INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

! Deflected Shape of Structures

! Method of Consistent Deformations
! Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal
Displacement

1
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
P

fixed support
∆=0
θ=0

-M

roller or rocker
support θ
∆=0
inflection point

+M

-M
2
 P
θ
pined support
∆=0

-M

3
 inflection point
• Fixed-connected joint
P

fixed-connected inflection point

joint

Moment diagram

4
• Pined-connected joint
pined-connected
P joint

Moment diagram

5
P

inflection point

Moment diagram

6
 P1

B C D
A

P2

M
+M
x
-M

inflection point

7
 P1

P2

+M
x
-M

inflection point

8
Method of Consistent Deformations
Beam 1 DOF
P

MA

Ax = 0 B
A C

=
Ay RB
P

B
A C ∆´B

fBB x R
B
B
A C

∆´B + fBB RB = ∆B = 0
1
9
 Beam 2 DOF Compatibility Equations.
w
∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = ∆1 = 0
3
∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = ∆2 = 0
4 1 2 5
0

=
w ∆´1 f11 f12 R1 ∆1 0
+ =
∆´2 f12 f22 R ∆2
∆´1 ∆´2 2
+

f11 f21
×R1
1
+

f12
f22
×R2
1

10
 Beam 3 DOF Compatibility Equations.
P1 w P2
θ´1 + f11M1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = θ1 = 0
1 6
∆´2 + f21M1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = ∆2 = 0

=
4 2 3 5
P1 w P2 ∆´3 + f31M1 + f32R2 + f33R3 = ∆3 = 0
0
θ´1 f11 f12 f13 M1 θ1 0
∆´2 θ´1 ∆´3
∆´2 f21 f22 f23 R
∆2 0
+ =
+

2
f11 f21 f31
1
∆´3 f31 f32 f33 R ∆3
×M1 3

f12 f22
+

f32
×R2

1
f33
+

f13 f23
×R3
1 11
Compatibility Equation for n span. Equilibrium Equations

∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = ∆ 1

∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = ∆2
Fixed-end force matrix
∆´n + fn1R1 + fn2R2 + fnnRn = ∆n
[Q] = [K][D] + [Qf]
If ∆1 = ∆2=……= ∆n = 0 ;

Stiffness matrix
∆ ´1 f11 f12 f13 R1 0
∆´2 f21 f22 f23 R Solve for displacement [D];
+ 2 = 0

∆´ n f n1 f n2 fn n R 0 [D] = [K]-1[Q] - [Qf]

n

or
[∆´] + [f][R] = 0 1
kij =
f ij
[R] = - [f]-1[∆´]
[fij] = Flexibility matrix dependent on
1 1 1
, ,
EI EA GJ 12
Maxwell’s Theorem of reciprocal displacements

1=i 2=j
1 EI
A B
f11 = fii f21 = fji
dx
f ij = ∫ mi M j
EI
Mi = mi
dx
= ∫ mi m j
EI

dx
A
1
B f ji = ∫ m j M i
EI
f22 = fjj
f12 = fij dx
= ∫ m j mi
EI

Mj = mj f ij = f ji

13
Example 1

Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.

50 kN

B
A C
6m 6m

14
 SOLUTION

• Principle of superposition 50 kN

MA B
A C
6m 6m
RA RB

=
50 kN

∆´B

fBB x RB

-----(1) 1 kN
Compatibility equation : ∆ ' B + f BB RB = 0
15
 • Use conjugate beam in obtaining ∆´B and fBB

50 kN
A B
300 kN•m Real beam
∆´B
50 kN
6m 6m
9000/EI
6 + (2/3)6 = 10 m
Conjugate beam

900/EI

300 /EI 900/EI ∆´B = M´B = -9000/EI ,

12 kN•m fBB Real beam

1 kN 1 kN
72/EI
12 /EI
(2/3)12 = 8 m
576/EI
Conjugate beam
fBB = M´´B = 576/EI,
72/EI 16
 • Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1)

9000 576
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0
EI EI
RB = +15.63 kN, (same direction as 1 kN)

50 kN
300 kN•m
∆´B
50 kN
+

12 kN•m fBB x RB = 15.63 kN

=
1 kN 1 kN
50 kN
B
C
34.37 kN•m A
34.37 kN 15.63 kN
17
 Use conjugate beam in obtaining the displacement
50 kN
113 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
∆C B
A
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6

M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 m 6m 12 m

-113 93.6/EI

Conjugate Beam

-113/EI 223/(EI)
281/(EI)
M´C
281 223 776
M 'C = ( 2) − (6 ) = −
EI EI EI
776 V´C 2 m
∆ C = M 'C = − ,↓ 4m 223/(EI)
EI 18
Example 2

Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C. Take E = 200
GPa and I = 5(106) mm4

10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

19
 10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

=
10 kN

∆´B

+
fBB x R
B
1 kN

Compatibility equation:
∆´B + fBBRB = ∆B = 0

20
• Use conjugate beam in obtaining ∆´B
10 kN
40 kN•m 3EI 2EI
A B Real Beam
C
4m 2m 2m
10 kN

10 10
V (kN)
+
x (m)

M x (m)
(kN•m) -

40

177.7/EI
Conjugate Beam

40/3EI = 13.33/EI 26.66/EI

∆´B = M´B = 177.7/EI
21
• Use conjugate beam for fBB
3EI 2EI
8 kN•m A B Real Beam
C 1 kN
1 kN 4m 2m 2m

V (kN) x (m)
-
-1 -1

8
4
+
M x (m)
(kN•m)

4/(3EI)=1.33EI 4/(2EI)=2EI
2.67 8
=
EI 3EI
60.44/EI

fBB = M´B = 60.44/EI 12/EI Conjugate Beam

22
 10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

=
10 kN

∆´B

+
fBB x R
B
1 kN
Compatibility. equation:
∆´B + fBBRB = ∆B = 0
− 177.7 60.44
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0
EI EI
RB = +2.941 kN, (same direction as 1 kN)
23
• The quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve
10 kN
16.48 kN•m 3EI 2EI
A B
∆C
C 2.94 kN
7.06 kN 4m 2m 2m

7.06

+
V (kN) - x (m)
-2.94 -2.94

11.76
M 2.33 m
(kN•m) + x (m)

-
1.67 m

-16.48
24
• Use the conjugate beam for find ∆C
10 kN
16.48 kN•m 3EI 2EI
C
A B Real beam
∆C
7.059 kN 4m 2m 2m 2.941 kN

11.76
2EI
11.76
2.335 m 3EI
Conjugate beam

1.665 m
16.48
3EI
3.263
EI
3.263 6.413 −18.85
M´C= (0.555) − (3.222) = ,↓
EI EI EI

6.413 (1.665)/3=0.555 m
EI −18.85
∆C = M 'C = = −18.85 mm, ↓
1.665+(2/3)(2.335) = 3.222 m ( 200× 5)
25
Example 3

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown [Link] is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

5 kN/m

A B
4m 4m

26
 SOLUTION

• Principle of superposition
5 kN/m
A B
θA θB
4m 4m

=
5 kN/m

θ´A θ´B

+
1 kN•m
×MA
αAA αBA
+
1 kN•m × M
B
αAB
αBB
Compatibility equations:
θ A = 0 = θ ' A + f AA M A + f AB M B − − − (1)
θ B = 0 = θ 'B + f BA M A + f BB M B − − − ( 2)
27
 • Use formula provided in obtaining θ´A, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB
5 kN/m

θ´A θ´B
4m 4m

3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
θ 'A = = =
128 EI 128EI EI
7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67
θ 'B = = =
1 kN•m 384 EI 384 EI EI
1 kN•m
αAA αBA αAB
αBB
8m 8m

M o L 1(8) 2.667 M o L 1(8) 2.667

α AA = = = α BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI 3EI 3EI EI
M o L 1(8) 1.333 M o L 1(8) 1.333
α BA = = = α AB = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI 6 EI 6 EI EI

Note: Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal displacement, αAB = αBA

28
 • Use conjugate beam for αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB

1 kN•m Real Beam 1 kN•m

Real Beam

αAA αBA αAB

(1/8) αBB (1/8)
(1/8) (1/8)
8m 8m

4/EI 4/EI
1/EI 1/EI

Conjugate Beam Conjugate Beam

2.67/EI 1.33/EI 1.33/EI 2.67/EI
− 2.667 − 1.333
α AA = V ' A = α AB = V ' A =
EI EI

1.333 2.667
α BA = V 'B = α BB = V ' B =
EI EI

29
 5 kN/m
A B Compatibility equation
θA θB
4m 4m
60 2.667 1.333
+ +( )M A + ( )M B = 0

=
EI EI EI
5 kN/m
46.67 1.333 2.667
+ +( )M A + ( )M B = 0
EI EI EI
60 46.67
θ 'A = θ 'B =
EI EI
Solve simultaneous equations,
1 kN•m
+

×MA MA = -18.33 kN•m, +

1.333 MB = -8.335 kN•m, +
2.667 α BA = V 'B =
α AA = EI
EI
+

1 kN•m
×MB
1.333 2.667
α AB = α BB =
EI EI

30
 MA = -18.33 kN•m,

MB = -8.335 kN•m,

5 kN/m
18.33 kN•m A B 8.335 kN•m

RA 4m 4m RB

+ ΣMA = 0: 18.33 − 20( 2) + RB (8) − 8.355 = 0 RB = 3.753 kN,

3.753
+ ΣFy = 0: R A + RB − 20 = 0 Ra = 16.25 kN,

31
• Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

5 kN/m
18.33 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m

16.25 kN 4m 4m 3.75 kN

16.25
V
diagram
3.25 m
-3.75

M
8.08 6.67
diagram
-8.36
-18.33

Deflected
Curve
32
Example 4

Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown and draw the
quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve.
EI is constant.

