APPENDIX A
SECTION PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITE ACTION
137
-Calculation of Section Properties for Steel Plate Girder
Given: Top Flange: Plate 3/4“ x 10-1/2”
Web: Plate 7/16” x 34-3/8”
Bottom Flange: Plate 7/8” x 11”
Determine: Section Properties
yt
NA
yb
Reference Point = Top of Section
Ai yi (Ai)(yi) (yi-yt) (Ai)(yi-yt)2 Io
Section (in2) (in.) (in3) (in.) (in4) (in4)
TF 7.88 0.38 2.95 18.53 2702.66 0.370
Web 15.04 17.94 269.76 0.96 13.95 1480.90
BF 9.63 35.56 342.29 16.66 2672.11 0.614
Σ=> 32.54 615.01 5388.72 1481.88
yt= 18.90 in. St= 363.52 in3
yb= 17.10 in. Sb= 401.78 in3
I= 6870.52 in4
138
-Calculation of Effective Flange Width (beff) for a Typical Interior Beam
Note: beff is calculated in the same manner as for a concrete deck.
A) Using AASHTO SSHB (1996), Sec. [Link]
Given: Length, L = 53.31’
Average Girder Spacing = 8.5’
Deck Thickness, t = 8.0”
Determine: beff for a typical interior girder
1) b eff = 41 L = 41 (53.31’) = 13.33’
min 2) b eff = Avg. Girder Spacing = 8.5’
3) b eff = 12( t ) = 12(8") / 12 = 8.0’
∴ beff = 8.0’
B) Using AASHTO LRFD (1994), Sec. [Link].1
Given: Length, L=53.31’
Average Girder Spacing = 8.5’
Deck Thickness, t = 8.0”
Girder Web Thickness, tw = 7/16”
Girder Top Flange Width, bf = 10.5”
Determine: beff for a typical interior girder
1)beff = 41 L = 41 (53.31’) = 13.33’
t w = 7 / 16" 12(8.0") + 5.25"
min 2) beff = 12(t) + max 1 = = 8.44’
2 ( b f ) = 2 (10.5")
1
12
3)beff = Average Girder Spacing = 8.5’
∴ beff = 8.44’
139
-Calculation of Effective Flange Width (beff) for a Typical Exterior Girder
Note: beff is calculated in the same manner as for a concrete deck
A) Using AASHTO SSHB (1996), Sec. [Link]
Given: Length, L = 53.31’
Deck Thickness, t = 8.0”
Overhang distance, de = 3.5’
Spacing to first interior girder, S = 8.0’
Determine: beff for a typical exterior girder
1) beff = 41 L = 41 (53.31) = 13.33’
min 2) b eff = 21 clear distance to next web,S + overhang, d e = 21 (8.0’) + 35
. ’= 7.50’
3) b eff = 12(t) = 12(8.0") / 12 = 8.00’
∴ beff = 7.50’
B) Using AASHTO LRFD (1994), Sec. [Link].1
Given: Length, L=53.31’
Deck Thickness, t = 8.0”
Girder Web Thickness, tw = 7/16”
Girder Top Flange Width, bf = 10.5”
Overhang distance, de = 3.5’
beff of adjacent interior beam, beff,int = 8.44’
Determine: beff for a typical exterior girder
1
8 L
b eff = 1
2 ( b eff ,int) + min 6(t) + max 21 ( t w ) or 41 ( b f )
Overhang width
1
8 (53.31’) = 6.66’
6(8.0") + max 21 (7 / 16") or 41 (10.5")
b eff = 21 (8.44) + min = 4.22’ + 3.0’
12
3.00’
∴ b eff = 7.22’
140
-Calculation of Transformed Section Properties for Typical Full-Composite Girders
Given:
beff
Aluminum Deck Grouted Core Aluminum Deck
Haunch
Steel Plate Girder
Note: In the calculation of the transformed section properties, the grouted core (made up
of 3 grouted voids) is assumed to be entirely grouted (i.e., the aluminum extrusion
present is assumed to be grout), and the aluminum deck area is adjusted accordingly.
