Unit

92 , Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which

Look a t this e x a m ple sentence:

The w o m a n w h o lives ne x t d o or is a doctor.

relative clause

A cla use is a part of a sentence. A rela tive cla use tells us which person or thin g (or w h a t kind of
person or thing) t h e speaker means:
The w o m a n w h o liv es n e x t d o o r ... ('w h o lives ne x t door' tells us which w o m a n)
People w h o liv e in t h e c o u n t r y ... ('w h o live in th e co u n try' tells us w h a t kind of people)

W e use w h o in a rela tive clause wh e n we are talking a b o ut people (n ot things):

th e w o m a n - she lives ne xt d oor - is a d octor

The w o m a n w h o liv e s n e x t d o o r is a doctor.

w e k now a lot of people - t h e y live in th e co u n try

I
- W e k now a lot of people w h o liv e in t h e c o u n t ry .

An archit ect is so m e o n e w h o d esig ns b uildin gs.

W h a t was th e na m e of th e person w h o p h o n e d?
A nyon e w h o w a n t s t o a p p ly f o r t h e j o b m ust do so by Friday.

You can also use t h a t (instead of w h o), but yo u ca n't use w h ic h for people:
The w o m a n t h a t liv e s n e x t d o o r is a doctor, (n ot t h e w o m a n w hich)

So m e ti m e s yo u m ust use w h o (n ot t h a t) for p eo ple - see U nit 95.

W h e n we are talkin g a b o u t things, w e use t h a t or w h ic h (n o t w h o) in a relative clause:

w h ere is t h e ch eese? - it was in th e fridge

f
Wh e r e is t h e ch eese j ^ w a s <n t h e fri d g e?

I d o n't like stories t h a t h a v e u n h a p p y e n din gs, (or stories w h ic h have ...)

Grace works for a co m p a ny t h a t m a k es f u r n it u r e , (or a co m p a ny w h ic h makes furniture)
) The m achine t h a t b ro k e d o w n is working again now. (or The m achine w h ic h broke d own)

T h a t is more usual than w h ic h , but so m e ti m es yo u m ust use w h ic h - see U n it 95.

Re m e m b er t h a t in relative clauses w e use w h o / t h a t / w h ic h , not h e / sh e / t h e y / it.

C o m pare:
( ‘W h o's t h a t w o m a n?' ‘Sh e lives ne xt door to me.'
I've never spoken t o th e w o m a n w h o lives ne xt door, (n o t th e w o m a n she lives)

W h e r e is th e ch e ese? It was in t h e fridge.

W h e r e is th e cheese t h a t was in th e frid g e? (n o t t h e cheese it was)

W h a t = ‘t h e thin g(s) t h at'. C o m p are w h a t and t h a t :

W h a t h a p p e n e d was m y fault. (= t h e thing t h a t hap pened)
but
O Everyt hin g t h a t h a p p e n e d was m y fault. (n ot Everyt hin g w h a t hap pene d)
The m achin e t h a t b ro k e d o w n is n ow working again, (n ot The m achine w h a t broke d ow n)

184 c Rela tive cla uses 2 - 5 U n its 9 3 - 9 6

Exercises
In t h is e x ercise y o u h av e t o e x plain w h a t so m e w o r d s m e a n. C h o ose t h e rig h t m e a n in g fro m
t h e box and t h e n w r i t e a s e n t e n c e w i t h w h o . Use a d ic ti o n a ry if n ecessary.

steals fro m a shop buys so m e thin g fro m a shop

-dcfrigFts-buildings pays rent t o live in a house or a p art m e n t
he / she
d o esn't b elieve in C o d breaks into a house to steal things
is not brave e x pects th e w orst to happen

1 an archit ect) A n a r c h i t e c t is someone who d esig n s b uildin gs

2 a burglar) A burglar is s o m e o n e .......
3 a custo m er) ............... ..................
4 a shoplifter) . .
5 a coward) ............... .............
6 an atheist) ....................................................................................
7 a pessimist) ...............................................................................
8 a t e n a n t) .......................................................................................

Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fr o m t w o . Use w h o / t h a t / w h ic h .
1 A girl w as injured in t h e accid e nt. She is n o w in hospital.
T h e girt who w a s injure d, in t h e a c c u t e n t is now in h o s p it a l.
2 A waitress served us. She was i m p olite and i m p atient.
T h e ....................................................................................................
3 A building was d estroye d in t h e fire. It has n o w been rebuilt.
T h e ..............................................................................................
4 So m e people were arrested. T h ey have n o w been released.
The .................................... --......... ........ ........ ........
.

5 A bus goes to th e airport. It runs every half hour.

The ...... -. ... ,.. , ............ ...............................

