree moving the specimen vertically past
the cutting surface and returning it to the starting position .
Block holder is mounted on a steel carriage which moves up and down in grooves
and is advanced by a micrometer screw- cutting perfectly flat section.
SLIDING MICROTOME
The knife or blade is stationary , the specimen slides under it during sectioning.
It was designed mainly for cutting celloidin embedded blocks of tissue .
It can also be used for paraffin wax embedded section.
ULTRA MICROTOME
These are used exclusively for electron microscopy .
Prepare ultrathin section .
It has been reported that section can be cut as thin as 10 nanometres.
Knives are usually made from glass , diamound or sapphire.
The block is brought to the knife edge under microscopical control and as each
section is cut is floated on to a water bath adjacent to the knife edge.
CRYOSTAT MICROTOME
Cryostat is a refrigerated cabinet in which a specially microtome is housed.
All the controls for the cabinet are operated outside the cabinet.
The introduction of fluorescent antibody staining techniques by coons, creech, and jones
1941 led to a need for thin section (3-4) of fresh frozen tissue free of ice crystal defect .
So it must be quick frozen at a very low temp, and section cut without allowing the tissue
to thaw.
PRINCIPLE
When the tissue is frozen , the interstitial water turns into ice, tissue becomes firm and acts as
an embedding medium.
USES
Rapid production of section for intraoperative diagnosis.
Diagnostic and research enzyme histochemistry for labile enzymes.
Immunoflourscent methodology.
Diagnostic and research non enzymes histochemistry i.g. lipids and some
carbohydrates.