Aluminum Deck Properties: Steel Girder Properties:
EAl= 10100 ksi EST= 29000 ksi
AAl= 15.05 in2/ft of extrusion AST= 32.54 in2
Depth= 8.0” ytop= 18.9”
ytop= 4.0” Io= 6870.52 in4
Io= 163.24 in4/ft of extrusion
Haunch Properties: Core: (Assumed Rectangle)
Eg= 5250 ksi Eg= 5250 ksi
Depth= 2.75” Depth= 8.0”
Width=10.5” Width= 12.0”
ytop = 1.375” ytop= 4.0”
Io= 18.20 in4 Io=512 in 4
Determine: Transformed section properties of interior and exterior girders using
various beff values
141
Interior Girder: Using beff from AASHTO SSHB (1996), beff = 8.0’
(Reference Point = Top of Section)
(Transformation to Equivalent Steel Section)
Ai yi (Ai)(yi) (yi-yt) (Ai)(yi-yt)2 Io
Section n (in2) (in.) (in3) (in.) (in4) (in4)
Deck 0.35 36.69 4.00 146.76 -9.39 3237.95 397.97
Core 0.18 17.38 4.00 69.52 -9.39 1533.72 92.69
Haunch 0.18 5.23 9.38 49.01 -4.02 84.44 3.29
Girder 1.00 32.54 29.65 964.78 16.26 8598.57 6870.52
Σ=> 91.84 1230.07 13454.67 7364.47
yt= 13.39 in. St= 1554.83 in3
yb= 33.36 in. Sb= 624.07 in3
I= 20819.14 in4
Interior Girder: Using beff from AASHTO LRFD (1994), beff= 8.44’
(Reference Point = Top of Section)
(Transformation to Equivalent Steel Section)
Ai yi (Ai)(yi) (yi-yt) (Ai)(yi-yt)2 Io
Section n (in2) (in.) (in3) (in.) (in4) (in4)
Deck 0.35 39.00 4.00 155.99 -9.16 3274.93 422.98
Core 0.18 17.38 4.00 69.52 -9.16 1459.49 92.69
Haunch 0.18 5.23 9.38 49.01 -3.79 75.05 3.29
Girder 1.00 32.54 29.65 964.78 16.49 8843.75 6870.52
Σ=> 94.14 1239.30 13653.21 7389.49
yt= 13.16 in. St= 1598.99 in3
yb= 33.59 in. Sb= 626.46 in3
I= 21042.70 in4
142
Exterior Girder: Using beff form AASHTO SSHB (1996), beff= 7.5’
(Reference Point = Top of Section)
(Transformation to Equivalent Steel Section)
Ai yi (Ai)(yi) (yi-yt) (Ai)(yi-yt)2 Io
Section n (in2) (in.) (in3) (in.) (in4) (in4)
Deck 0.35 34.07 4.00 136.28 -9.67 3185.91 369.54
Core 0.18 17.38 4.00 69.52 -9.67 1625.15 92.69
Haunch 0.18 5.23 9.38 49.01 -4.30 96.43 3.29
Girder 1.00 32.54 29.65 964.78 15.98 8309.11 6870.52
Σ=> 89.22 1219.59 13216.59 7336.05
yt= 13.67 in. St= 1503.49 in3
yb= 33.08 in. Sb= 621.30 in3
I= 20552.64 in4
Exterior Girder: Using beff from AASHTO LRFD (1994), beff= 7.22’
(Reference Point = Top of Section)
(Transformation to Equivalent Steel Section)
Ai yi (Ai)(yi) (yi-yt) (Ai)(yi-yt)2 Io
Section n (in2) (in.) (in3) (in.) (in4) (in4)
Deck 0.35 32.60 4.00 130.41 -9.83 3151.50 353.62
Core 0.18 17.38 4.00 69.52 -9.83 1679.96 92.69
Haunch 0.18 5.23 9.38 49.01 -4.46 103.83 3.29
Girder 1.00 32.54 29.65 964.78 15.82 8141.76 6870.52
Σ=> 87.75 1213.72 13077.06 7320.13
yt= 13.83 in. St= 1474.85 in3
yb= 32.92 in. Sb= 619.60 in3
I= 20397.19 in4
143
-Calculation of Section Properties for a Concrete Parapet
Given: f’c = 4000 ksi (Class A4 Concrete) ∴Ec = 3605 ksi
Formulas: I∆ = bd3/36 I = bh3/12
3” 8” 2” 7”
19”
2 3
10”
4
1 5
6 3”
Determine: Section properties of concrete parapet
(Ai)(yi-yt)2
Section Ai (in2) yi(in.) Aiyi (in3) Io (in4)
(in4)
1 48 10.67 512.16 2730.67 339.63
2 256 16.00 4096.00 21845.33 1825.00
3 19 19.33 367.27 381.06 684.00
4 26 6.50 169.00 366.17 1212.87
5 35 6.33 221.55 194.44 1715.00
6 21 1.50 31.50 15.75 2938.93
Σ=> 405 5397.48 25533.42 8715.43
yt= 18.67 in.
yb= 13.33 in.