C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. C h o ose fro m t h e bo x a n d m a k e a re la tiv e cla use,

in v e n t e d t h e t e l e p h o n e m a k e s f u r n it u r e
ru ns a w a y fr o m h o m e gives y o u t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d s
stole m y w a lle t ca n s u p p o r t lif e
w e r e h a n gi n g on t h e w a ll c a n n o t be e x p la in e d

1 H ele n works for a co m p a ny t h a i m a k es - furniture

2 The book is a b o ut a girl
3 W h a t hap pened to the p ic t u r e s....
4 A m yst ery is so m et hin g ........
5 The police have arrested th e man
6 A dictio n ary is a book ...
7 Ale x an d er Bell was t h e man
8 It see ms t h a t Earth is th e o nly pla n e t

A re t h es e se n t e n c e s rig ht or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.
1 I d o n't like stories w h o have un ha p py endings. st o rie s t h a t h a v e
2 W h a t was th e na m e of th e person w h o p h o ne d? OK
3 Wh e re's th e nearest shop w h o sells bread?
4 The driver which caused th e accid e nt was fined £500.
5 Do yo u k now th e person t h a t t o o k these pictures?
6 W e live in a world w h a t is chan gin g all t h e tim e.
7 Dan said so m e things a b o u t me t h a t were n ot true.
8 W h a t was th e na m e of th e horse it wo n th e race?
Unit Relative clauses 2:
93 clauses with and with o u t who/that/which
Look at th ese e x a m ple sente nces fro m U n it 92:

O T h e w o m a n w h o lives ne xt door is a doctor, (or The w o m a n t h a t lives ...)

The w o m a n lives ne xt door. w h o (= th e w o m a n) is th e su bject

W h e r e is th e cheese t h a t was in th e frid g e? (o r t h e cheese w h ic h was ...)

....................
The cheese was in th e fridge, t h a t (= th e ch eese) is t h e su bject
You m ust use w h o / t h a t / w h ic h w h e n it is th e su bject of th e relative clause. So you ca n n o t say
'The w o m a n lives ne xt d oor is a d oct or' or ‘W h e r e is th e cheese was in t h e fridge?'.

So m e ti m es w h o / t h a t / w h ic h is t h e o b ject of t h e verb. For e x a mple:

T he w o m a n w h o I w a n t e d t o se e was a w a y on holiday.

w h o (= t h e w o m a n) is th e o b ject
I w a nt e d to see th e w o m a n
I is t h e su bject
H ave yo u found t h e keys t h a t y o u l o s t?

t h a t (= th e keys) is t h e o b ject
You lost th e keys.
y o u is th e su bject.

W h e n w h o / t h a t / w h ic h is the object, y o u can leave it out. So yo u can say:

T h e w o m a n I w a n t e d t o se e was away, or The w o m a n w h o I w a n t e d to see . ..
O H ave yo u found t h e k e ys y o u l o s t? or ... th e keys t h a t yo u lost?
T h e d ress Lisa b o u g h t d o esn't fit her very well, or The dress t h a t Lisa b o u g h t .. .
Is t here a n y t h i n g I ca n d o? or ... a nythin g t h a t I can d o?
N o t e t h a t w e say:
t h e k eys y o u lo st (n ot t h e keys yo u lost th e m)
t h e d ress Lisa b o u g h t (n ot th e dress Lisa bou ght it)

N o t e th e position of prepositions (in / t o / f o r etc.) in relative clauses:

To m is talking t o a w o m a n - do you k now her?

Do yo u k now t h e w o m a n (w h o / t h a t) Tom is t a l k i n g t o ?

I sle pt in a bed last night - it w asn't very co m f ort a ble

The bed (t h a t / w hich) I s l e p t in last night w asn't v ery co m fort a ble.

Are th ese t h e books y o u w e r e lo o k in g f o r? or ... t h e books t h a t / w h ic h yo u were ...

T he w o m a n he f e l l in l o v e w i t h left him aft er a m onth, or The w o m a n w h o / t h a t he
T he man I w a s sit ti n g n e x t t o o n t h e p la n e talk ed all t h e time, or
The man w h o / t h a t I was sittin g ne xt to ...
N o t e t h a t w e say:
t h e b o o k s y o u w e r e lo o k in g f o r (n ot th e books yo u were looking for t h e m)

You ca n n o t use w h a t in sentences like these (see also U nit 9 2 D):

ID Everythin g (t h a t) t h e y said was true, (n ot Everythin g w h a t t h e y said)
I gave her all th e m o n ey (t h a t) I ha d. (n ot all t h e m o n ey w h a t I had)
W h a t = t h e thin g(s) that:
Did yo u hear w h a t t h e y s a i d? (= the things t h a t t h e y said)

