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Calculate Equivalent Resistance in Circuits

This document contains solutions to 8 circuit analysis problems involving concepts like equivalent resistance, node voltage analysis, mesh analysis, supernodes, and supermeshes. The problems involve calculating resistances, currents, voltages, and power in various resistor circuits using techniques like parallel/series combinations, Kirchhoff's laws, and node/mesh analysis. Representative circuits include resistors, voltage sources, current sources, and dependent sources connected in a variety of configurations.

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viralpatel021
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569 views13 pages

Calculate Equivalent Resistance in Circuits

This document contains solutions to 8 circuit analysis problems involving concepts like equivalent resistance, node voltage analysis, mesh analysis, supernodes, and supermeshes. The problems involve calculating resistances, currents, voltages, and power in various resistor circuits using techniques like parallel/series combinations, Kirchhoff's laws, and node/mesh analysis. Representative circuits include resistors, voltage sources, current sources, and dependent sources connected in a variety of configurations.

Uploaded by

viralpatel021
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Example 1: Equivalent Resistance
  • Example 2: Circuit Analysis
  • Example 3: Node Voltage Analysis
  • Example 4: Advanced Node Voltages
  • Example 5: Mesh Analysis
  • Example 6: Mesh Analysis Application
  • Example 7: Node Voltage with Supernodes
  • Example 8: Solving Currents

Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

Examples:-

1. Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit in Fig


below.

Solution :-

The 3Ω and 6Ω resistors are in parallel because they are connected to the
same two nodes c and b. Their combined resistance is

………………... [1]

Similarly, the 12Ω and 4Ω resistors are in parallel since they are
connected to the same two nodes d and b. Hence

................... [2]

Also the 1Ω and 5Ω resistors are in series; hence, their equivalent


resistance is
1Ω +5Ω=6Ω
Now equivalent circuit is as shown in fig (a)
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

In Fig.(a), 3Ω in parallel with 6Ω gives 2Ω, as calculated in Eq. (1). This 2Ω


equivalent resistance is now in series with the 1Ω resistance to give a
combined resistance of
1Ω +2Ω = 3Ω.
The equivalent circuit is as shown in fig (b)

we combine the 2Ω and 3Ω resistors in parallel to get

This 1.2Ω resistor is in series with the 10Ω resistor, so that

2. Find io and vo in the circuit shown in Fig. Calculate the power


dissipated in the 3Ω resistor.
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

Solution :-

The 6Ω and 3Ω resistors are in parallel, so their combined resistance is

Thus our circuit reduces to that shown in Fig

Now apply Ohm’s law to get

Apply voltage division principle,

Now, from the fig (a), using current division principle,


Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

The power dissipated in the 3Ω resistor is,

3. Find the Node Voltages in given Fig.

Solution :-

The circuit in this example has three non reference nodes. We assign
voltages to the three nodes as shown in Fig and label the currents.
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

Using the elimination technique, we add Eqs.[1] and Eqs.[3]


Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

4. Find the node voltages in the circuit given below.

Solution :-
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

We need four node voltages, v1, v2, v3, and v4, and it requires only four out
of the five Eqs.

From Eq. (3), v2 = v1 − 20. Substituting this into Eqs. (1) and (2)
respectively, gives

…….. [ 6 ]

……… [ 7 ]

Equations (4), (6), and (7) can be cast in matrix form as


Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

5. For the circuit shown in Fig. below, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis.

Solution :-

Note that meshes 1 and 2 form a supermesh since they have an


independent current source in common.

Also, meshes 2 and 3 form another supermesh because they have a


dependent current source in common. The two supermeshes intersect and
form a larger supermesh as shown.
Applying KVL to the larger supermesh,
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

6. Use mesh analysis to determine i1, i2, and i3 in Fig shown


below.

Solution :-
Current source between mesh 1 and 2 will be open circuited. So mesh 1 and
mesh 2 will form a supermesh.

Apply KVL for supermesh,

6 = 2(i1 – i3) + 4 (i2 – i3) + 8i3


2i1 + 12i2 – 6i3 = 6 (1)

Apply KVL for mesh 3,

2(i3 – i1) + 2i3 + 4(i3 – i2) = 0


- 2i1 - 4i2 + 8i3 = 0 (2)

at node 0 apply KCL,


i1 = i2 + 3 (3)
Solving Eq. (1) & (2) we will get,
4i2 + i3 =3 (4)
Put value of Eq. (3) in Eq. (1)
7i2 – 3i3 = 0 (5)
Solving Eq. (4) & (5)
i2 = 0.4737 A
put value of i2 in Eq. (1)
i1 = 3.4737 A
put value of i2 in Eq. (4)
i3 = 1.1052 A
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

7. Find the node voltages for the circuit in Fig below.

Solution :-

According to supernode principle voltage source between v1 and v2 node is


shortcircuited.

