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Science Chapter 18

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Chapter.18 of Larni

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| Use Cordova Smart Class Software on thes | methods of wastewater (or sewage) treatment lean water is one of the basicnecessities of life. We use clean water every day for drinking, cooking food, bathing, washing clothes and utensils, flushing toilets, growing crops and even for industrial use. Onusing water, itbecomes dirty and unfit for other uses, We call this dirty water as ‘wastewater’ or ‘liquid waste’. Every day we produce a large amount of ‘wastewater or ‘liquid waste’. We need proper and timely disposal of wastewater because it is ofno use to us. Ifnot safely disposed, it may cause adverse effects on human health and alsoonourenvironment. Inthis chapter, we will study the management of wastewater or liquid waste in detail, But before that, let us know about sewage and its sources. SEWAGE Sewage is the wastewater which is carried away in sewers. An underground water pipe which carries away dirty wastewater (or sewage) is called a sewer. The four major sources of wastewaterareasfollows: 1. Domestic sewage: This is the wastewater from kitchen sink, washbasin, bathroom, shower, bathtub and faeces (human excreta) from the toilet,ete. 2. Commercial sewage: This is the wastewater produced and released by shops, offices, schools, hospitals and big establishments. 3. Industrial sewage: This is the wastewater released by industries. Industrial wastewater may contain poisonous chemicals, smart board in class to observe the effect: Wastewater Story__ i of sewage and explore the 4, Rainwater: As rainwater flows on the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles, organic compounds, heavy metals, animal wastes, oil and grease. CONTAMINANTS PRESENT IN SEWAGE Sewage isa liquid waste. Most of itis water which has dissolved and suspended impurities. These impurities are called contaminants, Sewage is a complex mixture containing suspended solids, organic and inorganic impurities, nutrients, disease-causing bacteria and other microbes. Table 18.1 The contaminants present in sewage [Link].| Contaminants ‘Examples ] |. | Organic "Human faeces, animal | impurities wastes, oil, urea (from urine), pesticides, | herbicides, fruit and vegetable wastes, ete | 2. | Inorganic Nitrates, phosphates, | [impurities | metals Nutrients Nitrogen and phosphorus Microbes Disease-causing bacteria, fungi, etc. HARMFULEFFECTS OF SEWAGE We now know that sewage contains a large number of harmful substances and disease- causing microorganisms. Accumulation of sewage or untreated sewage causes the following harmful effects: 1. Spreading of Diseases In small villages and slums, there may not be a Cordova Learning Series SEED Scanned with CamScanner | | grainage system to dispose of the Pe fer. At some places, open drains [Fig. 18.1 wae sipes carrying dirty water get choked by aia P erials oF non-biodegradable materials. pnt Mull, dirty wastewater overflows in the Ae oe in both the cases, the wastewater may sore janes and backyards, and stagnate [Tig collect emits foul odour. The stagnant sewage ee eding ground for flies, mosquitoesand saison 0 Allof these cause infectious diseases othe pea, cholera, jaundice and dysentery. ynedi (b) stagnant water Fig. 18.1 Improper drainage of wastewater 2. Water Pollution At some places, the local municipal bodies have laid a network of drainage pipes throughout the area. Through this network, the sewage is released into nearby water bodies, i.e., lakes or rivers. Discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies is one of the main sources of water pollution. Thus, water pollution is the contamination of water by harmful substances and germs. Drinking water contaminated with sewage can cause many diseasesin people. Trace and inspect the flow of wastewater in and around your home. Also, find the problems which may be caused by open drains, leaking pipes or stagnant water. Prepare a report on the basis of your observations. ee 3. Eutrophication Sewage contains nutrients like phosphates and nitrates. The discharge of such nutrient-rich water into the water bodies causes increasing growth of algae. Thisis called algal bloom (Fig. 18.2). Alarge population of algae in the water bodies decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water (as algae use oxygen for its respiration). Death of algae may further reduce the amount of oxygen in the water. This is because microorganisms will use oxygen for the decomposition of dead algae. The process of nutrient enrichment