C Re la tive clauses 1 -* U n i t 92 Rela tive clauses 3 - 5 - > U n i t s 9 4 - 9 6 Whom - U n it 9 4B

Exercises
In so m e o f t h e s e s e n t e n c e s y o u n e e d w h o or t h a t . C o rr e ct t h e s e n t e nc es w h e r e n ecessary.
1 T he w o m a n lives ne xt door is a doctor. THe worn ^ .who., lives. n e x t d o o r .......
2 H ave yo u found th e keys yo u lo st? Q.K.......... ................
3 The people we m e t last night were very nice. ...............................................................
4 T he people work in th e office are very nice. .................................................................
5 T he people I work wit h are very nice. ........................ ........................................
6 W h a t have you d one wit h t h e m o n ey I gave y o u? .......
7 W h a t hap pened to t h e m o n ey was on th e t a b l e? ..........
8 W h a t ’s th e w orst film y o u'v e ever se e n? .
9 W h a t's th e best thing it has ever hap pened to y o u?

W h a t do y o u say in t h es e sit u a t i o n s? C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h a r e la tiv e cla use.

1 Your friend lost so me keys. You w a n t t o k now if he has found th e m. You say:
H ave you found t h e k eys you l o s t ..................................................................................... ?
2 A friend is wearin g a dress. You like it. You t ell her:
I like th e dress .......................................................................................... .................
3 A friend is going to see a film. You w a n t t o k now th e na m e of t h e film. You say:
W h a t's th e na m e of t h e film ?
4 You wa nt e d t o visit a m useu m. It was shut wh e n yo u g ot there. You t ell a friend:
The m useu m was shut wh e n w e g ot there.
5 You invited so me p eople to yo ur party. So m e of t h e m co uld n't co me. You t ell so m eone:
So m e of th e people ......................... co uld n't co me.
6 Your friend had t o do so me work. You w a n t to k now if she has finished. You say:
H ave yo u finished th e work .. ?
7 You rented a car. It broke d own aft er a f e w miles. You telL a friend:
T he car . broke d own aft er a f ew miles.

T h ese s e n t e nc es a ll h ave a r e la tiv e cl a u s e w it h a p re p ositio n. Pu t t h e w o r d s in t h e c o rr e c t order.

1 Did yo u find (loo kin g / for / yo u / t h e books / w e r e)?
Did yo u find t H e books you w er e Looking f o r ...................................................................... ?
2 W e co uld n't go t o (we / invited / to / were / th e we d din g).
W e co uld n't go t o .............. .................................................................................
3 W h a t's th e na m e of (th e h o tel / a b o u t / me / told / y o u)?
W h a t's th e na m e of ?
4 U n f o rt u n a t e ly I did n't get (ap plied / 1 / th e job / for).
U n f o rt u n a t e ly I did n't g et . ........ ...................................
5 Did yo u e njoy (yo u / t h e co ncert / to / w e n t)?
Did yo u e njoy ?
6 G a ry is a good person to know. He's (on / rely / can / so m e b o dy / yo u).
G ary is a good person to know. He's . ......................... ............................. .
7 W h o was (th e man / were / wit h / yo u) in th e resta ura nt last nig ht?
W h o was .. in th e resta ura nt last nig ht?

Pu t in t h a t or w h a t w h e r e n ecessary. If t h e se n t e nc e is a lr e a d y c o m ple t e , le ave t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 I gave her all th e m o n ey - I had. (all th e m o n ey t h a t I had is also correct)
Z Did yo u hear what t h ey said?
3 T h ey give t h eir children everythin g t h ey wa nt.
4 Tell m e yo u w a n t and I'll try to get it for you.
5 W h y do you bla m e m e for everythin g goes wr o n g?
6 I w o n't be able to do much, but t'll do le a n.
7 I w o n't be able to do much, but I'll do th e best le a n.
8 I d o n't agree wit h y o u'v e j ust said.
9 I d o n't trust him. I d o n't b elieve a nythin g he says.
Unit
94 I. Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where
W hose

W e use whose in relative clauses instead of his/her/their:

w e helped so m e people - t h eir car had broken d own

W e helped so m e people whose car had broken down.