2 kN/m

C
A 4m B 4m

33
• Principle of superposition
2 kN/m

C
A 4m B 4m Compatibility equations:

2 kN/m ∆ 'B + f 'BB RB + f 'CB RC = 0 − − − (1)

∆ 'C + f 'BC RB + f 'CC RC = 0 − − − (2)
C
A ∆'B
4m B 4m ∆'C

f 'BB f 'CB
× RB
C
A 1 kN
4m B 4m

f 'BC f 'CC
× RC
B C
A 4m 4m 1 kN
34
 • Solve equation
2 kN/m

C
Compatibility equations:
A 4m B 4m
64 21.33 53.33
− + RB + RC = 0 − −(1)
2 kN/m EI EI EI
B 149.33 53.33 170.67
C − + RB + RC = 0 − −(2)
EI EI EI
A 64 149.33
∆'B = − ∆'C = −
EI EI RB = 3.71 kN , ↑
21.33 53.33
f 'BB = f 'CB = RC = −0.29 kN , ↓
EI EI × RB
C
A 1 kN

53.33 170.67
f ' BC = f 'CC =
EI EI
× RC
C
A 1 kN
35
• Diagram

M A = 8(2) + 0.29(8) − 3.71(4)

2 kN/m
= 3.48 kN • m
C
A 4m B 4m
Ay = 8 + 0.29 − 3.71 = 4.58 kN 3.71 kN 0.29 kN

V (kN)
4.58
0.29
x (m)
2.29 m
-3.42

M (kN•m)
1.76
x (m)
-1.16
-3.48
Deflected shape
x (m)

Point of inflection 36
Example 5

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.
(a) The support at B does not settle
(b) The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

16 kN

B C
A

2m 2m 4m

37
 SOLUTION

• Principle of superposition 16 kN

B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m

16 kN

=
∆´B

+
fBB
× RB
1 kN

Compatibility equation : + ∆ B = 0 = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(1) : no settlement

+ ∆ B = −0.005m = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(2) : with settlement

38
 • Use conjugate beam method in obtaining ∆´B
16 kN
Real
Real A B
C beam
beam
∆´B
12 kN 4 kN
2m 2m 4m

24 ∆´B
M´ 16
diagram
16 32
24
24 72 EI EI
EI
Conjugate EI EI M´´B
beam 40
V´´B
4 2 EI
4 2 40 4
56 2m 4m 3 3
3 3 EI
EI 32 4 40
+ ΣMB = 0: − M ' ' B + ( )− (4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
∆'B = M ' 'B = − ,↓
EI
39
 • Use conjugate beam method in obtaining fBB

fBB
Real A C
beam B
1 kN
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
4m 4m
4 2
4
m´ 3 3
m´´B
diagram
-2 v´´B 4 4
Conjugate −
EI EI
beam + ΣMB = 0:
4 4 4
4 2 4 4 − m' ' B − ( )+ (4) = 0
4 − − − EI 3 EI
EI EI EI EI 10.67
EI
f BB = m' ' B = ,↑
EI
fBB

40
 • Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1) 117.33
∆'B = − ,↓
EI
10.67
f BB = ,↑
117.33 10.67 EI
+↑; 0= − + RB , RB = 11.0 kN,
EI EI

16 kN
fBB

+
xRB = 11.0 kN

∆´B 1 kN
12 kN 4 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN

16 kN
=

B C no settlement
A

RA = 6.5 kN 11.0 kN RC = 1.5 kN

41
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (2) 117.33
∆'B = − ,↓
EI
10.67
117.33 10.67 f BB = ,↑
+ ↑ ; − 0.005m = − + RB EI
EI EI
(−0.005m) EI = −117.33 + 10.67 RB

(−0.005)(200 × 60) = −117.33 + 10.67 RB

RB = 5.37 kN,
16 kN
fBB

+
xRB = 5.37

∆´B 4 kN
1 kN
12 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN

16 kN
=

B C with 5 mm settlement
A

RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN

42
 • Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

16 kN 16 kN

B C B C
A A
∆B = 5 mm
6.5 kN 11 kN 1.5 kN 9.31 kN 5.37 kN 1.32 kN
2m 2m 4m 2m 2m 4m

6.5 9.31
V 1.5
diagram V
diagram
-9.5 -1.32
-6.69
M 13
diagram 18.62
+ M
- diagram 5.24
+
-6

Deflected Deflected
Curve Curve
∆B = 5 mm
43
Example 6

Calculate supports reactions and draw the bending moment diagrams for (a)
D2 = 0 and (b) D2 = 2 mm.

1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

4m 6m

44
 Compatibility equation:

∆´2 + f22R2 = ∆2

1 2 w 2 kN/m 3 Use formulations provided :

wx
∆ '2 = − ( x 3 − 2 Lx 2 + L3 )
24 EI
4m 6m (2)(4) 3
=− (4 − 2 ×10 × 4 2 + 103 )
24 EI
=

2 kN/m 248
=− = −6.2mm, ↓
(200)(200)
∆´2
Pbx 2
f 22 = (L − b2 − x2 )
6 LEI
1× 6 × 4
+

=− (10 2 − 6 2 − 4 2 )
f22 6 ×10 EI
×R2 19.2
= = +0.48 mm, ↑
(200)(200)
1

45
 For ∆2 = 0 For ∆2 = 2 mm
Compatibility equation: [Link]:
-6.2 + 0.48R2 = 0 -6.2 + 0.48R2 = -2
R2 = 12.92 kN R2 = 8.75 kN

1 2 w 2 kN/m 3 1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

12.92 kN
2.25 kN 4 m 6m 4.83 kN 4.75 kN 4 m 8.75 kN 6 m 6.5 kN

7.17
2.415 m 4.75 5.5
2.25 3.25 m
V + V + +
(kN) x (m) - x (m)
- - (kN) -
-5.75 -4.83 2.375 m -3.25 -6.5
1.125 m
5.85 10.56
1.27 5.64
M + +
(kN•m) x (m) +
- M + 3
(kN•m) x (m)
-7 46
 APPENDIX
Basic Beams: Single span

1 w

L/3 L/3 wL/2

wL/2
5wL4
384 EI
L

wL/2
V

- wL/2

wL2/8

47
• Find ∆1 by Castigliano’s 2 1 3
P
w

L/2 L/2
wL P wL P
+ x1 x2 +
2 2 L 2 2

w
M1 w
M2

wL P x1 V1
+ x2 wL P
2 2 V2 +
2 2

+ ΣΜ = 0;
2
wx wL P
M1 + 1 − ( + ) x1 = 0
2 2 2
2
wx1 wL P
M1 = − +( + ) x1 = M 2
2 2 2
48
 2
wx wL P
M1 = − 1 + ( + ) x1 = M 2
2 2 2

L/2 L/2
∂M dx ∂M 2 dx
∆1 = ∆ max = ∫
0
( 1 )M1 1 +
∂P EI ∫
0
(
∂P
)M 2 2
EI

L/2
∂M 1 dx
=2∫ ( )M1 1
0
∂P EI
L/2 2
0
2 x − wx1 wL P
=
EI ∫
0
( 1 )(
2 2
+(
2
+ ) x1 )dx1
2

5wL4
=
384 EI

49
Single span 1
P

P/2 P/2
PL3 L3
δ 11 = = f11 P → f11 =
48 EI 48 EI

L /2 L /2
L
P/2

V +

-
- P/2

PL/4

50
Double span
wl 4
∆ max = wl 4
185 EI 1 ∆ max =
w 185 EI

0.375 wl 1.25 wl 0.375 wl

l = L/2 l = L/2
L = 2l
0.625 wl
0.375 wl
+ +
- -
-0.625 wl -0.375 wl

0.070 wl2 0.070 wl2

+ +
-
-0.125 wl2
51
Triple span ∆max = wl4
1 2
w 145 EI

0.4wl 0.4wl
1.1wl 1.1wl
l = L/3 l = L/3 l = L/3

0.6wl
0.4wl 0.5wl
V
+ + +

- - -
- 0.4wl
- 0.6wl -0.5wl

0.08 wl2 0.08 wl2

0.025 wl2
M + + +
- -
-0.1 wl2 -0.1 wl2
52
INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE BEAMS

! Comparison Between Indeterminate and

Determinate
! Influence line for Statically Indeterminate
Beams
! Qualitative Influence Lines for Frames

1
Comparison between Indeterminate and Determinate

Indeterminate Determinate

1 D B E C 1 D B E C
A RA A RA

2
 Indeterminate Determinate

1 D B E C 1 D B E C
RA A RA
A

1 D B E C 1 D B E C
A VD A VD

1
1
D B E C D B E C
A ME A ME

3
Influence Lines for Reaction

Redundant R1 applied

1 4 2 j 3

1
Compatibility equation:

= f1 j + f11 R1 = ∆1 = 0

1
R1 = − f1 j ( )
∆´1 = f1j f11
1
f j1
R1 = ( )
fjj f11
+

f11
×R1
1
fj1 4
Redundant R2 applied

1 4 2 j 3

1
Compatibility equation.

∆ '2 + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0

f 2 j + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0
=

1 1
R2 = − f 2 j ( )
f 22
f2j fjj f j2
+

R2 = ( )
f22 f 22
fj2
×R2
1

5
Influence Lines for Shear

1 4 2 j 3

1
VE = ( ) f j4
f 44
1

1
f44

fj4
1

6
Influence Lines for Bending Moment

1 4 2 j 3

1 1
1
ME = ( ) f j4
α 44
α44
1 1

fj4

7
Using Equilibrium Condition for Shear and Bending Moment
• Influence line of Reaction
1 4 2 j 3

f 41
f11 f11 f j1
=1 R1 = ( )
f11 R1 f11
1 f j1
f 22 f11
f 42 =1 f j2
f 22 f 22
f 22
f j2
R2 R2 = ( )
f 22
1

f 33
=1
f 33
f j3
R3 R3 = ( )
f j3 f 33
f 43 1
f 33 8
f 33
• Influence line of Shear • Unit load to the left of 4

x 1
1
1 4 2 j 3 1 M4

R1 V4

R1 R2 R3 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − 1 − V4 = 0

V4 = R1 - 1

R1
• Unit load to the right of 4
1
1 M4
V4 = R1 R1 V4
4 1
V4 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − V4 = 0
1
V4 = R1 9
1 V4 = R1 - 1
• Influence line of Bending moment

l • Unit load to the left of 4

x 1
1
1 4 2 j 3 1 M4
l
R1 V4

R1 R2 R3 + Σ M4 = 0: M4 - 1 (l-x) - l R1 = 0
l1 l2
M4 = - l + x + l R1

R1 • Unit load to right of 4

1
1 M4
l
M4 = - l + x + l R1 R1 V4
1 4 1 1
+ Σ M4 = 0: M4 - l R1 = 0
M4
M4 = l R1
M4 = lR1 10
Qualitative Influence Lines for Frames

I
1

Influence Line of VI

11
Maximum positive shear Maximum negative shear
 1 1

Influence Line of MI

Maximum positive moment Maximum negative moment 12

Influence Line for MOF

MA A D G

Ay Dy Gy
15 m 15 m

1.0

Gy

1.0

Dy

1.0

Ay
13
A D H G

15 m 15 m

MA
1

1
MH

14
 G

A B C D E

1.0
RA

1.0
RB

MB

1
MG
15
 G

A B C D E

1 VG

1 VF

1 VH

16
Example 1

Draw the influence line for

- the vertical reaction at A and B
- shear at C
- bending moment at A and C
EI is constant . Plot numerical values every 2 m.