of water bodies that stimulates the growth of aquatic plants like algae that may result in depletion of dissolved oxygen is called eutrophication. This causes loss Fig. 18.2 Algal bloom of bio-diversity because most aquatic animals use oxygen dissolved in the water to live. Once the level of dissolved oxygen falls, fish and most other aquatic animals also begin to die, due to suffocation (Fig. 18.3). SEWERAGE Fig.18.3 Dead fishes at seashore Inahouse ora public building, generally there are two sets of pipes, the narrow set of pipes brings Cordova Learning Se EER, s z. Scanned with CamScanner clean drinking water into the house and the wide set of pipes takes away wastewater (or sewage) produced in the house. If somehow we could see through the ground, we would see a network of sewers, forming the sewerage (Fig. 18.4). So, sewerage is an underground network of interconnected pipes called sewers that transport or carry the sewage from the place where it is produced (like home or other buildings) to the sewage treatment plant where itis processed (Fig. 18.5). industry network of sewers ‘main sewer line to sewage treatment plant Fig. 18.5 Collection of sewage through a network of drainage pipes (sewers) A manholeisa covered vertical hole in the ground, pavement or road above the under- ground sewer pipeline (Fig.18.6). blockage in the underground sewer pipeline, the sanitary worker can go down to the sewor pipeline for cleaning or any repair. Manholes are provided at every 50 metres to 60 metres distance in the sewerage, at the junction of two or more sewers and at points where there isa Fig. 18.6 Manhole change in the direction of sewer line. If there is any leakage or ultiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Tick (/) the correct options: 1. Wastewater which is carried away in sewers is called (a) chlorinated water (_)(b) sewage © © solvent CO @) sludge oO 2. The wastewater produced and released by offices is called sewage. (a) industrial CQ) domestic — CQ) ©) commercial ©) (d) rainwater O} Cordova Learning Series ED Scanned with CamScanner — .ces and animal wastes are QO physical puman fae |* Gy organic Oo (b) malaria {@)_ diarrhoea Ow) sewer fa) sewage wasTeWATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) We have read that presence of stagnant sewage is the major cause Of environmental pollution and a vranger to humankind. Sewage treatment is the pcess of removing pollutants or contaminants From the sewage to make it harmless, s0 that it may be disposed of safely in the water bodies. ‘This prevents water pollution. Sewage treatment involves physical, chemical and biological rocesses to remove physical, chemical and biological impurities that contaminate the wastewater, The place where the process of sewage treatment is conducted is called sewage treatment plant or wastewater treatment plant. We will now study how sewage is treated at the sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment consists of three treatment stages: (i) Primary treatment (ii) Secondary treatment (iii) Tertiary treatment 1. Primary Treatment Primary treatment consists of the following steps: (a) Screening (b) Grit removal (c) Primary sedimentation (a) Screening: The sewage entering the sewage treatment plant is first passed through bar screens (Fig, 18.7). The bar screens remove the large objects like rags, sticks, cans and plastic packets from the sewage. The solid wastes collected here are later disposed in the landfill or areincinerated. Cordoua Learning Series inuinderground water pipe which caries away dirty wastewater is called a n © © manhole CO) which ofthe following diseases is not caused by stagnant sewage? impurities, CO © inorganic ©) @) chemical oO O © cholera ©) () commoncold © (A) sewerage Fig. 18.7 Bar screen (b) Grit and sand removal: ‘The sewage after passing through the bar screen is made to flow through a grit and sand removal tank (Fig. 18.8). The speed of the incoming wastewater is, slowed down to allow sand, grit and pebbles tosettledown. Fig. 18.8 Grit and sand removal tank (¢). Primary sedimentation: The sewage is then passed into primary sedimentation tank Fig. 18.9 Digester tank Scanned with CamScanner called a clarifier and allowed to stand for 10- 12 hours. Most of the suspended solids (like faeces) settle down at the sloping bottom of the primary sedimentation tank in the form of primary sludge. The primary sludge is removed from the bottom of the primary sedimentation tank with a scraper and shifted into a large closed tank called digester tank (Fig. 18.9). The organic matter in the sludge is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria