To demonstrate the
phenomena of magnetism in
an electromagnet
AIM:-
To demonstrate the phenomena of magnetism in
an electromagnet.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
Soft iron core
Copper wire of infinite length
Battery
Connecting wires
THEORY:-
A magnet is a material that produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most
notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other
ferromagnetic materials like iron and attracts or repels
other magnets. A permanent magnet is an object made from
a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent
magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator
magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door.
MAGNETISM:-
Magnetism, a non contact force, is a category of behavior of
materials that respond at an atomic or subatomic level to an
applied magnetic field. For example, the most well known
form of magnetism of ferromagnetism such that
ferromagnetic materials produce their own persistent
magnetic field. However, all materials are influenced to
greater or lesser degree by the presence of a magnetic field
(Para magnetism); others are repulsed by a magnetic field
(diamagnetism); others have a much more complex
relationship with an applied magnetic field. Substances that
are negligibly affected by magnetic fields are non as non
magnetic substances. They include copper, aluminium, gases
and plastic. The magnetic state of material depends on
temperature etc. so that a material may exhibit more than
one form of magnetic depending on its temperature.
SOLENOID:-
A solenoid is coil wound into a tightly packed helix …
solenoids are important because they can create
controlled fields and can be used as electromagnets.
MAGNETIC FIELD OF SOLENOIDS:-
This a derivation of an magnetic field around a
solenoid hat is long enough so that fringe effects can be
ignored. In the diagram to the right , we immediately
know that the field points the positive Z direction
inside the solenoid the solenoid, and in the negative Z
direction outside the solenoid.
The field outside the solenoid is actually zero.
Magnetic field lines only exist as loops, they cannot
diverge from or converge to a point like electric field
lines can. The magnetic field lines follow the
longitudinal path of the solenoid inside, so they must
go on the opposite direction outside of the solenoid so
that lines can form a loop. However, the volume
outside the solenoid is much greater than the volume
inside, so the density of the magnetic field lines outside
is greatly reduced. The field outside must go to zero as
solenoid gets longer.
An electromagnet is simply a coil of wire. It is usually
wound around an iron core. However, it wound
around an iron core, in which case it is called solenoid.
When connected to D.C voltage or current source, the
electromagnet become energized, crating a magnetic
field just like a permanent magnet. The magnetic flux
density is proportional to the magnitude of the current
flowing in the wire of the electromagnet. When
connected to an A.C voltage or current source, the
electromagnet will be changing its flux density as the
current fluctuates. Te polarity of the magnet will also
changes as the current reverse direction every half
cycle. AC electromagnets can be used to demagnetize
objects or to hold objects.
By applying the right hand thumb rule for the field
around a wire. If we wrap our right hand around a
wire with a thumb pointing in the direction of the
current, the curl of the fingers shows how the field
behaves.
Consider an imaginary loop C that is located inside
solenoid. By Ampere’s law, we know that the line
integral of B (the magnetic field vector) around the
loop is zero, since it encloses no electric currents. The
field is pointing upward inside the solenoid, so the
horizontal portion of the loop C does not contribute
anything to the integral. Thus the integral of the up
side 1 is equal to the integral of the down side 2. The
magnetic field inside the solenoid is radially uniform.
B=unl
Where n = no of turns in the solenoid
APPLICATION:-
Electromagnets are vital to a speaker’s function.
Electromagnet are used in many everyday devices and
machines.
Electromagnetism occurs when electricity is run
through and metal coil, which causes it to become
magnetic. When the current stops, the coil is ceases to
be magnetic. This simply ability to turn magnetism on
and off instantly has led to electromagnet becoming
crucial devices in many modern electronics.
ELECTRIC MOTORS:-
Electric motion produce motion from
electromagnetism. Although electric motors take many
forms, they all work on the same basic principle;
Electromagnetism exert forces on metal. This means
that metal can be made to move if it is placed between
electromagnets. Controlling the electrical flow to the
electromagnets allow to the motion of the metal to be
controlled, producing mechanical motion. Complex
motors involving numerous moving parts.
MAGNETIC RECORDING:-
Electromagnets are essential to process of recording
using magnetic tapes, as wit audio cassettes and
videotapes. The method uses magnetism-sensitive
strips of tape, which are passed thorough an
electromagnetic field. Pulses of magnetism from the
electromagnet imprint onto the tape, recording
sound. This sound then can be played back when the
tape is passed by another electromagnet wrapped in
coil wire . this generates an electrical charge with
the tape player’s can interpret into sound.
SPEAKERS:-
All speakers contain electromagnets. Speakers
comprise an electric cone attached to an
electromagnet. The electromagnet is positioned in
front of a stationary magnet. As electricity is
passed through the electromagnet, its electrical
polarity is reversed. Running pulse of electricity
through the electromagnet rapidly causes it to be
attracted to and repulsed from the magnet,
causing the cone to vibrate. The shape of the cone
amplifies the vibrations, causing it to emit
sounds.
DOORBELLS:-
Doorbells use electromagnets to produce
chimes. When the doorbell button is pressed a
pulse of electricity is sent to the doorbell
speakers. The speaker contain an
electromagnet connected causes the solenoid
to move forward, striking a bell. When the
button is released, the solenoid is forced back
by the spring, and hits another bell, completing
the melody. More complex doorbell melodies
exist, and use a series of electromagnets and
solenoids that activate in successions when the
button is pressed.
CONCLUSION:-
Magnetic field produce by the electromagnet is
very strong as compared to that of bar magnet.