A C D B

2m 2m 2m

17
• Influence line of RB

A C D B

2m 2m 2m

f DB
f AB f CB f BB
f BB =1
f BB f BB f BB

18
• Find fxB by conjugate beam

A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam

1 1
2m 2m 2m

6 18 x
EI EI
72
EI Conjugate Beam

18
EI
x x2
EI 2 EI x
x3 72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
19
 x

A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M 'x = + −
6 EI EI EI

2m 2m 2m Point x (m) fxB fxB / fBB

72
B 0 1
EI
72/EI
10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
0 fBB D 2 0.518
EI
fxB
1
10.67
C 4 0.148
EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518
10.67 /72 = 0.148 f BB 72 A 6 0 0
= =1
0 f BB 72

1 Influence line of RB
20
Influence line of RA

A C D B

2m 2m 2m

1 kN f CA
f DA
f AA
f AA f AA
=1
f AA

21
• Find fxA by conjugate beam
1 kN
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam

1 kN
2m 2m 2m
x
72 Conjugate Beam
M 'A =
EI
18
B' y =
EI
18
6
EI
EI
x 2x
3
18 x x 3 3
− = M´x
EI 6 EI
V´x x 18
B' y =
x x2 EI
EI 2 EI

22
 x
18 x x 3
A C D B f xA = M 'x = −
EI 6 EI

2m 2m 2m Point x (m) fxA fxA / fAA

B 0 0 0

72/EI 61.33 /EI

1 kN 34.67
34.67 /EI D 2 0.482
fAA EI
fxA
61.33
C 4 0.852
EI
72 /72 = 1.0 72
61.33 /72=0.852 A 6 EI 1.0
1 kN 34.67 /72 = 0.482
f AA
=1
f AA
Influence line of RA
23
Alternate Method: Use equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RA
x 1
MA A C D B

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0;
RA 2m 2m 2m RB RA + RB − 1 = 0
RB = 1 − RA
RB
1
.518
0.148
RB
1
RA = 1- RB
1.0
0.852
1 kN
0.482

RA

24
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VC

1 x • Unit load to the left of C

MA A C D B MC

VC RB
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0;
1 + RB + VC = 0
0.518
0.148 VC = - RB
RB
• Unit load to the left of C
1
1 x
MC

0.852
VC RB
0.482
1 + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
VC
+ VC − 1 + RB = 0
-0.148
VC = 1 - RB 25
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MA

1 x
MA A C D B
+ ΣM A = 0;
− M A − 1(6 − x) + 6 RB = 0
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
M A = −6 + x + 6 RB

1
0.518
0.148
RB
1

MA
-1.112 -0.892
1 26
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MC

1 x • Unit load to the left of C

MA A C D B
MC
VC 4m RB
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
+ ΣM C = 0;
− M C + 4 RB = 0
1
0.518 MC = 4RB
0.148
RB
• Unit load to the left of C
1
1 x

MC
0.592 1 4m
VC RB
C
0.074
+ ΣM C = 0;
MC
− M C − 1(4 − x) + 4 RB = 0

MC = -4 + x + 4RB 27
Example 2

Draw the influence line and plot numerical values every 2 m for
- the vertical reaction at supports A, B and C
- Shear at G and E
- Bending moment at G and E
EI is constant.

A G B D E F C

2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m

28
Influence line of RA

A G B D E F C

2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m

f AA
=1
f AA

1 f DA f EA f FA
f AA f AA f AA

29
• Find fxA by conjugate beam

A B D E F C
Real beam
1 0.5
1.5
4m 2m 6m

4 /EI

Conjugate beam
4/EI

0
5.33
10.67
EI
EI
4/EI
64/EI
0
64
10.67 f AA = M ' A =
EI
18.67/EI EI 30
 4/EI
x2 x1
64/EI
Conjugate beam

4m 8m
18.67 5.33
EI 2
x1 EI
x1
2 EI 4 EI x1
3
x1 5.33 x1
− = M´ x1
12 EI EI
V´ x1
x1 2 x1 5.33
x2
2
3 3 EI
2 EI
64 x2 x2
EI EI
3
x 64 18.67
M´ x2 = 2 + −
6 EI EI EI
18.67 2 x2 x2 V´ x2
EI 3 3
31
 x3 5.33x
x2 x1 f xA = M ' x1 = − , for B to C
12 EI EI
3
x2 18.67 x2 64
A G B D E F C f xA = M 'x 2 = − + , for A to B
6 EI EI EI

4m 2m 6m Point x (m) fxA fxA / fAA

C 0 0 0
64
28
EI 10
EI F −
fAA 2 EI -0.1562
fxA
16
1 − 14 − 10 E 4 − -0.25
− 16 EI
EI EI EI
14
D 6 − -0.2188
EI
f AA Influence line of RA B 8 0 0
=1
f AA
0.438 28
G 10 0.4375
EI
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 64
A 1
12 EI 32
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RB

1 x
+ ΣM C = 0;
A G B D E F C − 8 RB + x − 12 RA = 0
x 12
RB = − RA
RA RB RC 8 8
4m 2m 6m
Point x (m) RA RB

C 0 0 0
1
F 2 -0.1562 0.485
0.438
RA E 4 -0.25 0.875
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
D 6 -0.2188 1.078

B 0 1
8
1.078 0.875 0.4375 0.5939
0.59 1 0.485 G 10
RB A 1 0
12
1 33
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RC

1 x
+ ΣM B = 0;
A G B D E F C 4 RA − 1( x − 8) − 8 RC = 0
x
RA RB RC RC = 0.5 RA − +1
8
4m 2m 6m Point x (m) RA RC

C 0 0 1

1 F 2 -0.1562 0.6719
0.438 -0.25
E 4 0.375
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 D 6 -0.2188 0.1406

B 8 0 0
1 G 10 0.4375 -0.0312
0.672
0.141 0.375 1
RC A 0
12
-0.0312 1
34
• Check ΣFy = 0

1 x
A G B D E F C + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
RA + RB + RC = 1
RA RB RC
Point RA RB RC ΣR
4m 2m 6m
1 C 0 0 1 1
0.438 -0.1562 0.485 1
F 0.6719
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 E -0.25 0.875 0.375 1

1.08 D -0.2188 1.078 0.1406 1

1 0.875
0.59 0.49 B 0 1 0 1
RB
G 0.4375 0.5939 -0.0312 1
1
1 A 1 0 0 1
0.672
0.141 0.375
RC
35
-0.0312 1
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VG

1 • Unit load to the left of G

x
x 1
A G B D E F C

A MG
VG
RA
4m 2m 6m

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; RA − 1 − VG = 0
1
0.438 VG = RA - 1
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
• Unit load to the right of G

0.438 A MG
VG
VG RA
1
-0.562 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
VG = RA
36
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VE

1 • Unit load to the left of E

x
A G B D E F C ME
VE RC

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; RC + VE = 0
4m 2m 6m
VE = - RC
1
0.672 • Unit load to the right of E
0.141 0.375
RC
1 x
-0.0312 1
ME
0.625 VE RC
0.328
0.0312 1
VE + ↑ ΣFy = 0; VE − 1 + RC = 0
-0.141
-0.375 VE = 1 - RC
37
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MG

1 • Unit load to the left of G

x
x 1
A G B D E F C

A MG
2m
RA VG
4m 2m 6m
+ ΣM G = 0;
M G + 1(2 − x) − 2 RA = 0
1
MG = -2 + x + 2RA
0.438
RA • Unit load to the right of G
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
A MG
2m
0.876 RA VG
1
+ ΣM G = 0;
MG
M G − 2 RA = 0
-0.438 -0.5 -0.312
MG = 2RA
38
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of ME

1
• Unit load to the left of E
x
A G B D E F C 4m
ME
VE RC

4m 2m 6m + ΣME = 0;

ME = 4RC
1
0.672
0.375 • Unit load to the right of E
0.141
RC 1 x
-0.0312 1
ME
1.5 VE 4m RC
1
0.564 0.688 + ΣM E = 0;
ME − M E − 1(4 − x) + 4 RC = 0
-0.125
ME = - 4 + x+ 4RC
39
Example 3

For the beam shown

(a) Draw quantitative influence lines for the reaction at supports A and B, and
bending moment at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also draw its quantitative shear,
bending moment diagrams, and qualitative deflected curve for
- Only 10 kN downward at 6 m from A
- Both 10 kN downward at 6 m from A and 20 kN downward at 4 m
from A

20 kN 10 kN
2EI 3EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

40
Influence line of RA

2EI 3EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

fAA
fDA fCA fEA

fAA /fAA
fDA /f fCA /fAA
AA fEA /f
AA

41
1
• Find fxA by conjugate beam

3EI 8 kN•m
2EI
A B
Real Beam
1 C
4m 2m 2m 1 kN

1 1
V (kN) +
x (m)

8
4
M +
x (m)
(kN•m)

2.67
2EI 1.33EI
EI

60.44/EI

12/EI fAA = M´A = 60.44/EI Conjugate Beam 42

• Quantitative influence line of RA
2.67
2EI 1.33EI
EI

60.44/EI
A C B
12/EI Conjugate Beam

60.44/EI
37.11/EI
17.77/EI 4.88/EI 0
fxA

1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA = fxA/fAA

43
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RB and MB
x 1 MB
A B

RA 4m 2m 2m RB

1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA

0.919 1
0.706
0.386
0
RB = 1 - RA

MB = 8RA - (8-x)(1)
0 0
-1.352
-1.088 -1.648 44
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VB
x 1
A B

RA 4m 2m 2m VB = RA - 1

1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA

0
VB = RA -1
-0.386
-0.706 -1
-0.919

45
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VC and MC
x 1 C MB
A B

RA 4m 2m 2m RB
1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA

VC = RA - 1 VC = RA

0.294
1 0.081 0
VC
-0.386 -0.706

MC = 4RA - (4-x)(1) MC = 4RA

1.176
0.456 0.324
MC 46
The quantitative shear and bending moment diagram and qualitative deflected curve
10 kN
MB= 13.53 kN•m
A B

10(0.081)=0.81 kN 4m 2m 2m RB=9.19 kN

1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA

V (kN) 0.81 0.81

-9.19

MA (kN•m) 4.86
+
-

-13.53 47
The quantitative shear and bending moment diagram and qualitative deflected curve
20 kN 10 kN
MB=46.48 kN•m
A B

20(.294) +1(0.081) 4m 2m 2m RB=23.31 kN

= 6.69 kN

1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA

V (kN) 6.69 6.69

-
-13.31 -23.31 -23.31

MA (kN•m) 26.76
0.14
+
-

-46.48 48
 APPENDIX
•Muller-Breslau for the influence line of reaction, shear and moment
•Influence lines for MDOF beams

Example 1

Draw the influence line for

- the vertical reaction at B

A C D B

2m 2m 2m

49
Influence line of RA

A C D B

2m 2m 2m

1 kN f CA
f AA f DA
f AA f AA
=1
f AA

50
• Find fxA by conjugate beam
1 kN
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam

1 kN
2m 2m 2m
x
72 Conjugate Beam
M 'A =
EI
18
B' y =
EI
18
6 /EI
EI
x 2x
3
18 x x 3 3
− = M´x
EI 6 EI
V´x x 18
B' y =
x x2 EI
EI 2 EI

51
 x
18 x x 3
A C D B f xA = M 'x = −
EI 6 EI

2m 2m 2m Point x (m) fxA fxA / fAA

B 0 0 0

72/EI 61.33 /EI

1 kN 34.67
34.67 /EI D 2 0.482
fAA EI
fxA
61.33
C 4 EI
0.852

72/72 = 1.0 72
61.33 /72=0.852 A 6 EI 1.0
1 kN 34.67 /72 = 0.482
f AA
=1
f AA
Influence line of RA
52
• Influence line of RB

A C D B

2m 2m 2m

f DB
f AB f CB f BB f BB
f BB =1
f BB f BB

53
• Find fxB by conjugate beam

A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam

1 1
2m 2m 2m

6 18 x
EI EI 72
EI
Conjugate Beam
18
EI
x2
x
2 EI
EI x
x3 72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
54
 x

A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M 'x = + −
6 EI EI EI

2m 2m 2m Point x (m) fxB fxB / fBB

B 0 72 1
EI
72/EI
10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
0 fBB D 2 0.518
EI
fxB
1
C 4 10.67 0.148
EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518 72 /72 = 1
10.67 /72 = 0.148 fBB A 6 0 0
=1
0 fBB

1 Influence line of RB
55
Example 2

For the beam shown

(a) Draw the influence line for the shear at D for the beam
(b) Draw the influence line for the bending moment at D for the beam
EI is [Link] numerical values every 2 m.