W e use whose m ostly for people:

J A wid o w is a w o m a n whose husband is dead, (her husband is dead)
O W h a t's th e na m e of t h e man whose car you borrowed? (yo u borrowed his car)
I m et so m eo n e whose brother 1went to school with. (I w e n t t o school wit h his/her brother)
C o m p are who and whose:
Q I m e t a man who k nows you. (he k nows yo u)
O ! m e t a man whose sister k nows you. (his sister k nows yo u)

W hom

W hom is possible instead of who wh e n it is th e o b ject of th e verb in t h e relative clause (like the
sente nces in U n it 9 3B):
O Georg e is a person whom I admire very much. (I a d mire him)

You can also use whom wit h a preposition (to w hom / from whom / with whom etc.):
I like th e people with whom I work. (I work with them)

W hom is a f or m al word and w e do not often use it in t his way. W e usually prefer who or that, or
n othin g (see U nit 93). So w e usually say:
O ... a person who/that I a d mire a lot or ... a person I admire a lot
O ... th e people who/that I work wit h or ... t h e p eo ple I work with

Where

You can use where in a relative clause to talk a b o ut a place:

th e resta ura nt - we had lunch th ere - it was near th e airport

rask ra I
The resta ura nt where we had lunch was near th e airport.

O I rece ntly w e n t back to the town where I grew up.

(or ... th e t o w n I grew up in o r ... th e t o w n that I grew up in)
O I w o uld like t o live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.

[Sf c W e say:
the day / the year / the time etc. j s°met^'nS haPP®ns 0r
| that so m e thin g happens
I ca n't m e e t yo u on Friday. T hat's the day (that) I'm going away.
The last time (that) I saw Anna, she looked great.
I h av e n't seen Jac k and H ele n since the year (that) they got married.

W e say:
| so m e thin g hap pens or
the reason < . . , ,,
| that/why so m e thin g happens
3 The reason I'm phoning is t o ask yo u r advice.
(o r T h e reason t h a t I'm phoning / The reason w hy I'm p honing)

188 ReLative clauses 1-2 U n its 9 2 - 9 3 Re la tive cla uses 4 - 5 U n its 9 5 - 9 6 W h o m -> U n it 96
Exercises
You m e t t h es e p e o p le a t a p arty:

m. M y m o t h e r writ es M y wif e is an f I o wn a rest a ura nt

d e t e ctiv e stories. English t e a c h er
r ~ L T —

M y a m bitio n is W e ve j ust got marrie d M y p are nts used t o

t o cli m b Everest. w or k in a circus.

' t t I ^

T h e n e x t d a y y o u t e ll a frie n d a b o u t t h es e p eo ple. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces using w h o or w h o s e .

1 I m et s o m e b o d y whose mother write,s d e t e c t iv e s t o r i e s ... ...
2 I met a m a n ................................. ............................................................................................
3 I met a w o m a n ............................................................................................... ................
4 I m et s o m e b o d y ......................................................................................................................
5 I m et a cou ple ...................
6 ! m et s o m e b o d y ............... .........

Rea d t h e sit u a tio n s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using w h e r e .

1 You grew up in a s m all town. You w e n t back th ere recently. You t ell so m e o n e this.
I rece ntly w e n t back t o t h e smciil town w h e re I grew up... ....
2 You're t hirsty and y o u w a n t a drink. You ask a friend w h ere y o u can g et so m e water.
is there a shop near here ?
3 You work in a factory. The fact o ry is going to close d own ne xt month. You t ell a friend.
The ............................................... is going t o close d own ne xt m onth.
4 Sue is stayin g at a hotel. You w a n t t o k now t h e na m e of th e hotel. You ask a friend.
Do yo u k now th e n a m e o f ........................................................................................................ ?
5 You play f o o t b all in a park on Sun days. You sh ow a friend th e park. You say:
This is th e .......................................... ............................ on Sun days.

C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using w h o / w h o m / w h o s e / w h e r e .
1 W h a t's th e na m e o f t h e man w h ose car yo u b orro we d?
2 A ce m e t ery is a place people are buried.
3 A pacifist is a person believes t h a t all wars are wrong.
4 An orphan is a child parents are dead.
5 W h a t was t h e na m e of t h e person to yo u spoke on th e p h o n e?
6 The place ..................... we sp e nt our holid ays was really beautiful.
7 This school is o nly for children .................. first language isn ot English.
8 The w o m a n wit h ............... he fell in love left him aft er a m onth.

Us e y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p le t e t h es e se n t e nces. T h e y are like t h e e x a m ples in Se ctio n s D an d E.

