DISCUSSION
1) The geometrical structure of the lung is one of the main factors governing inhaled
particle deposition; structural differences among different species are, therefore, of
great importance for extrapolation modeling. A statistical analysis of morphometric
data for the human and rat tracheobronchial tree reveals significant interspecies
differences in airway branching patterns: compared to the relatively dichotomous
and symmetric structure of the human lung, the rat lung displays a more
monopodial airway branching pattern. Thus, for the rat lung, we recommend
characterizing the properties of a given airway, i.e., its size, physiologic function, and
distance from the trachea, by its diameter rather than by a theoretically assigned
generation number. A Monte Carlo method is used to construct an airway geometry
along each inhaled particle's path by randomly selecting airway parameters from
their frequency distributions and the correlations among them. While the airway
geometry is selected randomly, particle deposition in individual airways is
calculated analytically. These stochastic deposition calculations allow for structural
differences between the human and rat lung, and the variability of the airway
system within each species.
2) Functionally the intrapulmonary airway system can be subdivided into three zones,
a proximal, purely conducting zone, a peripheral, purely gas-exchanging zone, and a
transitional zone in between, where both functions grade into one another. There
are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles
of respiration. The airway, which includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and the body's exterior.
3) The circulatory system consists of three independent systems that work together:
the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary and
portal vessels (systemic). The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients,
oxygen and other gases, and as well as hormones to and from cell.
4) The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just behind and slightly
left of the breastbone. The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and
veins called the cardiovascular system. The heart has four chamber , which are
The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right
ventricle.
The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the
lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the
left ventricle.
The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the
rest of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood
pressure.
The coronary arteries run along the surface of the heart and provide oxygen-rich
blood to the heart muscle. A web of nerve tissue also runs through the heart,
conducting the complex signals that govern contraction and relaxation. Surrounding
the heart is a sac called the pericardium.
5) The small intestine is called small because of its small diameter which is around 3.4-
4.5 cm broad only, as compared to the large intestine, which is 4-6 cm broad. The
primary function of the small intestine is to absorb or take in nutrients from the
digested food while large intestine absorbs salt and water. Unlike the small
intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion is
completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine.
Functions of the large intestine include the absorption of water and electrolytes and
the elimination of feces.
6) The digestive role of the liver is to produce bile and export it to the duodenum. The
gallbladder primarily stores, concentrates, and releases bile. The pancreas produces
pancreatic juice, which contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, and
delivers it to the duodenum. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped, hollow structure
located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Its primary function is
to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the
liver. The gallbladder is part of the biliary tract
7) The urinary system consists of all the organs involved in the formation and release
of urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys are bean-
shaped organs which help the body produce urine to get rid of unwanted waste
substances.
8) Inside the kidneys are a number of pyramid-shaped lobes. Each consists of an outer
renal cortex and an inner renal medulla. Nephrons flow between these sections.
Each kidney excretes urine through a tube called the ureter that leads to the bladder