A D B E C

2m 2m 2m 2m

56
The influence line for the shear at D

1 kN
A D B E C
D
1 kN

2m 2m 2m 2m

f DD
=1
f DD
1 kN
VD
D f ED
f DD
1 kN

57
• Using conjugate beam for find fxD

1 kN
A D B E C

1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m

2 kN•m

1 kN 1 kN

1 kN
2 kN•m

2k 1 kN

1 kN 1 kN 58
2 kN
 1 kN
A D B E C Real beam

1 kN 2kN 1 kN
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m

V( kN) 1
x (m)

-1
4
M
(kN •m)
x (m)

4/EI

Conjugate beam
M´D 59
• Determine M´D at D
4/EI

A C Conjugate beam
M´D D B E

2m 2m 2m 2m

8/EI
4/EI 8
m
3
0
16 8
3EI 3EI
8/EI
8
m 4/EI
3

16
128/3EI
3EI
40
3EI 60
 4/EI

A Conjugate beam
C
40 D B E
128/3EI 8
3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m

2/EI
2/EI
2 2 40 76
M´DL =( )( ) − ( )(2) = −
EI 3 3EI 3EI
40 2 V´DL
3EI 3
2/EI
128/3EI 2 2 128 40 52
M´DR = ( )( ) + −( )(2) =
EI 3 3EI 3EI 3EI 2/EI
40 2 V´DR 2/EI
3EI 3
4 2 2 8
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = M´E
EI EI 3 3EI 2 8
V´E
3 3EI 61
 4/EI

A Conjugate beam
C
D B E
40 128/3EI 8
3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m

2 8
V´ 3EI 3EI
x (m) θ
16
−
40 34 3EI
− −
3EI 3EI
52
3EI
128/3EI = M´D = fDD
x (m) ∆
fxD = M ´
4
−
76 EI
−
3EI
52
0.406 =
128 Influence line of VD = fxD/fDD
4 /(128/3) = -0.094 62
76 /128 = -0.594
The influence line for the bending moment at D
αDD

A D B E C

1 kN •m 1 kN •m

2m 2m 2m 2m

f DD
α DD

MD
f ED
α DD

63
• Using conjugate beam for find fxD

A D B E C

1 kN •m 1 kN •m
2m 2m 2m 2m

1 kN•m

0.5 kN
0.5 kN

0.5 kN
1 kN•m

1k 0.5 kN

0.5 kN 1 kN 0.5 kN 64
 1 kN •m 1 kN •m
A D B E C Real beam
0.5 kN 1 kN 0.5 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m

V (kN) 0.5
x (m)

1
2
M
(kN •m)
x (m)

2/EI

Conjugate beam
65
 2/EI

Conjugate beam

2m 2m 2m 2m

4/EI
2/EI 8
m
3
0

8 4
3EI 3EI
4/EI
8
m 2/EI
3

32 8
4
3EI 3EI
3EI 66
 2/EI

Conjugate beam

4 32 4
EI 3EI 3EI

2m 2m 2m 2m

1/EI
1/EI
1 2 4 26
M´D = ( )( ) + ( )(2) =
EI 3 EI 3EI
4 2 V´D
EI 3
1/EI
1/EI
2 1 2 4
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = M´E
EI EI 3 3EI 2 4
V´E 3 EI
3
67
 2/EI

Conjugate beam

4 4
32
EI 3EI
3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
5
4
EI 1 4
EI
αDD = 32/3EI 3EI 3EI θ
V´ x (m)
8
17 −
− 3EI
3EI
26/3EI
fxD = M ´
x (m) ∆
-2/EI
26
= 0.813
32 θDL = 5/(32/3) = 0.469 rad.
f xD θDR = -17/32 = -0.531 rad.
Influence line of MD
α xD
θD = 0.469 + 0.531 = 1 rad -2 /(32/3) = -0.188 68
Example 3

Draw the influence line for the reactions at supports for the beam shown in the
figure below. EI is constant.

A B C D E F G

5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m

69
Influence line for RD

A B C D E F G

5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m

fCD fDD fED

fBD fFD
fXD
1

f CD f DD
f BD = 1 f ED f FD
f DD f DD f DD
f DD f DD fXD/fDD = Influence
line for RD
1

70
• Use the consistency deformation method

A G
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
1

=
∆´G

+
fGG x RG

∆´G + fGGRG = 0 ------(1) 1

- Use conjugate beam for find ∆´G and fGG
15 30
A Real beam G A Real beam G
15 m 15 m 30 m
1 1 1 450 1
112.5 15 EI
15 2812.5 9000
EI ∆'C = M 'C = EI f 'GG = M ' 'G =
EI EI EI

Conjugate beam Conjugate beam

15 + (2/3)(15) 112.5/EI 450 71
20 m
EI
Substitute ∆´G and fGG in (1) :

2812.5 9000
+ RG = 0
EI EI
RG = −0.3125 kN , ↓

5.625
A G

0.6875 1 0.3125

=
15

1 1
+
30
x RG = -0.3125 kN

1 1
72
• Use the conjugate beam for find fXD
5.625 fCD fDD fED
fBD fFD
A G Real beam
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
0.6875 23.01 1 0.3125
5.625 EI
6.818 m x2
EI
A G Conjugate beam
8.182 m
2 − 4.688 35.16 28.13
0.6875 x1 x1 EI
15. 98 EI EI
2 EI 5.625 x1 − 0.6875 x12
EI x2
5.625 EI V´2
(5.625-0.6875x1)/EI M´2 G
EI
A 5 .625 x − 0 .6875 x
2
x 0 .3125 x
2
x2
x1 M´ =
1
1 1
( 1
) − 2
( ) 0.3125x2 28.13
EI 2 2 3 2
V´1 2
.6875 x1 2 x1 0 . 3125 x EI
+ ( ) 28 .13 2

2 EI 3 + x2 = M ' x 2 2 EI
EI
x1 = 5 m -----> fBD = M´1= 56/EI x2 = 5 m -----> fFD = M´2= 134.1/EI

x1 = 10 m -----> fCD = M´1= 166.7/EI x2 = 10 m -----> fED = M´2= 229.1/EI

x1 = 15 m -----> fDD = M´1= 246.1/EI x2 = 15 m -----> fDD = M´2= 246.1/EI 73

• Influence Line for RD
166.7
246.1
229.2
56 EI 134.1
EI EI
EI EI
fXD
1

246.1
166.7 229.2 134.1
56 246.1
246.1 246.1 246.1
246.1
fXD/fDD
1

0.228 0.677 1.0 0.931

0.545

Influence Line for RD

74
Influence line for RG

A B C D E F G

5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m

fFG fGG
fEG
fXG
fBG fCG
1
f GG
f EG f FG =1
f GG
f GG f GG
fXG/fGG
f BG f CG
1
f GG f GG

75
• Use consistency deformations

fXG
1
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m

=
∆´D

+
1
fDD
X RD

1
∆´D + fDDRD = 0 ------(2)
- Use conjugate beam for find ∆´D and fDD
30 15
A Real beam G A Real beam G
30 m 15 m 15 m
1 450 1 1 1
30 9000 112.5
EI 15
EI EI EI
EI
Conjugate beam Conjugate beam
450/EI 15 + (2/3)(15) 76
20 m
 112.5
9000 112.5
1.5 EI 15
EI EI
M´ EI EI
M´´
15 m
V´ 450/EI
V´´
112.5 15 9000 450 2812.5 112.5 2 1125
∆'D = M ' = ( )+ − (15) = f DD = M ' ' = ( × 15) =
EI 3 EI EI EI EI 3 EI

2812.5 1125
Substitute ∆´D and fDD in (2) : + RD = 0, RD = −2.5kN = 2.5kN , ↓
EI EI
7.5

2.5 1
1.5
30
=
1 1
+

15
x RD = -2.5 kN

1 77
1
• Use the conjugate beam for find fXG
fFG fGG
7.5 fEG
Real beam
fBG fCG 2.5
1.5 3@5 =15 m 1
3@5 =15 m
112.5
75
EI
EI 15 fGG = M´G = 1968.56/EI
EI
A G Conjugate beam
10 m
− 7.5 168.75/EI
EI 15 + (10/3) = 18.33 m
18.75
EI 25 + (2/3)(5) = 28.33 m
5m 18.75 2 62.5
A M´1 = f BG = − ( × 5) = −
EI 3 EI
V´1 18.75
− 7.5
EI 18.75 EI
6.67 m
EI A 18.75 125.06
M´2 = f CG = − (6.67) = −
− 7.5 EI EI
− 18.75 V´2 78
EI
EI
 x2
2 fGG = M´G = 1968.56/EI
2 x
x3 x3 1968.56 168.75
( )+ − x3 =M´ G
2 3 EI EI
x
V´2
168.75/EI
x = 5 m -----> fFG = M´= 1145.64/EI

x = 10 m -----> fEG = M´ = 447.73/EI 1968.56

447.73 1145 . 64
EI
EI EI
fXG
− 62.5 − 125 1
EI EI
1145.64 1968.56
447.73
1968.56 1968.56
1968.56
fXG/fGG
− 62.5 − 125
1
1968.56 1968.56
1.0
0.227 0.582
Influence line for RG
-0.032 -0.064 79
Using equilibrium condition for the influence line for Ay
x 1

MA A B C D E F G

5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Ay RD RG

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA = 1 − RD − RC

1 1

Unit load

0.228 0.678 1.0 0.929

0.542
Influence Line for RD
1.0
0.227 0.582
Influence line for RG
-0.032 -0.064
1.0 0.804 0.386
Influence line for Ay 80
-0.156 -0.124
Using equilibrium condition for the influence line for MA
x 1

MA A B C D E F G

5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Ay RD RG

+ ΣM A = 0 : 1x − 15RD − 30 RC

20 25 30
5 10 15
1x

0.228 0.678 1.0 0.929

0.542
RD x 15
1.0
0.227 0.582
RG x 30
-0.032 -0.064
2.54
1.75
Influence line for MA 81
-0.745 -0.59
DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATIONS
! General Case
! Stiffness Coefficients
! Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
! Fixed-End Moments
! Pin-Supported End Span
! Typical Problems
! Analysis of Beams
! Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway
! Analysis of Frames: Sidesway

1
Slope – Deflection Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

settlement = ∆j

i P j
Mij w Mji

θi

ψ θj

2
Degrees of Freedom

M
θΑ

A B 1 DOF: θΑ
L

P
θΑ
A
B
C
2 DOF: θΑ , θΒ
θΒ

3
Stiffness

kAA 1 kBA

A B
L

4 EI
k AA =
L
2 EI
k BA =
L

4
kAB kBB

A 1 B
L

4 EI
k BB =
L
2 EI
k AB =
L

5
Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P

PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L

P P
2 2

w
wL2 wL2
12 12
L
wL wL
2 2

6
General Case j k
i P
w
Cj

settlement = ∆j

i P j
Mij w Mji

θi

ψ θj

7
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi
L settlement = ∆j
ψ θj

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
θi + θj = M Mji = θi + θj
L L ij
L L
θj
θi
+
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆

settlement = ∆j
+
P
w
(MFij)Load (MFji)Load

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij ) ∆ + ( M F ij ) Load , M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji ) ∆ + ( M F ji ) Load 8
L L L L
Equilibrium Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

Mji Cj M
jk

Mji Mjk

+ ΣM j = 0 : − M ji − M jk + C j = 0

9
Stiffness Coefficients

Mij i j Mji
L
θj
θi

4 EI
kii = 2 EI
L k ji = ×θ i
L
1

+
2 EI
kij = 4 EI
L k jj = ×θ j
L
1

10
Matrix Formulation

4 EI 2 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij )
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji )
L L