to produce biogas. This biogas produced in the digester tank can be used as a fuel or can be used to produce electricity. The leftover sludge after the removal of biogas is taken out, dried and used as manure whereas the floating impurities such as grease and oils in the primary sedimentation tank are removed by a skimmer. Water so obtained after removal of sludge and floating impurities is called clarified water (Fig. 18.10). Fa Fig, 18.10 Water clarifier 2. Secondary Treatment Secondary treatment is designed to degrade the biological contents of the sewage in the form of human waste, food waste, soaps and detergents. Itconsists of the following steps: (a) Aeration. (b) Secondary sedimentation (a) Aeration: The clarified water from the primary sedimentation tank is passed into aeration tank (Fig. 18.11). The clarified water contains aerobicbacteria init. Compressed aig is bubbled through the clarified water in the aeration tank to provide oxygen to hel aerobic bacteria to grow rapidly in the water, The aerobic bacteria decompose most of the organic matter still present in the sewage int harmlesssubstances. Fig. 18.11 Aerator (b) Secondary sedimentation: From the aeration tank, the treated clarified water is taken into secondary sedimentation tank and allowed tostand there. After several hours, the aerobic bacteria settle down at the bottom of the tank as ‘activated sludge’. Some of the activated sludge is added back to the aeration tank to increase the population of aerobic bacteria, The remaining activated sludge is sent to the digester tank (for the production of biogas). 3. Tertiary Treatment The treated water has a very low level of organic material and suspended matter. Sometimes, it may be necessary to disinfect water with chemicals like chlorine and ozone before it is discharged into a sea, a river or into the ground. (Fig. 18.12) We should plant Eucalyptus trees all along sewage ponds. These trees absorb all surplus wastewater rapidly and release pure water vapour into the atmosphere. Cordova Learning Series SIGRID Scanned with CamScanner grit and sand primary aeration removal tank sedimentation tank tank bar sere secondary sedimentation tank clean Later a toriver or sea () @ chlorination (b) grit and sand sludge ius ee ic 1 (solid waste) l) sludge compressed sludge a it biogas uel | viogas (fuel) » “= | oY } digester) tank digested sludge sludge = (manure) @ Fig. 18.12 Wastewater treatment plant (or sewage treatment plant) _rTER HOUSEKEEPING PRACTICES microbes that help to decompose the wastes e Cooking oil and fats should not be thrown presentin the sewage and purify water. * evi the drain. They can harden and block 3. Used tea leaves, solid food remains, soft toys, the pipes. In an open drain, the fats block the cotton, etc, should not be thrown down the tail pores reducing its effectiveness in filtering drain. These wastes choke the drain. They donot ‘eater, We should throw oiland fatsin the dustbin. allow free flow of oxygen to the useful microbes 4, Chemicals like paints, solvents, insecticides, in the drain which decompose the wastes. "nator oil and medicines should not be So, all solid wastes should be thrown in the thrown down the drain. It may kill the useful dustbin. ultiple Choice Questions (MCQs “Tick (/) the correct options: 1, Whichof the following belongs to primary treatment of sewage? (a) sereening O ©) gritremoval (©) (0) bothof these © @) noneofthese © 2, Screening in sewage treatment removes a) algae © ©) bacteria O (© plasticpackets () (d) sand oO 3, The clarified water from the sedimentation tank is passed into (a) biogas plant © (©) secondary sedimentation tank oO (c)_ aeration tank © @) gritand sand removal tank oO 4, We ean disinfect water with chemicals like * (a) chlorine © ©) alcohol O © acids ~ © @) indicators oO . is produced in the digestor tank. (a) Biogas © ©) Oxygen © © Carbondioxide C) (d) all of these oO Candas Becaning ‘E> @yj@ren Scanned with CamScanner | SANITATION AND DISEASES Poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water are the causes of a large number of diseases. Many places (including many villages) do not have acilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, Due to this, a very large number of our people detecate in the open fields, near railway tracks, on dry riverbeds and sometimes directly in water (in ponds, lakes and rivers, etc.). Untreated human excreta is a health hazard. It may cause water pollution. Both the surface water and groundwater get polluted. Drinking water contaminated with human excreta causes a large number of waterborne diseases like cholera, inspection ‘opening Septic Tanks Many villages in our country are still not connected to a common sewage treatment plant. At such places, a septic tank is used to treat household sewage (Fig. 18.13). A large concrete tank isbuilt under the ground with inlet and outlet pipes attached to it. The inlet pipe carries the household sewage to the tank. The solid matter from the sewage settles at the bottom of the tank. The anaerobic bacteria present in the tank decomposes most of the solid organic matter resent in the sewage. The excess water flows out the tank through the outlet pipe into the soil. A Fig. 18.13 Septic tank typhoid, polio, meningitis, hepatitis ang dysentery. ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENT FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL We have just learnt that poor sanitation is the cause of a large number of diseases. To improve sanitation, low cost onsite sewage disposal systems are being encouraged, where there is no proper sewerage system. Examples of low cost onsite sewage disposal systems are: 1, Septictanks 2. Biogas plant 3. Vermi-composting toilets inspection opening opening ‘ground level outlet pipe duster of four or five houses can install and maintain a common septic tank. With a few modifications, a septic tank can be converted into anefficient biogas plant. Biogas Plant Some organisations offer hygienic onsite human waste disposal technology. The toilets based on the use of human waste for producing biogas are being encouraged. These toilets do not need scavenging. The excreta from the toilet flows through covered drains into a biogas plant. The biogas so produced is used as a fuel. Biogas is a mixture of four gases namely methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Coudeua Learning Series SEED Scanned with CamScanner 7 sting Toilets Pgh human excreta is treated by atin WHET on tested in India. It has been worms eat Jow water-use toilet for safe 0 Oe anexcreta. The operation of the singofTeple and hygienic. The human very Tyetely converted to vermi cakes (a iseeyneeded forsoil). rriON AT PUBLIC PLACES San ber of people visit public places like SO halls, markets, railway stations pospita a large amount of waste is orbs SPO places every day. Irall the erated at public places is not disposed of Prand properly, it can result in the egulany af diseases. Thus, itis the responsibility spreedine ipality of the area to maintain cane at public places. We can contribute in saniitiping canitation at the public places by ring some of the following practices given 950! waste low: : ; : ‘Weshould not litter at public places. Ifthereis nodustbin available ata public place, should be carried home and thro dustbin. the waste wn in the Weshould neverurinateon the roadside We should cover the open drains. If the sewage of any particular house makes our neighbourhood dirty, we should inform the sanitation department of the municipality. SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN Swonchh Bharat Abhiyan was launched by the Prime Minister of India in October 2014. One of the objectives of this is to improve the levels of cleanliness through solid and liquid waste management activities and making the villages open defecation free, clean and sanitised. Open defecation is one of the main causes of many diseases like diarthoea and other gastrointestinal infections. This is also resulting in loss of lives of children. Providing access to toilet facilities for all and construction of individual and community toilets are some measures taken towards this direction. Awareness needs tobe created moreand moretoensurea clean India. CONCEPT MAP FOR REVISION - WASTEWATER STORY ee Domestic sewage, = iene Te commercial sewage, Sewerai ee “Industrial sewage, rainwater st pipes: carr ee a sewage to sewage i | «©, = CI sieve Sepieran, | popiess Cace pa arrangement for | vermi-composting (eg, cholere typhoid) Sewage disposal toilets + Cause water Pou removing ————— + Cause eutrophicetion pollutants (the process of depletion and contaminants of dissolved oxygen from water bodies due to excessive growth of algae) « Screening f "Disinfecting water *Gritandsand removal | 6 Secondary _ with chemicals like |_ sedimentation | | shlorin Scanned with CamScanner (Use Cordova Smart Class Software on the smart board in class to do these exercises.) Class Response A. Oralquestions: 1. Whatis sewage? 2. Whatis meant by sewer? 3. _Whatis meant by sewage treatment? 4. Whatis meant by 'manhole’? B. Science quiz: 4. Name the three infectious diseases caused by stagnant sewage. Name any two organic impurities present in sewage. 2 3. Name the various wastes which should not be thrown down the drain. 