I= 34248.85 in4
144
-Calculation of Transformed Section Properties for an Exterior Girder including
the Concrete Parapet
Given: -Using beff = 7.5’ from AASHTO SSHB (1996)
-Refer to previous transformed section calculations for steel girder, deck,
haunch, and grouted core properties
-Refer to previous calculation of section properties for a parapet
Determine: Transformed section properties for an exterior girder including the
concrete parapet
(Transformation to Equivalent Steel Section)
Ai yi (Ai)(yi) (yi-yt) (Ai)(yi-yt)2 Io
2 3 4
Section n (in ) (in.) (in ) (in.) (in ) (in4)
Deck 0.35 34.07 36.00 1226.52 0.07 0.16 369.54
Core 0.18 17.38 36.00 625.66 0.07 0.08 92.69
Haunch 0.18 5.23 41.38 216.28 5.44 154.92 3.29
Girder 1.00 32.54 61.65 2006.03 25.72 21523.41 6870.52
Parapet 0.12 50.35 18.67 940.10 -17.26 14995.19 34248.85
Σ=> 139.56 5014.59 36673.77 41584.90
yt= 35.93 in. St= 2178.02 in3 (To top of Parapet)
yb= 42.82 in. Sb= 1827.66 in3 (To bottom of Steel)
I= 78258.66 in4
145
-Determination of Percent Composite Graph
Given: -Steel Girder Plate Sizes:
Top Flange = 3/4 in. x 10-1/2 in.
Bottom Flange = 7/8 in. x 11 in.
Web = 7/16 in. x 34-3/8 in
-Non-composite Section Properties:
yb = 17.1 in.
Sb = 401.78 in3
-Composite Section Properties:
yBF = 33.36 in. (N.A. to bottom flange of steel girder)
SBF= 624.07 in3 (To bottom flange of steel girder)
yTF = 2.64 in. (N.A. to top flange of steel girder)
STF = 7886 in3 (To top flange of steel girder)
Determine: Following the steps in Section 4.3.3,derive the equations for use in
developing the composite action graph shown in Figures 4.4 and 5.1.
Step (1): Back calculate the moment to cause σ = 25 ksi in the non-composite
section.
M = σ (S b ) = (25 ksi)(401.78 in 3 ) = 10045 k ⋅ in = 837 k ⋅ ft ≈ 840 k ⋅ ft
Step (2): Apply the moment from Step (1) to the full composite section and
determine the stresses at the top and bottom flange outer fibers of the steel
girder.
M (840 k ⋅ ft)(12"/ft)
σ BF
steel
= = = 16.15 ksi (∴ Tension)
SBF (624.07 in3)
- M - (840 k ⋅ ft)(12"/ft)
σTF
steel
= = = −1.28 ksi (∴ Compression)
STF (7886 in3 )
Step (3): Using the stress diagram of the steel girder, determine the amount of
unbalanced tensile force present in the full composite steel girder. The
compressive force required to balance the tensile force is defined as the
interface shear Vc. The full composite interface shear is Vc.
146
Vc
σ4
σ3
36”
yb
σ2
σ1 Tens. Comp.
-Stress Relations from Stress Diagram:
σ
σ2 = 1 (yb − 0.875)
yb
−σ
σ3 = 1 (35.25 − yb )
yb
−σ
σ 4 = 1 (36 − yb )
yb
-General Force Equations:
σ1 + σ 2 7"
FBF = Force in bottom flange = (11" ) = (4.8125)(σ1 + σ 2 )
2 8
σ 7" 7" 7 7’
FBW = Force in bottom of web = 2 yb − = (σ 2 ) yb −
2 16 8 32 8
σ 7" 7" 7
FTW = Force in top of web = 3 yb − = (σ 3 )(35.25 − yb )
2 16 8 32
σ + σ 4 3"
FTF = Force in top flange = 3 (10.5" ) = (3.9375)(σ 3 + σ 4 )
2 4
147
with σ1 = 16.15 ksi; σ2 = 15.73 ksi; σ3 = -0.92 ksi; and σ4 = -1.28 ksi, the
forces are:
FBF = 153.42 kip
FBW = 111.78 kip
FTW = -0.38 kip
FTF = -8.65 kip
Step (4): Sum moments about the extreme outer fiber of the top flange, which is
also the location of the interface shear Vc. The resulting moment is
defined as Mc.