1 I ca n't m e e t yo u on Friday. That's t h e d ay i ;m going a w a y .........................................
2 The reason ................................. was t h a t t h e salary was t o o low.
3 I'll never forget th e ti m e ..................... .........................................................................
4 Do yo u re m e m b er t h e d ay ?
5 The reason is t h a t t h ey d o n't need one.
6 was th e y e ar ...............................................................................................
Unit
95 1 Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1)
There are t w o ty p es of relative clause. In th ese e x a mples, t h e relative clauses are u n d erlin e d.
Co m pare:

Type 7 Type 2
The w o m a n w h o lives ne xt d oor is a My brother Ben, w h o lives in Hong
doctor. Kon g, is an architect.
Grace works for a co m p a ny t h a t makes Anna told m e a b o u t her n e w job, which
furniture. she's enjoying a l o t .
W e staye d at t h e h o tel (t h a t) you W e staye d at th e Park H otel, which a
reco m m e n d e d . friend of ours reco m m e n d e d .
In t h ese e x a mples, t h e relative clauses t ell you In these e x a mples, th e relative clauses do not
which person or thing (or w h a t kind of person telL you which person or thing th e speaker
or thing) th e speaker means: means. W e alre a dy k now which thin g or
T h e w o m a n w h o liv es n e x t d o o r' tells us person is m eant: ‘My brother Ben', A n n a's new
which wo m a n. jo b' and 'th e Park Hotel'.
‘A co m p a ny t h a t m a k e s f u r n i t u r e' t ells us The rela tive clauses in t hese se nte nces give us
w h at kind of co m pany. e xtra inform atio n a b o u t th e person or thing.
T h e h ot el (t h a t) y o u r e c o m m e n d e d' tells
us which hotel.
W e do n ot use co m m as (,) wit h t hese clauses: W e use co m m as (,) wit h these clauses:
W e k now a lot of people wh o live in My brother Ben, w h o lives in Hong
London. Kon g, is an architect.

In both typ es of relative clause we use w h o for p eo ple and w h ic h for things. But:

Type 1 Type 2
You can use t h a t: You ca n n o t use t h a t:
Do you k now a nyo n e w h o / t h a t speaks Jo h n, w h o (n ot t h a t) speaks French and
French and Italia n? Italian, works as a t o ur guide.
Grace works for a co m p a ny w h ic h / t h a t Anna told me a b o u t her n e w job, w h ic h
makes furniture. (n ot t h a t) she's enjoyin g a lot.
You can leave o ut w h o / w h ic h / t h a t wh e n it is
th e o bject (see U nit 93): You ca n n o t leave o ut w h o or w h ic h :
W e staye d at th e h otel (t h a t / w hich) yo u W e staye d at th e Park H otel, w h ic h a
reco m m en de d. friend of ours reco m m en de d.
This m ornin g I m e t so m e b o d y (who / This m ornin g I m e t Chris, w h o I h a d n't
t h a t) I h a d n't seen for ages. seen for ages.
W e do not oft e n use w h o m in this ty p e of You can use w h o m for people (wh e n it is the
clause (see U nit 9 4B). o bject):
This m ornin g I m e t Chris, w h o m I ha d n't
seen for ages.

In both typ es of relative clause yo u can use w h o s e and w h e r e :

W e m et so me people w h o s e car had Lisa, w h o s e car had broken d own, was

broken d own. in a very bad mood.
W h a t's th e n a m e of th e place w h e r e Kate has j u st been to Swe d e n, w h e r e
yo u w e n t on h olid ay? her d a u g hter lives.

Re la tive cla uses (Typ e 1) - 4 U n i t s 9 2 - 9 4 Rela tive clauses (Typ e 2 ) -* U n i t 9 6

Exercises
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o . Use t h e s e n t e n c e in b rac k e ts t o m a k e a r e la tiv e cla u s e (T y p e 2).
You w ill n ee d t o use w h o ( m ) / w h o s e / w h ic h / w h e r e .
1 C at h erin e is very friendly. (Sh e lives ne xt door.)
Catherine , . who. lives-, n e x t d o or, us v e ry - frie n d ly,.........................................................
2 W e staye d a t t h e Park Hotel. (A friend of ours reco m m e n d e d it.)
W e 5t o y e d a t t h e Por k H o t ^ , which a - fuen d c-f o urs rec o m m e n d e d ....................
3 W e often go t o visit our friends in Ca m brid ge. (It is not far fro m Lon don.)
W e often go t o visit our friends in Ca m brid ge . .................. .....
4 I w e n t t o see th e doctor. (Sh e told me I needed t o change m y diet.)
I w e n t t o see ........................................... ..............................................................................
5 St eve n is one of m y closest friends. (I have k nown him for a very long ti m e.)
Steve n ....................................................................................................................................
6 Lisa is a w a y fro m ho m e a lot. (H e r jo b involves a lot of travelling.)
L i s a ................................................ ........................................................................................
7 The n e w sta diu m will be finished ne xt month. (It can hold 9 0 , 0 0 0 people.)