 M ij  (4 EI / L) ( 2 EI / L) θ iI   M ij F 
M  =   θ  +  M F 
 ji   ( 2 EI / L ) ( 4 EI / L )   j   ji 

 kii kij 
[k ] = 
k ji k jj 

Stiffness Matrix

11
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi [ M ] = [ K ][θ ] + [ FEM ]
L
θj ∆j ([ M ] − [ FEM ]) = [ K ][θ ]
ψ
[θ ] = [ K ]−1[ M ] − [ FEM ]
Mij Mji
θj
θi
Fixed-end moment
+ Stiffness matrix matrix
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆
[D] = [K]-1([Q] - [FEM])
+
P Displacement Force matrix
(MFij)Load w (MFji)Load matrix

12
Stiffness Coefficients Derivation: Fixed-End Support
Mi θi Mj

Real beam
i j
L
Mi + M j Mi + M j
L L
L/3 M jL Mj
2 EI EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
θι 2 EI

MiL L M j L 2L From (1) and (2);

+ ΣM 'i = 0 : − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 4 EI
Mi = ( )θ i
M i = 2 M j − − − (1) L
2 EI
MiL M L Mj =( )θ i
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : θ i − ( ) + ( j ) = 0 − − − (2) L
2 EI 2 EI 13
Stiffness Coefficients Derivation: Pinned-End Support
Mi
θi
Real beam
i j
θj
L
Mi Mi
L L
2L
3
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
θi 2 EI θj

M i L 2L MiL ML
+ ΣM ' j = 0 : ( )( ) − θ i L = 0 + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( ) − ( i ) +θ j = 0
2 EI 3 3EI 2 EI
ML − MiL
θi = ( i ) θj =( )
3EI 6 EI
MiL 3EI
θi = 1 = ( ) → Mi =
3EI L 14
Fixed end moment : Point Load
P Real beam Conjugate beam
A B

A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
P 2 EI
PL2 PL PL2
16 EI 4 EI 16 EI

ML ML 2 PL2 PL
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 16 EI 8 15
 P

PL PL
8 L 8
P P
P/2
2 2

P/2
PL/8

-PL/8 -PL/8

-
-PL/8 -PL/16

-
-PL/16
-PL/8
PL/4 − PL − PL PL PL
+ + =
+ 16 16 4 8
16
 Uniform load

w Real beam Conjugate beam

A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
2 EI
wL3 wL2 wL3
w 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI

ML ML 2 wL3 wL2
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 24 EI 12 17
 Settlements
M
Mi = Mj Real beam Mj Conjugate beam EI
L
A B

Mi + M j ∆ ∆
M
L Mi + M j
M EI
L

M
EI ML
ML
2 EI M
2 EI
M EI

ML L ML 2 L
+ ΣM B = 0 : − ∆ − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0,
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
6 EI∆
M= 18
L2
Pin-Supported End Span: Simple Case
P w
B
A
L
2 EI 4 EI
4 EI 2 EI θA + θB
θA + θB L L
L L
θA
θB
A + B

P
w
(FEM)AB (FEM)BA

A B
M AB = 0 = (4 EI / L)θ A + (2 EI / L)θ B + ( FEM ) AB − − − (1)

M BA = 0 = (2 EI / L)θ A + (4 EI / L)θ B + ( FEM ) BA − − − ( 2)

2(2) − (1) : 2 M BA = (6 EI / L)θ B + 2( FEM ) BA − ( FEM ) BA

( FEM ) BA
M BA = (3EI / L)θ B + ( FEM ) BA −
2 19
Pin-Supported End Span: With End Couple and Settlement
P w
MA
B
A
L ∆
4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
θA + θB θA + θB
L L L L
θA
θB
A P B
w
(MF AB)load (MF BA)load

A B
(MF (MF BA) ∆
AB)∆ B
A

4 EI 2 EI
M AB = M A = θA + θ B + ( M AB
F
) load + ( M AB
F
) ∆ − − − (1)
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M BA = θA + θ B + ( M BA
F
)load + ( M BA
F
) ∆ − − − (2)
L L
2(2) − (1) 3EI 1 1 M
E lim inate θ A by : M BA = θ B + [( M BA
F
)load − ( M AB F
)load ] + ( M BA
F
)∆ + A
2 L 2 2 2 20
Fixed-End Moments
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P

PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8

L/2 L/2 PL 1 PL 3PL

+ ( )[−(− )] =
8 2 8 16

wL2 wL2
12 12

wL2 1 wL2 wL2

+ ( )[−( − )] =
12 2 12 8
21
Typical Problem CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

wL2
PL P PL w wL2
12
8 8 12

L L

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12
22
 CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

MBA CB M
BC

2 EI 4 EI PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
2
4 EI 2 EI P L wL
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + 2 2 + 2
L2 L2 8 12

+ ΣM B = 0 : C B − M BA − M BC = 0 → Solve for θ B

23
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
A C M
CB
B MBC
L1 L2

Substitute θB in MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12

24
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
MCB
A MBC C
Ay B Cy
L1 L2
By = ByL + ByR

B C
P1 P2
MBA MCB
MAB A B MBC

Ay ByL ByR Cy
L1 L2

25
Example of Beams

26
Example 1

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m

27
 10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m
PL P wL2 wL2
8 PL w
8 30 20
FEM
MBA MBC
[M] = [K][Q] + [FEM]

B
0
4 EI 2 EI (10)(8) + ΣM B = 0 : − M BA − M BC = 0
M AB = θA + θB +
8 8 8
0 4 EI 4 EI (6)(6 2 )
2 EI 4 EI (10)(8) ( + )θ B − 10 + =0
M BA = θA + θB − 8 6 30
8 8 8
2.4
0 θB =
4 EI 2 EI (6)(6 2 ) EI
M BC = θB + θC +
6 6 30 Substitute θB in the moment equations:
0 MAB = 10.6 kN•m, MBC = 8.8 kN•m
2 EI 4 EI (6)(6) 2
M CB = θB + θC −
6 6 20 MBA = - 8.8 kN•m, MCB = -10 kN•m 28
 10 kN 6 kN/m
8.8 kN•m
10.6 kN•m C
A 10 kN•m
8.8 kN•m
4m 4m B 6m

MAB = 10.6 kN•m, MBC = 8.8 kN•m

MBA = - 8.8 kN•m, MCB= -10 kN•m 2m

10 kN 18 kN
6 kN/m
A B 8.8 kN•m B
10.6 kN•m
10 kN•m
8.8 kN•m
Ay = 5.23 kN ByL = 4.78 kN ByR = 5.8 kN Cy = 12.2 kN

29
 10 kN 6 kN/m
10.6 kN•m 10 kN•m
A C

5.23 kN 4m 4m B 6m 12.2 kN

4.78 + 5.8 = 10.58 kN

5.8
5.23
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
-
-
- 4.78

10.3 -12.2
M
(kN•m) + x (m)
- - -
-10.6 -8.8 -10
2.4
θB =
EI
Deflected shape x (m)
30
Example 2

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m

31
 10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m
PL P wL2 wL2
8 PL w
8 30 20
FEM
[M] = [K][Q] + [FEM] 10
0 4 EI 2 EI (10)(8)
M AB = θA + θB + − − − (1)
8 8 8 10
2 EI 4 EI (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB − − − − (2)
8 8 8
4 EI 2 EI 0 (6)(6 2 )
M BC = θB + θC + − − − (3)
6 6 30
2 EI 4 EI 0 (6)(6) 2
M CB = θB + θC − − − − (4)
6 6 20
6 EI
2(2) − (1) : 2 M BA = θ B − 30
8
3EI
M BA = θ B − 15 − − − (5)
8 32
 MBA MBC

B
4 EI (6)(6 2 ) Substitute θA and θB in (5), (3) and (4):
M BC = θB + − − − (3)
6 30
2
MBA = - 12.19 kN•m
2 EI (6)(6)
M CB = θB − − − − (4)
6 20 MBC = 12.19 kN•m
3EI
M BA = θ B − 15 − − − (5) MCB = - 8.30 kN•m
8
+ ΣM B = 0 : − M BA − M BC = 0

3EI 4 EI (6)(6 2 )
( + )θ B − 15 + = 0 − − − (6 )
8 6 30
7.488
θB =
EI
4 EI 2 EI
Substitute θ B in (1) : 0 = θA + θ B − 10
8 8
− 23.74
θA =
EI 33
 10 kN 6 kN/m
12.19 kN•m
A C 8.30 kN•m
12.19 kN•m
4m 4m B 6m

MBA = - 12.19 kN•m, MBC = 12.19 kN•m, MCB = - 8.30 kN•m

2m
10 kN 18 kN
6 kN/m
B
A B 12.19 kN•m
C
8.30 kN•m
12.19 kN•m
Ay = 3.48 kN ByL = 6.52 kN ByR = 6.65 kN Cy = 11.35 kN

34
 10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

3.48 kN 4m 4m B 6m 11.35 kN

6.52 + 6.65 = 13.17 kN

6.65
V (kN) 3.48
x (m)

- 6.52
-11.35
14
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-8.3
-12.2 7.49
θB =
EI
Deflected shape x (m)
− 23.74
θA = 35
EI
Example 3

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m

36
 10 kN 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
(10)(8)/8 (10)(8)/8 B (4)(62)/12 (4)(62)/12
4m 4m 6m

0 10
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI ) (10)(8)
M AB = θA + θB + − − − (1)
8 8 8 10
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB − − − − (2)
8 8 15 8
2(2) − (1) 3(2 EI ) (3 / 2)(10)(8)
: M BA = θB − − − − ( 2a )
2 8 8
12
4(3EI ) (4)(6 2 )
M BC = θB + − − − (3)
6 12

37
 10 kN 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
(3/2)(10)(8)/8 B (4)(62)/12 (4)(62)/12
4m 4m 6m

15
3(2 EI ) (3 / 2)(10)(8)
M BA = θB − − − − ( 2a )
8 8
12
2
4(3EI ) (4)(6 )
M BC = θB + − − − (3)
6 12

− M BA − M BC = 0 : 2.75EIθ B = −12 + 15 = 3
θ B = 1.091 / EI

3(2 EI ) 1.091
M BA = ( ) − 15 = −14.18 kN • m
8 EI
4(3EI ) 1.091
M BC = ( ) − 12 = 14.18 kN • m
6 EI
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 12 = −10.91 kN • m
6 38
 10 kN 4 kN/m

A C 10.91
2EI 14.18 14.18 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m

MBA = - 14.18 kN•m, MBC = 14.18 kN•m, MCB = -10.91 kN•m

10 kN 24 kN
4 kN/m
A B 14.18 kN•m
140.18 kN•m 10.91 kN•m
C
Ay = 3.23 kN ByL = 6.73 kN ByR = 12.55 kN Cy = 11.46 kN

39
 10 kN 4 kN/m

A C 10.91 kN•m
2EI 3EI
3.23 kN B
4m 4m 6m 11.46 kN

6.77 + 12.55 = 19.32 kN

12.55
V (kN) 3.23 2.86
+ + x (m)
- -
-6.73 -11.46
12.91
M 5.53
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- -
-10.91
-14.18
θB = 1.091/EI
Deflected shape x (m)

40
Example 4

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m

41
 10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
1.5PL/8 = 15 B wL /12 = 12 wL2/12 = 12
2

4m 4m 6m

3(2 EI ) 0 -3.273/EI
M BA = θ B − 15 − − − (1) 4(2 EI ) 2(3EI ) (10)(8)
8 M AB = θA + θB +
4(3EI ) 8 8 8
M BC = θ B + 12 − − − (2) 7.21
6 θA = −
EI
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 12 − − − (3) 3.273
6 M BA = 0.75 EI ( − ) − 15 = −17.45 kN • m
12 kN•m EI
MBA M BA 3.273
M BC = 2 EI (− ) + 12 = 5.45 kN • m
EI
B MBC MBC 3.273
M CB = EI (− ) − 12 = −15.27 kN • m
EI
Jo int B : − M BA − M BC − 12 = 0

− (0.75 EI − 15) − (2 EIθ B + 12) − 12 = 0

3.273
θB = − 42
EI
 3.273
M BA = 0.75EI ( − ) − 15 = −17.45 kN • m
EI
3.273
M BC = 2 EI (− ) + 12 = 5.45 kN • m
EI
3.273
M CB = EI ( − ) − 12 = −15.27 kN • m
EI

10 kN 24 kN
4 kN/m
A B 5.45 kN•m
17.45 kN•m
15.27 kN•m
C
2.82 kN 7.18 kN 10.36 kN 13.64 kN

10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C 15.27 kN•m
B
2.82 kN 13.64 kN
17.54 kN
43
 10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C 15.27 kN•m
2EI 3EI
2.82 kN B 7.21
17.54 kN 13.64 kN θ A = −
4m 4m 6m EI
3.273
θB = −
10.36 EI

V (kN) 2.82
+ + 3.41 m x (m)
- -
-7.18
-13.64
11.28 7.98
M
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- -5.45 -
-17.45 -15.27

Deflected shape x (m)

− 7.21 3.273
θA = θB =
EI EI
44
Example 5

Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. Support B settles 10 mm, and EI is
constant. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200x106 mm4.