153.42 kip 0.75"+34.375"+
(
0.875" 2{16.15 ksi} + 15.73 ksi )
+
3(16.15 ksi + 15.73 ksi)
2 2.64"−0.75"
Mc = 111.78 kip (33.36"−0.875") + 2.64" − 0.38 kip + 0.75" − =
3 3
[ (
8.65" 0.75" 2{− 0.92 ksi} − 1.28 ksi )]
3( −0.92 ksi − 1.28 ksi)
∴ Mc = 8169 kip ⋅ in
Step (5): Place Mc on a general composite girder with unknown neutral axis
location and unknown interface shear Vc.
Vc
Mc=8169 kip-in σ4
σ3
36”
yb
σ2
σ1 Tens. Comp.
148
Step (6): Using the generic stress diagram above, write equations of equilibrium by
summing forces and summing moments at the interface shear, Vc.
Σ Forces = 0:
FBF + FBW + FTW + FTF + Vc = 0
Σ Moments @ Vc = 0: CCW is (+)
FTF(Dist. 1)+ FBW(Dist. 2)+FTW(Dist. 3)+FTF(Dist. 4) – 8169 kip-in = 0
where distance equationss are the following:
0.875" (2σ1 + σ2 )
( )
Dist. 1 = 0.75"+34.375"+
3 σ + σ2
1
2
Dist. 2 = (y b − 0.875") + (36"− y b )
3
36"− y b − 0.75"
Dist. 3 = + 0.75"
3
0.75" (2σ4 + σ3 )
Dist. 4 =
3(σ3 + σ4 )
Note: The above equations can be manipulated with the stress relation equations
and the general force equations defined earlier to obtain two equations
with two unknowns, yb and σ1.
The equations that result are the following:
From Summation of Forces:
− Vc
σ1 =
4.8125(2 y − 0.875) 7(y − 0.875)2 7(35.25 − y )2 3.9375(2 y − 71.25)
b
+
b
−
b
+
b
yb 32 y b 32 y b yb
149
From Summation of Moments:
Mc= Term 1 + Term 2 + Term 3 + Term 4
where
4.8125σ1 0.875(3y b − 0.875)
Term 1 = (2 y b − 0.875)35125 +
3(2 y b − 0.875)
.
yb
7σ1 2 y
Term 2 = (y b − 0.875) 35.42 − b
32 y b 3
− 7σ1 2 y
Term 3 = (35.25 − y b ) 12.5 − b
32 y b 3
3.9375σ1 (3y b − 107.25)
Term 4 =
4yb
Step (7): Using a spreadsheet, assume values of yb between non-composite
(yb=17.1 in.) and full composite (yb=33.4 in.) and use the equation
from summation of moments to calculate the extreme bottom flange
stress, σ1.
Step (8): Use the assumed values of yb and the calculated values of σ1with the
summation of forces equation to determine the interface shear, Vc,
required to balance the net tensile force in the girder. The ratio of Vc to Vc
is the percent composite action.
Step (9): Plot the location of the neutral axis, yb, versus the percent composite, ratio
Vc to Vc. The actual graph is located in Figures 4.4 and 5.1.
150
-Sample of Spreadsheet Calculations:
Vc= -256.17 kip
Mc= 8168.59 k-in
yb Moment Equation Terms σ1 Vc %Vc
(in.) Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Term 4 (ksi) (kip) (Vc/Vc)
17.1 333.57 100.09 -28.66 -3.22 20.33 -0.02 0
17.2 333.62 100.62 -28.04 -3.18 20.27 -3.85 2
17.3 333.67 101.15 -27.43 -3.15 20.21 -7.62 3
21.7 335.42 123.23 -9.75 -1.91 18.27 -126.07 49
21.8 335.45 123.70 -9.50 -1.89 18.24 -128.00 50
21.9 335.48 124.16 -9.26 -1.87 18.21 -129.90 51
32.4 337.69 165.20 -0.09 -0.31 16.26 -249.80 98
32.5 337.70 165.51 -0.08 -0.30 16.25 -250.49 98
33.4 337.82 168.15 -0.03 -0.21 16.15 -256.18 100
151