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Shuledirect: Non Metals and Their Compounds

The document discusses the properties and preparation of sulfur dioxide. It describes sulfur dioxide's acidic characteristics when dissolved in water to form sulfurous acid, and its reducing properties when reacting with dyes, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, and potassium dichromate solutions. The document also outlines tests to identify sulfur dioxide and explains its uses and hazards.

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144 views11 pages

Shuledirect: Non Metals and Their Compounds

The document discusses the properties and preparation of sulfur dioxide. It describes sulfur dioxide's acidic characteristics when dissolved in water to form sulfurous acid, and its reducing properties when reacting with dyes, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, and potassium dichromate solutions. The document also outlines tests to identify sulfur dioxide and explains its uses and hazards.

Uploaded by

virtual Class
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Non Metals And Their Compounds  

Chemistry Form 4 MENU


ShuleDirect
0 of 10 Subtopics Complete

Non Metals And Their


Compounds
Chemistry Form 4

0 of 10 Subtopics Complete

Study Notes () Syllabus ([Link]

Teachers Notes () Discuss Bookmarks

General Chemical Properties of Non Metals

Chlorine

Hydrogen Chloride

Sulphur

Sulphur Dioxide 

Preparation of sulphur dioxide

In the laboratory, sulphur dioxide is prepared by heating a mixture of sodium sulphite and
dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction equation is:

Alternatively, sulphur dioxide can be prepared by heating a mixture of concentrated


Ask
sulphuric acid and copper. In this case, there is no reaction until the mixture in the flask Ticha
Kidevu
becomes hot. Then rapid effervescence occurs and the gas is usually collected as shown.

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Non Metals And Their Compounds 
Chemistry Form 4
0 of 10 Subtopics Complete

A dark brown mixture is left in the flask. It contains anhydrous copper (II) sulphate and
certain impurities.

The Properties of Sulphur Dioxide

Describe the properties of sulphur dioxide

Physical properties
These are:

1. The gas is colourless with an irritating (pungent), choking smell.

2. It is denser than air. Its density is 2½ times that of air.

3. It is readily soluble in water and forms an acidic solution of sulphurous acid.

Acidic characteristics of sulphur dioxide

As indicated above, sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in water to form an acid solution of
sulphurous acid, H2SO3. The solution turns blue litmus paper red. Sulphur dioxide is
thus an acidic gas.

Chemical properties
The reaction characteristics described below explains the chemical properties of
sulphur dioxide gas.

The reducing properties of sulphur dioxide

(i) Reduction of dyes in flower petals or colour in paper (bleaching)

Sulphur dioxide bleaches the colours in dyes such as flower pigments. When the
flower pigments or dyes contain oxygen, they are coloured. Sulphur dioxide reduces
Ask
the dye (removes oxygen from it) and the dye, therefore, turns colourless. This Ticha
process can be summarized as follows: Kidevu

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Non Metals And Their Compounds 
Chemistry Form 4
0 of 10 Subtopics Complete

In this process, sulphur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulphurous acid:

Then the acid takes up oxygen from the dye of the flowers or paper and forms
sulphuric acid. The removal of oxygen from the dye converts it to a colourless
compound:

However, the oxygen from the air may oxidize the reduced colourless compound
back to the original coloured compound.

(ii) Reduction of nitric acid

If sulphur dioxide gas is bubbled through concentrated nitric acid, brown fumes of
nitrogen dioxide gas are formed:

The nitric acid is reduced to nitrogen dioxide and the sulphur dioxide is oxidized to
sulphuric acid.

(iii) Reduction of acidified potassium permanganate solution

Sulphur dioxide decolourized purple potassium permanganate solution.

Sulphur dioxide is first converted to a sulphite (SO32-), after reacting with water, and

then oxidized to a sulphate (SO42-) by the permanganate. Ask


Ticha
Kidevu

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The ionic equation is:
Non Metals And Their Compounds 
Chemistry Form 4
0 of 10 Subtopics Complete

The oxidation state of manganese changes from +7 to +2. This is a reduction


reaction.

(iv) Reduction of acidified potassium dichromate solution

When sulphur dioxide is mixed with potassium dichromate (VI) solution the orange
colour of the solution changes to green. The dichromate (VI) is reduced to chromate
(III) which is green in colour when in aqueous state:

The oxidation state of chromium changes from +6 in potassium dichromate (VI) to +3


in chromic sulphate. On the other hand, sulphur dioxide is oxidized by the dichromate
(VI) to sulphate (SO42-).

Other reduction reactions involving sulphur dioxide gas

Sulphur dioxide reduces chlorine, bromine and iodine to the hydrogen halides in the
presence of water:

In all these cases, the solution changes from brown to colourless.

The oxidizing properties of sulphur dioxide


Ask
Ticha
(i) Oxidation of hydrogen sulphide Kidevu

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Iron (II) sulphide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen sulphide
Non Metals And Their Compounds 
Chemistry Form 4
gas and iron (III) chloride:
0 of 10 Subtopics Complete

Hydrogen sulphide gas has a smell similar to that of a rotten egg. The hydrogen
sulphide gas is oxidized by sulphur dioxide in the gas jar to sulphur:

The sulphur produced is a yellow [Link] reaction takes place in the presence of
moisture which acts as a catalyst. That is why water is added in the jar.

(ii) Oxidation of magnesium

When burning magnesium is lowered into a jar containing sulphur dioxide gas, a
white solid, magnesium oxide, and yellow pieces of sulphur are formed:

Tests for sulphur dioxide gas


Includes

1. The gas can be identified by its characteristic pungent and choking smell.

2. It can also be detected by putting into it a filter paper that has been previously
dipped into an acidified solution of potassium dichromate (VI). The colour of the
filter paper changes from orange to green due to the reduction of dichromate
(VI) to chromate (III).