10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m

45
 10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm 6 EI∆
4m 4m 6m
6 EI∆ A L2
L2 6 EI∆ 6 EI∆
∆ L2 L2
∆
[FEM]∆ C
B wL 2 B wL2
PL P PL w
8 8 30 30
[FEM]load
-12
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M AB = θA + θB + + − − − (1)
8 8 82 8
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB + − − − − ( 2)
8 8 82 8
0
4(3EI ) 2(3EI ) 6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6 2 )
M BC = θB + θC − 2
+ − − − (3)
6 6 0 6 30
2(3EI ) 4(3EI ) 6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6) 2
M CB = θB + θC − 2
− − − − (4)
6 6 6 30 46
 10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m

4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)

M AB = θA + θB + + − − − (1)
8 8 82 8
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB + − − − − ( 2)
8 8 82 8
Substitute EI = (200x106 kPa)(200x10-6 m4) = 200x200 kN• m2 :

4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θ B + 75 + 10 − − − (1)
8 8
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θ B + 75 − 10 − − − (2)
8 8
16.5
2(2) − (1) 3(2 EI )
: M BA = θ B + 75 − (75 / 2) − 10 − (10 / 2) − 12 / 2 − − − (2a )
2 8
47
 10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m

MBA = (3/4)(2EI)θB + 16.5

MBC = (4/6)(3EI)θB - 192.8

+ ΣMB = 0: - MBA - MBC = 0 (3/4 + 2)EIθB + 16.5 - 192.8 = 0

MBA MBC θB = 64.109/ EI

Substitute θB in (1): θA = -129.06/EI
B
Substitute θA and θB in (5), (3), (4):
MBA = 64.58 kN•m,

MBC = -64.58 kN•m

MCB = -146.69 kN•m

48
 10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
C 146.69 kN•m
A
64.58 kN•m 64.58 kN•m

4m 4m 6m

MBA = 64.58 kN•m,

MBC = -64.58 kN•m

MCB = -146.69 kN•m 2m

10 kN 18 kN
12 kN•m
64.58 kN•m 6 kN/m
64.58 kN•m
A B 146.69 kN•m
B C

Ay = 11.57 kN ByL = -1.57 kN ByR = -29.21 kN Cy = 47.21 kN

49
 10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m

A C 146.69 kN•m
2EI 3EI
11.57 kN B
4m 6m 47.21 kN
4m
θA = -129.06/EI
1.57 + 29.21 = 30.78 kN θB = 64.109/ EI
V (kN) 11.57
1.57
+ x (m)
-
-29.21
-47.21
58.29 64.58
12
M
+ x (m)
(kN•m)
-

-146.69
Deflected shape x (m)
10 mm
θA = -129.06/EI θB = 64.109/ EI 50
Example 6

For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the slope-deflection
method to
(a)Determine all the slopes at supports
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports
(c)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape. (3 points)
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

51
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
6 kN/m
6(32 )
= 4.5 4.5
12
C MFw A
6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01) C
32
0.01 m
= 100 kN • m 100 kN • m
MF∆
A
4(2 EI )
M CB = θC − − − (1)
3
4(1.5EI ) 2(1.5 EI )
M CA = θC + θ A + 4.5 + 100 − − − (2)
3 3
12
2(1.5EI ) 4(1.5 EI )
M AC = θC + θ A − 4.5 + 100 − − − (3)
3 3
2(2) − (2) 3(1.5EI ) 3(4.5) 100 12
: M CA = θC + + + − − − ( 2a )
2 3 2 2 2 52
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

4(2 EI )
M CB = θ C − − − (1)
3
3(1.5 EI ) 3(4.5) 100 12
M CA = θC + + + − − − ( 2a )
3 2 2 2
• Equilibrium equation:
MCB MCA
M CB + M CA = 0
(8 + 4.5) EI 3(4.5) 100 12
C θ C + + + =0
3 2 2 2
− 15.06
θC = = −0.0015 rad
EI
Substitute θC in eq.(3) 2(1.5 EI ) − 15.06 4(1.5 EI )
12 = ( )+ θ A − 4.5 + 100 − − − (3)
3 EI 3
− 34.22
θA = = −0.0034 rad
EI 53
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

− 15.06 − 34.22
θC = = −0.0015 rad θ A = = −0.0034 rad
EI EI
2(2 EI ) 2( 2 EI ) − 15.06
M BC = θC = ( ) = −20.08 kN • m
3 3 EI
4(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) − 15.06
M CB = θC = ( ) = −40.16 kN • m
3 3 EI
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
40.16 + 20.08
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN
3
18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
54
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
θ C = −0.0015 rad B
A
C 1.5EI 10 mm
θ A = −0.0034 rad 2EI
3m 3m
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
20.08 kN 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
V (kN) 26.39
+ 8.39
x (m)
-

M (kN•m) -20.08
20.08 12
x (m)

-40.16
Deflected shape θ C = 0.0015 rad
x (m)
θ A = 0.0034 rad 55
Example 7

For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the

slope-deflection method to
(a)Determine all the slopes at supports
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports
(c)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

56
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
C EI∆ C C
B ∆C ∆C 6(1.5 EI ) ∆ C
4 EI∆ C = EI∆ C
2
3 6 kN/m A 3
6( 2 EI )∆ C 4 EI∆ C
= 6(32 )
3 2
3 4.5 = 4.5
C A 12
100 C
2(2 EI ) 4 EI 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)
M BC = θC − ∆C − − − (1) 0.01 m
3 3 32
4(2 EI ) 4 EI A = 100 kN • m
M CB = θC − ∆C − − − (2)
3 3
4(1.5 EI ) 2(1.5EI )
M CA = θC + θ A + EI∆ C + 4.5 + 100 − −(3)
3 3
12
2(1.5 EI ) 4(1.5 EI )
M AC = θC + θ A + EI∆ C − 4.5 + 100 − −(4)
3 3
2(3) − (4) 3(1.5 EI ) EI 3(4.5) 100 12
: M CA = θ C + ∆C + + + − − − (3a) 57
2 3 2 2 2 2
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
• Equilibrium equation: 18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
MBC MCB MCA
B C C A
Ay
By M BC + M CB M + 12 + 18(1.5) M CA + 39
(C y ) CB = −( ) (C y ) CA = CA =
3 3 3
MCB MCA
ΣM C = 0 : M CB + M CA = 0 − − − (1*)
ΣC y = 0 : (C y ) CB + (C y ) CA = 0 − − − (2*)
C
(Cy)CB (Cy)CA

Substitute in (1*) 4.167 EIθ C − 0.8333EI∆ C = −62.15 − − − (5)

Substitute in ( 2*) − 2.5 EIθ C + 3.167 EI∆ C = −101.75 − − − (6)
From (5) and (6) θ C = −25.51 / EI = −0.00255 rad ∆ C = −52.27 / EI = −5.227 mm 58
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
• Solve equation
− 25.51 Substitute θC and ∆C in (1), (2) and (3a)
θC = = −0.00255 rad
EI
− 52.27 M BC = 35.68 kN • m
∆C = = −5.227 mm
EI M CB = 1.67 kN • m
Substitute θC and ∆C in (4) M CA = −1.67 kN • m
− 2.86
θA = = −0.000286 rad
EI
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 18(4.5) − 12 − 35.68
B y = 18 − 5.55 Ay =
3m 3m 6
= 12.45 kN = 5.55 kN
59
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
12.45 kN 5.55 kN
3m 3m

V (kN) 12.45 0.925 m

θ C = −0.00255 rad +
x (m)
∆ C = −5.227 mm
-5.55
θ A = −0.000286 rad
M (kN•m) 14.57 12
1.67 +
x (m)
-

-35.68
Deflected shape ∆ C = 5.227 mm
x (m)
θ C = 0.00255 rad
θ A = 0.000286 rad
60
Example of Frame: No Sidesway

61
Example 6

For the frame shown, use the slope-deflection method to

(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.

10 kN 12 kN/m

C
B 2EI
3m
3EI
40 kN

3m
A

1m 6m

62
 10 kN 36/2 = 18 12 kN/m
• Equilibrium equations
C
10
B 36 2EI 2
3m PL/8 = 30 (wL /12 ) =36 MBC
3EI
40 kN MBA
3m
A PL/8 = 30 10 − M BA − M BC = 0 − − − (1*)

1m 6m Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)

10 − 3EIθ B + 30 − 54 = 0
• Slope-Deflection Equations
− 14 − 4.667
2(3EI ) θB = =
M AB = θ B + 30 − − − (1) (3EI ) EI
6
− 4.667
4(3EI ) Substitute θ B = in (1) to (3)
M BA = θ B − 30 − − − (2) EI
6
M AB = 25.33 kN • m
3( 2 EI )
M BC = θ B + 36 + 18 − − − (3) M BA = −39.33 kN • m
6
M BC = 49.33 kN • m
63
 10 kN 12 kN/m 20.58
C
10 -39.3
B 49.33 2EI -49.33
3m 39.33
3EI MAB = 25.33 kN•m 27.7
40 kN

3m MBA = -39.33 kN•m

A 25.33 -25.33
MBC = 49.33 kN•m
1m 6m Bending moment diagram
12 kN/m
θB
B C
49.33
θB = -4.667/EI
θB
B 39.33 27.78 kN

40 kN

A 17.67 kN
Deflected curve
25.33 64
Example 7

Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the frame shown. E = 200 GPa.