8 Alask a is the largest state in t h e USA. (M y brother lives there.)

9 O u r t e ach er was very kind. (I have f or gotte n her na me.)

Rea d t h e in f o r m a tio n a n d c o m p l e t e e ach se n t e n ce . Use a r e la tiv e cla use o f T y p e 1 o r T y p e 2.

Use c o m m a s w h e r e n ecessary.
1 There's a w o m a n living ne xt d oor to me. Sh e ’s a doctor.
T he w o m a n who liv e s n e x t d o or to me Is a d o c t o r .........................................................
2 I've g ot a brother called Ben. He lives in Ho n g Kong. He's an a rc h it e c t
My brother Be n , who liv e s In Hong Kong, . ................................................
3 There was a strike at the factory. It began ten days ago. It is n o w over.
T he strike at th e fact ory ............... ............................................................................
4 I was looking for a book this morning. I've found it now.
I've f o u n d ..................................................................................................................................
5 I've had my car for 15 years. It has never broken down.
M y c a r .................................................................................................. .....................................
6 A jo b was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of t h e m had th e necessary qualifications.
Few o f .....................................................................................................................................
7 A m y has a son. Sh e showe d me a picture of him. He's a police officer.
A m y showe d me .................... ................................................................................

So m e o f t h e s e s e n t e n c e s are wr o n g. C o rr e c t t h e m an d p u t in c o m m a s w h e r e n ecessary. If t h e
s e n t e n c e is co rr ect, w r i t e ' O K'.
1 A n na told m e a b o u t her n e w jo b t h a t she's e njoyin g very much.
A n n a t o l d me- a b o u t h er new j o b , w h l d i s h e ’s e ^ o yi n g very m u c h ...............................
2 My office t h a t is on t h e second floor is very small.

3 The office I'm using at th e m o m e n t is very small.

4 Mark's fa t h er t h a t used to be in t h e ar m y n o w works for a T V co m pany.

5 The d oct or t h a t e x a mine d me co uld n't find a nythin g wrong.

6 The sun t h a t is one of millions of stars in t h e universe provides us wit h h e at and light.

191
Unit
96 Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)
Prep ositio ns + w h o m / w h ic h

You can use a pre p ositio n before w h o m (for peo ple) and w h ic h (for things). So yo u can say:
t o w h o m / w i t h w h o m / a b o u t w h ic h / w i t h o u t w h ic h e t c . :
O Mr Lee, t o w h o m I spoke at th e meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
F ort u n a tely we had a good map, w i t h o u t w h ic h w e wo uld have g o t lost.

In infor m al English w e often keep t h e preposition aft er t h e verb in th e relative clause. W h e n w e do

this, w e n or m ally use w h o (n ot w h o m) for people:
Q This is my friend fro m Canada, w h o I was tellin g you a b o u t.
G Yest er d ay w e visited t h e C ity Museu m, w h ic h I'd never been t o before.

A l l o f / m o s t o f etc. + w h o m / w h ic h

St u d y t h ese e x a mples:

Hele n has three brothers. All of t h e m are married. (2 sentences)

Hele n has three brothers, a ll o f w h o m are married. (1 se n te nce)

T h ey asked me a lot of questions. I co uld n't a nswer m ost of t h e m . (2 se n te nces)

- T h ey asked me a Lot of questions, m o s t o f w h ic h I co uld n't answer. (1 se n te nce)

In th e sa m e w a y yo u can say:
n one o f / n eit h er o f / a n y of / eith er of
+ w h o m (peo ple)
s o m e o f / m a n y o f / m u ch o f / (a) f e w o f
? + w h ic h (thin gs)
b o t h o f / h a lf o f / e ac h o f / o n e o f / t w o o f etc.

Martin tried on three jack ets, n o n e o f w h ic h fitte d him.

G Two men, n e it h e r o f w h o m I had seen before, ca m e into t h e office.
G T h ey have t hre e cars, t w o o f w h ic h t h ey rarely use.
Sue has a lot of friends, m a n y o f w h o m she was at school with.

You can also say t h e ca u s e o f w h ic h / t h e n a m e o f w h ic h e t c . :

The building was d estroye d in a fire, t h e ca u s e o f w h ic h was never established.
C j W e staye d at a bea utiful hotel, t h e n a m e o f w h ic h I ca n ’t re m e m b er now.

W h ic h (not w h a t)

St u d y this e x a m ple:

jo e g ot t h e job. This surprised everybo dy. (2 sente nces)

Jo e g ot th e job, w h ic h surprised everybody. (1 se n te nce)

relative clause

In this e x a mple, w h ic h = 'th e fact t h a t he g ot t h e job'. You m ust use w h ic h (n ot w h a t) in sentences

like these:
Sarah co uld n't m e e t us, w h ic h w as a sha me, (n ot w h a t was a sha m e)
O The w e a t h e r was good, w h ic h we h a d n't e x pected, (n o t w h a t w e h a d n’t e x pecte d)

For w h a t , see Units 9 2 D and 93D.