4, Name the three stages of sewage treatment. Worksheet A. Tick(v) the correct options: 1. The wastewater produced and released by hospitals is : (a) domestic sewage (b) commercial sewage o © )rainwater Oo (©) industrial sewage The organic impurities present in sewage are : (a) bacteria Oo (b) phosphorus (-) (c) human faeces O (d)nitrates O 3. Anunderground water pipe which carries dirty wastewater is called : oO (b) sewer oO (c) sewerage @ (d) sewing © practices should be our way of life. © (d) none of these oO 2 (2) sewage 4. Adopting good (a) eating © (sanitation (@) (c)reading B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice: 1. septic tanks sedimentation tank chemical toilets composting pits 2. cholera jaundice typhoid polio 3. sedimentation tank aeration tank digester tank absorption tank pesticides nitrates 4. human faeces urea <. Fillin the blanks: 1. Discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies causes, isa covered hole in the ground above the sewer pipelines. 2 A water becomes breeding site for larvae of mosquitoes. 3. 4. The treated water can be recycled and reused for growing Cordova Learning Series GID Scanned with CamScanner Ga cons (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skill: choice questi — tobe bacteia are added in the digester tank to decompose the organic matter to produce - ana " ‘ a —. us e any two low cost onsite sewage disposal systems for human wastes. . ty ; ‘ame the various contaminants presentin sewage. a short ‘answer Type-! Questions: con wnat is activated sludge? hat s meant by clarified water? ; What is meant by wastewater treatment plant? : What are contaminants? et Answer Type-ll Questions: a ‘yn does the speed oftheincoming wastewater slow down in grit and sandremova tank? what is primary sludge? Explain how itis treated. Name two (a) organicimpurities, (b) inorganic impurities, (c) nutrients, (d) microbes presentin sewage 4. What practices should be followed to maintain sanitation at public places? Long Answer Questio 1. Whatisa septic tank? Howis it used? How it works? 3, Outline the main steps used in sewage treatment. 5. Raviseesa man falling into a manhole, He shouts for help and gets the man out of it safely. (2) Where are manholes provided and at what distance? (b) What value do youlearn from Ravi? HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions: 4. Why should oils and fats not be thrown in the drains? 2. Whyis discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies not desirable? 3. Why do fishes die due to the excessive water pollution? 1. Whyare opendrainsa concern? ‘Ans. Open drains create unhygienic conditions. It can lead to several diseases and unpredictable accidents. So, theyare a concern. 2 3 Condowa Learning Series Scanned with CamScanner 2. Whyshouldwe not throw (a) usedtealeavesinto sink? (b) cooking oil and fats down the drain? Ans, (a) Draining pipe of the sink may get choked by used te (b) Cooking oitand fats may become hard and block the PiPes- ‘A mixture (x) in water contains suspended solids, organic nutrients (b), disease-causing bacteria and other microbes. Civ Ans. (x) sewage (a) nitrates, phosphates and metals (b)_ phosphorus and nitrogen For more NCERT Exemplar Questions (solved) login t Amy Home Assignment/Group Activity/Project Pour some drinking water in a glass. Observe {a) Is the water yellowish/blackish? (b) Does it have a stinking smell? {€) Can you see any floating particles in the water? Field visit Form a group with your friends. Survey you they a source of bad odour? Find out if these open powder and mosquito sprays regularly. Group Discussion Discuss in the class: ‘Health hazards caused due to open drains and stagnant water’ saleaves. impurities, Inorganic impurities (a) enames for (x), (a)and(b)? : 0: [Link] the colour and smell of the water. Note the following: 1 locality. Make a note of all the open drains/manholes. Are drains are treated with disinfectants like bleaching CPT — a Bindheshwar Pathak (born April 2, 1943) is an Indian sociologist. He is the founder of Sulabh International. Sulabh International is a social service organisation which works to promote human rights, environmental sanitation, non-conventional sources of energy, Waste management and social reforms through education. Dr. Pathak has since been honoured with Padma Bhushan, the International Saint Francis Prize for the Environment, the NRI Gold Award, Dubai International Award for Best Practices to Improve the Living Environment 2000 and the most recently Stockholm Water Prize 2009. Bindheshwar Pathak Scanned with CamScanner

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