25 kN
5 kN/m
B E
240(106) mm4 C 180(106)

5m
120(106) mm4 60(106) mm4

A D
3m 3m 4m

65
 25 kN
5 kN/m
PL/8 = 18.75 18.75
B E
240(106) mm4 C 180(106)
6.667+ 3.333 (wL2/12 ) = 6.667
5m
120(106) mm4 60(106) mm4

A D
3m 3m 4m
0
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θB
5 5 M BA + M BC = 0
0
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θB 8 16 8
5 5 ( + ) EIθ B + ( ) EIθ C = −18.75 − − − (1)
5 6 6
4( 4 EI ) 2(4 EI )
M BC = θB + θ C + 18.75
6 6 M CB + M CD + M CE = 0
2(4 EI ) 4(4 EI ) 8 16 3 9
M CB = θB + θ C − 18.75 ( ) EIθ B + ( + + ) EIθ C = 8.75 − − − (2)
6 6 6 6 5 4
3( EI )
M CD = θC − 5.29 2.86
5 From (1) and (2) : θ B = θC =
EI EI
3(3EI )
M CE = θ C + 10 66
4
Substitute θB = -1.11/EI, θc = -20.59/EI below

4(2 EI ) 0 2(2 EI ) MAB = −4.23 kN•m

M AB = θA + θB
5 5
0
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) MBA = −8.46 kN•m
M BA = θA + θB
5 5
4( 4 EI ) 2(4 EI ) MBC = 8.46 kN•m
M BC = θB + θ C + 18.75
6 6
2(4 EI ) 4(4 EI ) MCB = −18.18 kN•m
M CB = θB + θ C − 18.75
6 6
3( EI ) MCD = 1.72 kN•m
M CD = θC
5
3(3EI ) MCE = 16.44 kN•m
M CE = θ C + 10
4

67
 MAB = -4.23 kN•m, MBA = -8.46 kN•m, MBC = 8.46 kN•m, MCB = -18.18 kN•m,
MCD = 1.72 kN•m, MCE = 16.44 kN•m
20 kN
25 kN
16.44 kN•m
2.54 kN B 3m 3m C 2.54 kN 2.54-0.34 C E 2.2 kN

8.46 kN•m =2.2 kN

18.18 kN•m
(25(3)+8.46-18.18)/6 14.12 kN (20(2)+16.44)/4 5.89 kN
= 10.88 kN = 14.11 kN

10.88 kN 14.12+14.11=28.23 kN
8.46 kN•m 1.72 kN•m
B B (1.72)/5 = 0.34 kN
(8.46 + 4.23)/5
= 2.54 kN
5m 5m

A 2.54 kN A 0.34 kN
4.23 kN•m
10.88 kN 28.23 kN
68
 24.18
14.11 1.29 m 2.33 m
10.88
1.18 m +
+ 0.78 m 3.46
+
1.72 +
-2.54 -
2.82 m -8.46 -
- -
-5.89 -8.46 - 1.18 m
- -14.12 -16.44
+
-18.18

1.67m
-2.54 0.34 + Moment diagram
4.23

Shear diagram
1.29 m 2.33 m
0.78 m

θB = −5.29/EI 1.18 m

θC = 2.86/EI
1.67m

Deflected curve 69
Example of Frames: Sidesway

70
Example 8

Determine the moments at each joint of the frame and draw the quantitative
bending moment diagrams and qualitative deflected curve . The joints at A and
D are fixed and joint C is assumed pin-connected. EI is constant for each member

3m
B C
1m
10 kN

3m

A D

71
 • Overview
C • Unknowns
B
1m
10 kN θB and ∆

• Boundary Conditions
3m
MDC θA = θD = 0
MAB
A Ax D D
x • Equilibrium Conditions
3m
- Joint B
Ay Dy
B

MBA MBC

ΣM B = 0 : M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*)

- Entire Frame
+
→ ΣFx = 0 : 10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
72
 ∆ ∆ MAB
(0.375EI∆)∆
B C
1m B C
10 kN (0.375EI∆)∆ 10 kN
(5.625)load
4m 4m
3m
(1.875)load (1/2)(0.375EI∆)∆
(0.375EI∆)∆ A D
A D Ax Dx
(0.375EI∆)∆
3m

• Slope-Deflection Equations MBA MDC

5.625 0.375EI∆
2( EI ) 10(3)(1 ) 6 EI∆
2
+ ΣM B = 0 :
M AB = θB + + 2 − − − (1)
4 42 4 ( M AB + M BA )
5.625 0.375EI∆ Ax =
4( EI ) 10(3 )(1) 6 EI∆
2 4
M BA = θB − + 2 − − − (2) Ax = 0.375EIθ B + 0.1875EI∆ + 1.563 − − − (5)
4 42 4
3( EI )
M BC = θB − − − (3)
3 + ΣM C = 0 :
1 M DC
M DC = 0.375EI∆ − 0.375EI∆ = 0.1875EI∆ − − − (4) Dx = = 0.0468EI∆ − − − (6)
2 4 73
 Equilibrium Conditions: • Solve equation

M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*) Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)

10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
2EI θB + 0.375EI ∆ = 5.625 ----(7)
Slope-Deflection Equations: Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)
2( EI )
M AB = θ B + 5.625 + 0.375EI∆ − − − (1) − 0.375EIθ B − 0.235EI∆ = −8.437 − − − (8)
4
4( EI )
M BA = θ B − 5.625 + 0.375EI∆ − − − (2) From (7) and (8) can solve;
4
3( EI ) − 5.6 44.8
M BC = θ B − − − (3) θ B = ∆ =
3 EI EI

M DC = 0.1875EI∆ − − − (4) − 5.6 44.8

Substituteθ B = and ∆ = in (1)to (6)
EI EI

Horizontal reaction at supports: MAB = 15.88 kN•m

Ax = 0.375EIθ B + 0.1875EI∆ + 1.563 − − − (5) MBA = 5.6 kN•m
MBC = -5.6 kN•m
Dx = 0.0468EI∆ − − − (6) MDC = 8.42 kN•m
Ax = 7.9 kN
Dx = 2.1 kN
74
 B C
1m MAB = 15.88 kN•m, MBA = 5.6 kN•m,
10 kN
5.6 MBC = -5.6 kN•m, MDC = 8.42 kN•m,
Ax = 7.9 kN, Dx = 2.1 kN,
3m
15.88 8.42
A 7.9 kN D 2.1 kN
3m

5.6 ∆ = 44.8/EI ∆ = 44.8/EI

5.6 C C
B B
7.8 θB = -5.6/EI

A 15.88 D A D
8.42
Bending moment diagram Deflected curve 75
Example 9

From the frame shown use the slope-deflection method to:

(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.

B C pin
2 EI
10 kN
EI 2.5 EI 4m
2m
A D
4m 3m

76
 • Overview
C´
B ∆ 2EI ∆ CD • Unknowns
∆BC
B´ C ∆ θB and ∆
10 kN
EI 2.5EI 4m • Boundary Conditions
2m MDC
MAB
A Ax Dx θA = θD = 0
D
Ay Dy
4m 3m • Equilibrium Conditions
- Joint B
B

MBA MBC

ΣM B = 0 : M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*)

- Entire Frame
+
→ ΣFx = 0 : 10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
77
 • Slope-Deflection Equation
C´
B ∆ ∆ CD = ∆ / cos 36.87° = 1.25 ∆
5 ∆BC
C´
B´ 2EI C ∆ ∆CD
10 kN 36.87° ∆BC = ∆ tan 36.87° = 0.75 ∆
EI 2.5EI 4m 36.87°
2m C ∆
PL/8 = 5 D
A
4m 3m 2( EI )
M AB = θ B + 0.375EI∆ + 5 − − − (1)
0.375EI∆ 4
(6)(2.5EI)(1.25∆)/(5)2 = 0.75EI∆
4( EI )
B C´ M BA = θ B + 0.375EI∆ − 5 − − − (2)
4
∆´ ∆CD= 1.25 ∆
B´ C 3(2 EI )
M BC = θ B − 0.2813EI∆ − − − (3)
4
M DC = 0.375EI∆ − − − (4)
A
D
0.75EI∆ (1/2) 0.75EI∆
6EI∆/(4) 2= 0.375EI∆
C´ (6)(2EI)(0.75∆)/(4) 2 = 0.5625EI∆
0.5625EI∆
B ∆BC= 0.75 ∆
B´ C
(1/2) 0.5625EI∆
78
 • Horizontal reactions
B 2 EI pin
C
10 kN
EI 2.5 EI 4m
2m
A D
4m 3m

MBC B C
MBA
MBC
B
MBC 4
10 kN
4
C
A Ax = (MBA+ MAB-20)/4 -----(5)
MAB Dx= (MDC-(3/4)MBC)/4 ---(6)
D
MDC
MBC/4 79
 Equilibrium Conditions: • Solve equations

M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*) Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)

10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
2.5EIθ B + 0.0938 EI∆ − 5 = 0 − − − (7)

Slope-Deflection Equation: Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)

2( EI ) 6 EI∆ 0.0938EIθ B + 0.334EI∆ − 5 = 0 − − − (8)
M AB = θB + 5 + 2 − − − (1)
4 4
4( EI ) 6 EI∆ From (7) and (8) can solve;
M BA = θB −5 + 2 − − − (2)
4 4 1.45 − 14.56
3(2 EI ) 3(2 EI )(0.75∆) θ B = ∆ =
M BC = θB − − − − (3) EI EI
2
4 4
1.45 − 14.56
3(2.5EI )(1.25∆) Substituteθ B = and ∆ = in (1)to (6)
M DC = − − − ( 4) EI EI
52
Horizontal reactions at supports: MAB = 15.88 kN•m
( M BA + M AB − 20) MBA = 5.6 kN•m
Ax = − − − (5) MBC = -5.6 kN•m
4
MDC = 8.42 kN•m
3
M DC − M BC Ax = 7.9 kN
Dx = 4 − − − (6) Dx = 2.1 kN
4 80
 1.91 MAB = 11.19 kN•m
B 2 EI pin MBA = 1.91 kN•m
1.91
C MBC = -1.91 kN•m
10 kN
4m MDC = 5.46 kN•m
EI 2.5 EI
2m 5.46 Ax = 8.28 kN•m
11.19 kN•m
A 8.27 kN 1.73 Dx = 1.72 kN•m
D
0.478 kN 0.478 kN
4m 3m
∆ ∆
1.91 θB=1.45/EI
B B
1.91 C C

5.35 θB=1.45/EI
5.46
A 11.19 A
D D

Bending-moment diagram Deflected shape

81
Example 10

From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected curve.