192 A ll o f / m o s t o f etc. U n it 8 8 Bo t h o f etc. U n it 89 Rela tive cla uses 1- 4 - U n its 9 2 - 9 5

Exercises
W r i t e t h e re la tiv e cla uses in a m ore f o r m a l w a y using a p re p ositio n + w h o m / w h ic h .
1 Yest erd ay w e visited th e C ity Museu m, which I'd never been t o before.
Yest erd ay w e visited th e C ity Museu m, to which I ’d n ever been b e f o r e .............. .......
2 My brother showe d us his n ew car, which he's very proud of.
M y brother showe d us his n ew car, ... . .
3 This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sa m, w h o w e w e n t on holid ay with.
This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sa m, .
4 The we d din g, which o nly m e m b ers of th e fa m ily were invited to, to o k place on Friday.
The wedding, ............ ,
too k place on Friday.

Use t h e in f o r m a tio n in t h e first s e n t e n c e t o c o m p l e t e t h e seco n d se n t e n ce . Use a l l o f / m o s t o f

e tc. or t h e ... o f + w h o m / w h ic h .
1 All of Helen's brothers are married.
Hele n has t hree brothers, M L o-f whom a r e r o a m e d ................................. .............. .....
2 Most of t h e in for m a tio n we w ere given was useless.
W e were given a lot of inform ation, ... ................... .................................................
3 N o n e of th e ten people w h o applied for th e jo b was suitable.
Ten people applied for t h e job, ..................................................................................................
4 Kate hardly ever uses one of her co m puters.
Kate has g ot tw o co m p uters, ..............................................................................................
5 Mik e wo n £ 1 0 0,0 0 0. He gave half of it to his parents.
Mike wo n £ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,..................................................................................................................
6 Bot h of Julia's sisters are Lawyers.
Julia has tw o sisters, .................................................................................................................
7 Ja n e replied to n eit h er of t h e e m ails Lse nt her.
I sent Ja n e tw o e mails, ..............................................................................................................
8 I w e n t t o a p arty - I k new o nly a f e w of t h e people there.
There were a lot of people at the party, ....................................................................................
9 The sides of th e road w e drove along were Lined wit h trees.
W e drove alon g the road, t h e ... .
10 The aim of t h e co m p a ny's n e w business plan is t o save money.
The co m p a ny has a new business plan, ...........................................................................

Jo i n s e n t e n c e s fro m t h e bo x es t o m a k e n e w se n t e nc es. Use w h ic h .

This was very kind of her.

1 Laura co uld n't -eo m e t o t h e party.
This means w e ca n't go a w a y to m orrow.
2 Ja n e d oesn't have a phone.
This makes it difficult t o co n t a ct her.
3 Ale x has passed his exams.
This makes it difficult t o sleep so m eti m es.
4 O u r flight was deLayed.
T his w as a sha m er-
5 Kate offered to let me stay at her house.
This is good news.
6 The stre et I live in is very noisy at night.
This m ea nt we had to w ait three hours at the
7 O u r car has broken down.
airport.

1 Laura co uld n't co m e to th e party, which w a s a sh a n n e,............. .................

2 Ja n e ........................ .,...............
3 .......................................................... ........................................................................................
4 ............................... ...................................................................................................................
5
Unit -ing and -ed clauses (the wo m an talking to Tom,
97 the boy injured in the accident)
A cla use is a part o f a sentence. So m e clauses begin wit h -ing or - ed. For e x a mple:

TOM

Do yo u k now th e w o m a n t a l k i n g t o T o m ? th e w o m a n
-in g clause
talkin g t o Tom

The boy in j ure d in t h e a cci d e n t was ta ken to hospital.

-ed clause

th e boy injured
in th e accid e nt

W e use -ing clauses to say w h a t so m e b o dy (or so m et hin g) is (or was) d oing at a p articular tim e:

Do you k n ow t h e w o m a n t a l k i n g t o T o m ? (th e w o m a n is t a l k i n g t o To m)
Police in v e sti g a ti n g t h e cri m e are looking for three men. (police ar e i n v e stig a tin g th e crime)
W h o were th ose p eople w a i t i n g o u t s i d e? (t h ey w e r e w a iti n g)
G I was wo k e n up by a bell ringin g, (a bell w a s rin gin g)