Node v1 and v2 makes supernode.

At supernode apply KCL,


Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

At node v3 apply KCL,

Put Eq. (4) in Eq. (2)


4 = V1 + 8V3 (5)

Solve Eq. (3) & Eq. (5)


V1 = 4.97 V
Put Value of V1 in Eq.(5)
V3 = -0.12 V
Put value of V1 & V3 in Eq. (4)
V2 = 4.85 V

8. In the Circuit shown below solve for i1, i2, i3.

Solution :-
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.

Between mesh 2 and 3 there is current source which will be open circuited
and both mesh will form supermesh.

Common questions

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Supermesh analysis is used in circuits where meshes share a current source, by treating the section covering the current source as a single mesh. This eliminates the need to include the dependent current source directly in KVL equations. Instead, write KVL for the supermesh and apply KCL at nodes where needed. This simplifies calculations by reducing the number of equations. For instance, meshes 1 and 2 forming a supermesh allow bypassing the current source and directly applying KVL .

To find voltages across nodes in circuits with voltage and current sources, use both node voltage and supernode techniques. Assign node voltages and apply KCL, incorporating supernodes when nodes are connected by voltage sources. Simultaneously, consider the impacts of current sources using KCL for those nodes. This requires solving the resultant system of equations, often employing matrix methods to handle the involved complexity effectively .

Applying KVL in a supermesh involves writing KVL around the loop that does not include the current source directly but considers the surrounding elements connected by it. After defining the supermesh, write the KVL equation for this loop by summing voltages in-path and setting their sum to zero. This accounts for all voltage drops except those across the current source shared by the mesh, thereby simplifying circuit analysis .

To find node voltages using elimination techniques, assign a voltage to each node except the reference node. Write KCL equations for each node. Use substitution or elimination to simplify the system of equations. For instance, if v2 = v1 − 20, substitute this into the equations to reduce them. Then, cast the remaining equations into a matrix form and solve using matrix operations to determine the voltages .

Using a supernode in node voltage analysis allows consideration of two nodes connected by a voltage source as a single node (supernode). This helps handle the constraints imposed by the voltage source without adding additional equations, simplifying the KCL setup. It aggregates the nodes sharing a voltage source and treats them as one, thus reducing complexity by decreasing the number of independent KCL equations needed .

Transforming a series-parallel resistor network into equivalent resistances simplifies complex circuits into single resistances, making it easier to analyze entire networks. This reduces computational complexity, aids in intuitive understanding, and allows direct application of laws like Ohm’s and Kirchhoff's without iterating over multiple component calculations. Overall, it facilitates quicker and more efficient circuit design and debugging .

Power dissipation in a resistor can be calculated using the formula P = V^2/R, P = I^2*R, or P = VI, depending on available information. For instance, in a circuit with parallel resistors, the voltage across the resistor is known, so use P = V^2/R. If the current through the resistor is calculated using a current division principle, P = I^2*R would be applicable .

To calculate the equivalent resistance in a circuit with both series and parallel resistors, you first identify groups of resistors that are in series or parallel. Resistors in series are added directly, while resistors in parallel are combined using the formula 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... Next, you replace these groups with their equivalent resistances and repeat the process until one equivalent resistance for the entire circuit is found. For example, a 3Ω and 6Ω resistor in parallel yields 2Ω, which in series with 1Ω becomes 3Ω .

The current division principle is used to determine the current through individual components in parallel branches of a circuit. When a current divides at a node into parallel paths, the current division principle states that the current in a branch is inversely proportional to its resistance relative to the total parallel resistance. This is crucial for calculating exact current values through each parallel resistor without needing to know the total circuit current .

Solving mesh analysis with open-circuited sections simplifies equations because it effectively removes the influences of the current source by treating it as absent, reducing the complexity of calculating other mesh currents. By managing shared sources using supermeshes, the necessity to directly address dependent source interactions is reduced, thus streamlining mesh KVL formulation .

Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. Examples:- 1. Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit in Fig below. Solution :-
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. In Fig.(a), 3Ω in parallel with 6Ω gives 2Ω, as calculated in Eq. (1). This 2Ω equivalent resis
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. Solution :- The 6Ω and 3Ω resistors are in parallel, so their combined resistance is Thus
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. The power dissipated in the 3Ω resistor is, 3. Find the Node Voltages in given Fig. Solution :-
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. Using the elimination technique, we add Eqs.[1] and Eqs.[3]
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. 4. Find the node voltages in the circuit given below. Solution :-
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C.
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. We need four node voltages, v1, v2, v3, and v4, and it requires only four out of the five Eqs.
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. 5. For the circuit shown in Fig. below, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis. Solution :- Note tha
Circuits & Networks 3rd E.C. 6. Use mesh analysis to determine i1, i2, and i3 in Fig shown below. Solution :- Current source

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