3. Sulphur dioxide also decolourized acidified potassium permanganate solution.

 Test Yourself

Ask
Ticha
Kidevu

The Uses and Hazards of Sulphur Dioxide


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Explain the uses and hazards of sulphur dioxide
Non Metals And Their Compounds 
Sulphur
Chemistry Form 4 dioxide has got a number of uses in daily life. However, there are also some
hazards
0 of 10 Subtopics which
Complete can be caused by the gas if its production is not controlled.

Uses of sulphur dioxide


The following are some uses of sulphur dioxide gas:

1. The gas is used in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid in the Contact
Process.

2. It is used as a bleaching agent for wood pulp, silk, wool and straw.

3. Its poisonous nature makes it a useful fumigant. So it is used in fumigation. The


gas is poisonous to all organisms, particularly bacteria.

4. It is used as a preservative and sterilizing agent in making soft drinks and jam,
and in dried fruits. A very low concentration of the gas in food prevents
fermentation as it stops the growth of bacteria and moulds. Its reaction with
oxygen prevents oxidation of juices and other liquids to which it is added for
preservation.

Hazards of sulphur dioxide gas


The hazards of sulphur dioxide gas are due to its effect in environmental pollution
and the health problems accompanied with that pollution. Sulphur dioxide is a major
air pollutant. The major sources of sulphur dioxide in the air are power plants that
use fossil fuels such as coal, diesel and petrol; industrial boilers; and exhaust
emissions from motor vehicles. The gas is also produced during metal smelting and
other industrial processes.

Half of sulphur dioxide output comes from burning coal in coal-fired power stations.
All coal contains small amounts of sulphur. So when the coal is burnt to produce
energy, the sulphur in the coal reacts with oxygen in the air to produce sulphur
dioxide

Sulphur dioxide is a very irritating gas and is thought to be the cause of bronchitis
and other lung diseases. Exposure to higher concentrations of the gas can cause Ask
impairment of the respiratory function and heart diseases. Ticha
Kidevu

Sulphur dioxide also causes acid rain. This occurs when the gas comes in contact
with
We Love to Hear moist
from Youair.
 The sulphur dioxide dissolves in water vapour from the clouds and /
combines with oxygen from the atmosphere to form an acid – sulphuric acid:
Non Metals And Their Compounds 
Chemistry Form 4
0 of 10 Subtopics Complete

Acid rain damages the leaves and barks of plants making them more vulnerable to
diseases, weather and insects. When acid rain reaches the lake, river or other water
bodies it makes the whole water body acidic. Even a low concentration of acid in the
water can kill fish and other marine organisms.

 Test Yourself

 Complete and Continue 

Sulphuric Acid

Nitrogen

Ammonia

Carbon

Carbon Dioxide
Chemistry Form 4 Topics

Non Metals And Their Compounds


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Sulphur dioxide dissolves in water, forming sulphurous acid, which lowers the pH. Detection methods involve pH indicators or changes in litmus paper. Its presence signals potential acid rain formation, which affects ecosystems by altering soil pH and damaging aquatic life through increased acidity .

Sulphur dioxide acts as a reducing agent by donating electrons in reactions. It reduces dyes by removing oxygen, turning colored compounds colorless. In redox reactions, it reduces nitric acid to nitrogen dioxide and acidified potassium permanganate solution, changing it from purple to colorless as it is oxidized to sulphate. It also reduces acidified potassium dichromate from orange dichromate (VI) to green chromate (III).

Sulphur dioxide is beneficial due to its applications in preserving food, fumigation, and manufacturing sulphuric acid, an industrial necessity. However, its harmful effects arise from environmental pollution, such as acid rain, and health issues like respiratory diseases. Its dual role results in a societal balancing act between utilizing its benefits and mitigating its adverse impacts .

Sulphur dioxide decolourizes purple potassium permanganate solution by acting as a reducing agent. It is initially converted to sulphite, then oxidized to sulphate, while the permanganate is reduced. This reaction signifies sulphur dioxide's strong reducing property and its ability to partake in redox reactions effectively .

Sulphur dioxide is a major pollutant from burning fossil fuels, leading to acid rain, which damages vegetation and aquatic ecosystems. It causes respiratory issues like bronchitis and heart disease due to its irritant nature. The gas's ability to form sulphuric acid in the atmosphere contributes significantly to environmental and health hazards .

Sulphur dioxide reacts with water vapor and oxygen in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid, contributing to acid rain. This lowers pH levels in soil and water bodies, harming vegetation and aquatic life. Continuous release exacerbates environmental degradation, illustrating the need for emissions control .

In the Contact Process, sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide, which is dissolved in water to produce sulphuric acid. This step is essential as it allows the efficient manufacture of sulphuric acid, a key industrial chemical used in various applications. The process relies on SO₂’s ability to easily transform into SO₃ under controlled conditions .

Sulphur dioxide is prepared in the laboratory by heating a mixture of sodium sulphite and dilute hydrochloric acid, where sodium sulphite reacts with HCl to produce SO₂ gas. Alternatively, it is prepared by heating a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and copper, where concentrated H₂SO₄ oxidizes copper. Both methods involve chemical reactions producing sulphur dioxide gas .

Sulphur dioxide's acidic properties prevent microbial growth by creating conditions unsuitable for bacteria and moulds. Its antioxidant capacity helps preserve flavors and colors by preventing oxidative spoilage, thus extending shelf life of products like dried fruits and beverages .

Physically, sulphur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent smell, denser than air, and soluble in water forming acidic solutions. Chemically, it acts as a reducing agent, evident in bleaching and redox reactions. These properties allow its use in industrial sulphuric acid production, bleaching, fumigation, and as a preservative, where its acidic nature and toxicity are advantageous .

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