You can also use an -ing clause to say w h a t hap pens all t h e ti m e, not j ust a t a p articular tim e.
For e x a mple:
The road c o n n e c t i n g t h e t w o villa g e s is very narrow, (the road c o n n e c ts th e t w o villages)
I have a large roo m o v e rl o o k i n g t h e g ard e n, (th e roo m o v e rl o o k s th e garden)
G Can you thin k of th e na m e of a flo w er b e gin n in g w i t h T ? (th e na m e b e gins wit h T)

- ed clauses have a passive meaning:

O The boy in j ure d in t h e a cci d e n t was taken t o hospital.
(he w a s in j ure d in t h e accid e nt)
O G e org e showe d me so m e pictures p a in t e d b y his f a t h e r.
(t h e y h a d b e e n p a i n t e d by his fath er)

In j u re d and i n vit e d are p ast p articiples. N o t e t h a t m a ny past participles are irregular and do not
end in - ed (s t o l e n / m a d e / w rit t e n etc.):
The police n ever found t h e m o n ey s t o l e n in t h e ro b b e ry.
Most of t h e goods m a d e in t h is f a c t o r y are e x ported.

You can use l e f t in this way, wit h t h e m eanin g 'n o t used, still there':
W e'v e e at e n nearly all t h e ch ocolates. There are o nly a f ew le f t.

W e oft e n use -ing and - ed clauses aft er t h e r e is / t h e r e w a s e t c . :

T h e r e w e r e so m e children s w i m m i n g in t h e river.
Is t h e r e a ny b o d y w a i t i n g ?
T h e re w a s a big red car p ar k e d outsid e th e house.

Se e / h e a r so m e b o d y d o i n g so m e t hin g 4 U n i t 6 7 -ing clauses U n it 6 8 T h e r e (is) - U n it 84

194 Irre g ular past p articiples (m a d e / s t o l e n etc.) Appen dix 1
Exercises
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o . C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h an - ing cla use.
1 A bell was ringing. I was wo k en up by it.
I was wo k en up by <*• b ell ringing ,
2 A man was sittin g ne xt to m e on t h e plane. I did n't talk much to him.
I did n't talk much to th e ........... .................................................. ...............
3 A taxi was ta king us to th e airport. It broke d own.
The _........................ ...... broke down.
4 There's a path at th e end of this street. The path leads to t h e river.
At th e end of th e stre et there's a ............ ............ .............. ..................
5 A fact ory has j ust o pened in th e to wn. It e m ploys 50 0 people.
A has j ust opened in t h e town.
6 The co m p a ny sent me a brochure. It co ntaine d th e infor m atio n I needed.
The co m p a ny sent me ........................................ ..............

Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o , b e gin nin g as sh o w n . Each ti m e m a k e an - ed cla use.

1 A boy was injured in t h e accid e nt. He was taken to h o s pit al
The boy injwre. <l in the- a c c i d e n t was tak en t o hospital.
2 A g ate was da mage d in th e stor m. It has n o w been repaired.
The gate has n o w been repaired.
3 A n u m b er of suggestions were m a d e at t h e meeting. Most of t h e m were not very practical.
Most of the were not very practical.
4 So m e paintings were stolen fro m t h e museu m. T h ey h av e n't been found yet.
The .................................................... h ave n't been found ye t.
5 A man was arrested by th e police. W h a t's his n a m e?
W h a t ’s th e n a m e of ............................................................................................................. ?

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs in t h e c o rr e c t f or m:

blo w c a ll in v it e liv e offer rea d ri ng sit stu dy work

1 I was wo k en up by a bell rmging............

2 So m e of th e people in vite d , t o th e p arty ca n't co me.
3 Life m ust be very u n pleasa nt for people near busy airports.
4 A f ew days aft er t h e interview, I received an e m ail me th e job.
5 So m e b o d y Jac k phoned whiLe yo u were out.
6 There was a tree ....... d own in t h e stor m last night.
7 The waitin g roo m was e m p ty e xcept for a yo u n g man by the win d o w
a maga zine.
8 Ian has a brother in a bank in London and a sister
eco n o mics at u niversity in Manchester.

Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o m a k e s e n t e n c e s using T h e r e is / T h e r e w a s etc.

1 T h at house is e m pty, (n o b o dy / live / in it) T h e re ’s nobody livin g in ct..........................
2 The accid e nt w asn't serious,(n o b o dy / injure) T h e re w a s nobody i n j u r e d . .......................
3 I can hear footsteps, (so m e b o dy / co m e)
There ..................................................................................................................................
4 The train was full, (a Lot of people / travel)

5 W e were t h e o nly guests at th e hotel, (n o b o dy else / stay th ere)

6 The piece of paper was blank, (n othin g / writ e / on it)

7 The colle ge offers English courses in th e evening, (a course / begin / ne xt Mo n d ay)