20 kN/m 3m
B pin
C
3EI

3m 2EI
4EI 4m

A
D

82
 • Overview
∆ ∆ • Unknowns
B
θB and ∆
20 kN/m C
3EI
• Boundary Conditions
3m 2EI 4EI θA = θD = 0
4m
• Equilibrium Conditions

A - Joint B
[FEM]load D B
3m
MBA MBC

ΣM B = 0 : M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*)

- Entire Frame
+
→ ΣFx = 0 : 60 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
83
 • Slope-Deflection Equation
3m ∆ ∆
B B C
20 kN/m C 6(2EI∆)/(3)
2

3EI = 1.333EI∆ 1.5EI∆

wL2/12 = 15
3m 2EI 4EI
4m
wL2/12 = 15 6(2EI∆)/(3) 2
= 1.333EI∆ 6(4EI∆)/(4) 2
A A = 1.5EI∆
[FEM]load D (1/2)(1.5EI∆)
[FEM]∆
0 D
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θ B + 15 + 1.333EI∆ = 1.333EIθ B + 15 + 1.333EI∆ ----------(1)
3 3
0
2( 2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θ B − 15 + 1.333EI∆ = 2.667 EIθ B − 15 + 1.333EI∆ ----------(2)
3 3
3(3EI )
M BC = θ B = 3EIθ B ----------(3)
3
0
3( 4 EI )
M DC = θ D + 0.75 EI∆ = 0.75 EI∆ ----------(4)
4
84
 • Horizontal reactions

MAB

C
B + ΣM B = 0 :
1.5 m M BA + M AB + 60(1.5)
60 kN Ax =
4m 3
Ax = 1.333EIθ B + 0.889 EI∆ + 30 − − − (5)
1.5 m
A
Ax D Dx + ΣMC = 0:
MDC M DC
MBA Dx = = 0.188EI∆ − − − (6)
4

85
 Equilibrium Conditions • Solve equation

M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*) Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)

60 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
5.667 EIθ B + 1.333EI∆ = 15 − − − (7)

Equation of moment Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)

M AB = 1.333EIθ B + 15 + 1.333EI∆ − − − (1) − 1.333EIθ B − 1.077 EI∆ = −30 − − − (8)

M BA = 2.667 EIθ B − 15 + 1.333EI∆ − − − (2)

From (7) and (8), solve equations;
− 5.51 34.67
M BC = 3EIθ B − − − (3) θB = ∆=
EI EI
M DC = 0.75 EI∆ − − − ( 4) − 5.51 34.67
Substituteθ B = and ∆ = in (1)to (6)
EI EI
Horizontal reaction at support M AB = 53.87 kN • m
M BA = 16.52 kN • m
Ax = 1.333EIθ B + 0.889 EI∆ + 30 − − − (5) M BC = −16.52 kN • m
M DC = 26.0 kN • m
Dx = 0.188EI∆ − − − (6)
Ax = 53.48 kN
Dx = 6.52 kN 86
 B 3m
C
M AB = 53.87 kN • m
20 kN/m 16.52 kN•m
M BA = 16.52 kN • m
3m M BC = −16.52 kN • m
53.87 kN•m 4m M DC = 26.0 kN • m

53.48 kN Ax = 53.48 kN
A 26 kN•m Dx = 6.52 kN
5.55 kN D
6.52 kN
5.55 kN
16.52 ∆ ∆
16.52 C
B C B

53.87
A A
26. Deflected shape
Moment diagram 87
D D
DISPLACEMENT MEDTHOD OF ANALYSIS:
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

! Member Stiffness Factor (K)

! Distribution Factor (DF)
! Carry-Over Factor
! Distribution of Couple at Node
! Moment Distribution for Beams
! General Beams
! Symmetric Beams
! Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway
! Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

1
Member Stiffness Factor (K) & Carry-Over Factor (COF)
CB
P w

EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3

Internal members and far-end member fixed at end support:

4 EI COF = 0.5 2 EI
kCC = k DC =
4 EI L L
K=
L 1
C D
COF = 0.5

B C

K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3

2
 CB
P w

EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3

Far-end member pinned or roller end support:

COF = 0
3EI
3EI k AA = 0
K= L
L 1
C D

K(AB) = 3EI/L1, K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3

3
Joint Stiffness Factor (K)
CB
P w

EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3

K(AB) = 3EI/L1 K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3

Kjoint = KT = ΣKmember

4
Distribution Factor (DF)
CB
P w

EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3

K
DF =
ΣK

Notes:
- far-end pined (DF = 1)
- far-end fixed (DF = 0)

A KAB/(K(AB) + K(BC) ) B KBC/(K(AB) + K(BC) ) C K(CD)/(K(BC) + K(CD) ) D

DF 1 DFBA) DFBC DFCB DFCD 0

K(BC)/(K(BC) + K(CD) )
5
Distribution of Couple at Node
CB

(EI)1 (EI)2 (EI)3

A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3

A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCA DFCD 0

CB
CO=0 CB(DFBC) CO=0.5
CB( DFBC)

CB(DFBC) B CB( DFBC)

6
 50 kN•m

2EI 3EI 3EI

A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m

L1= L2 = L3

A B C D
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.5 0.5 0

50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667) 16.67

50(.333)
50(.333) B

7
Distribution of Fixed-End Moments
P w

(EI)1 M (EI)2 (EI)13

A F B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3

L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCB DFCD 0

MF MF B

MF
0 MF(DFBC) MF( DFBC) 0.5

0 MF(DFBC) B MF( DFBC)

8
 P w
EI

A 1.5PL1/8=30 B wL22/12=16 C wL32/12=25 D

L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3

L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0
14

30 30 B 16 16

14
0 5.6 5.6 0.5 4.2

0 B 8.4 8.4
9
Moment Distribution for Beams

10
Example 1

The support B of the beam shown (E = 200 GPa, I = 50x106 mm4 ).

Use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,and qualitative
deflected shape.

20 kN 3 kN/m

2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m

11
 20 kN 3 kN/m

2EI 3EI
30 16 16
A B C
CO 0.5 0 0.5 0
4m 4m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)

DF 1 0.333 0.667 0

[FEM]load -30 16 -16

Dist. 4.662 9.338

CO 4.669

Σ -25.34 25.34 -11.33

20 kN 24 kN
A B B C
25.34 kN•m 11.33 kN•m
6.83 kN 13.17 kN 13.75 kN 10.25 kN 12
Note : Using the Slope 20 kN 3 kN/m
Deflection

2EI 3EI
20+10 16 16
A B C
4m 4m 8m

3(2 EI )
M BA = θ B − 30 − − − (1)
8
4(3EI )
M BC = θ B + 16 − − − (2)
8
MBA MBC
+ ΣMB = 0: -MBA - MBC = 0

B
(0.75 + 1.5)EIθB - 30 + 16 = 0
θB = 6.22/EI
MBA = -25.33 kN•m,
MBC = 25.33 kN•m
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 = −11.33 kN • m
8 13
 20 kN 3 kN/m

A C
11.33
B
6.83 kN
13.17 + 13.75 = 26.92 kN 10.25 kN
4m 4m 8m
13.75
6.83
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 4.58 m - -10.25
-13.17
27.32
6.13
M + +
(kN•m)
- - x (m)
-11.33
-25.33
Deflected
shape x (m)
14
Example 2

From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.

10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m

2EI 3EI 3EI

A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m

15
 10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m

2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)

DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.571 0.428 1

Joint couple -16.65 -33.35

50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667)

50(.333)
50(.333) B

16
 10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m

2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)

DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.571 0.429 1

Joint couple -16.65 -33.35
CO -16.675
FEM -15 26.667 -26.667 40
Dist. -3.885 -7.782 1.905 1.437
CO 0.953 -3.891
Dist. -0.317 -0.636 2.218 1.673
CO 1.109 -0.318
Dist. -0.369 -0.740 0.181 0.137
Σ -36.22 -13.78 -43.28 43.25

17
 10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m

2EI 36.22
13.78 43.25 43.25 3EI
A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m

10 kN
40 kN
36.22 kN•m
A B 43.25 kN•m

C D
Ay = 0.47 kN ByL = 9.53 kN CyR = 25.41 kN Dy = 14.59 kN

40 kN
13.78 kN•m 43.25 kN•m

B C
ByR = 12.87 kN CyL= 27.13 kN
18
 10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m

A D
2EI B C 3EI
0.47 kN 14.59 kN
9.53+12.87=22.4 kN 27.13+25.41=52.54 kN
4m 4m 8m 8m

12.87 25.41 2.92 m

V (kN) 0.47
x (m)
2.57 m
-9.53 -14.59
30.32 -27.13 21.29
13.78
M(kN•m) 1.88
x (m)

-36.22
-43.25
Deflected x (m)
shape
19
Example 3

From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected shape.

2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN

A D
EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m

20
 120 kN•m 40 kN
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m

A D
30 30 101.25 EI
B C
0.5 0.5
3m 3m 9m 3m

K1 = 4(2EI)/6 K2 = 3(EI)/9
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)

DF 0 0.80 0.20 1
Joint couple 40 10 -120
CO 20 -60
FEM 30 -30 101.25
Dist.

Dist. -9 -2.25
CO -4.5

Σ 45.5 1 49 -120
21
 2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
1
A D
49 120 120
45.5 EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m
40 kN
40 kN
45.5 kN•m 1 kN•m
A B 120 kN•m

C D

Ay = 27.75 kN ByL = 12.25 kN CyR = 40 kN

90 kN
49 kN•m 120 kN•m

B C

ByR = 37.11 kN CyL = 52.89 kN

22
 2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN

A D
EI
B C
27.75 kN
12.25+37.11 = 49.36 kN
52.89+40 = 92.89 kN
3m 3m 9m 3m

37.11 40
27.75
V (kN) + + +
- x (m)
-12.25 3.71 m -
37.75 -52.89
19.84
M(kN•m) + 1 + x (m)
- -
-
-45.5 -49

-120
Deflected x (m)
shape
23
Example 4

The support B of the beam shown (E = 200 GPa, I = 50x106 mm4 ) settles 10 mm.
Use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.

20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m

2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m

24
 20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
B
A C
2EI 30 16 3EI
0.5 4 m 16
4m 10 mm 8 m
0.5
6(2 EI )∆ 6(2 EI )∆ 6(3EI ) ∆
A − = 9.375 6(3EI ) ∆ = 28.125
L 2
2L 2 = 28.125 L2
L2
∆ [FEM]∆ ∆
B B
6(2 EI )∆ C
L2 K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)

DF 1 0.333 0.667 0
Joint couple -12 5 10
CO -6 5
[FEM]load -30 16 -16
[FEM]∆ 9.375 -28.125 -28.125

Dist. 12.90 25.85

CO 12.92

Σ -12 -8.72 23.72 -26.20 25

Note : Using the 20 kN 18.75-9.375 15 kN•m
3 kN/m
slope deflection 12 kN•m (9.375 )∆
B (28.125)∆
A C
2EI 3EI 28.125
(20+10)load (16)load 16
4m 4m 10 mm 8m
15 kN•m
-12 MBA MBC
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θ B + 20 − 18.75 − − − (1)
8 8
B
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θ B − 20 + 18.75 − − − (2)
8 8 + ΣMB = 0: - MBA - MBC + 15 = 0
( 2) − (1) 3(2 EI )
: M BA = θ B − 30 + 9.375 − 12 / 2 − − − (2a)
2 8 (0.75 + 1.5)EIθB - 38.75 - 15 = 0
4(3EI ) θB = 23.9/EI
M BC = θ B + 16 − 28.125 − − − (3)
8
MBA = -8.7 kN•m,
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 − 28.125 − − − (4)
8 MBC = 23.72 kN•m
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 − 28.125
8
= −26.2 kN • m 26
 20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m

2EI 8.725 23.7253EI 26.205

A B C
4m 4m 8m

20 kN 24 kN
12 kN•m
8.725 kN•m 26.205 kN•m
A B B C

23.725 kN•m
Ay = 7.41 kN ByL = 12.59 kN ByR = 11.69 kN Cy = 12.31 kN

27
 20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m

A C
2EI B 3EI 26.205
7.41 kN
12.59+11.69 = 24.28 kN 12.31 kN
4m 4m 8m

7.41 11.69
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 3.9 m - -12.31
-12.59
41.64
12
+
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-8.725 - -0.93 -
-23.725 -26.205
Deflected 10 mm θB = 23.9/EI
shape x (m)
28
Example 5

For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

29
 12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5

100-(100/2) = 50 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)

0.01 m
C 32
MF∆
A = 100 kN • m
K1 = 4(2EI)/3 K2 = 3(1.5EI)/3
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)

DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50

Dist. -40.16 -22.59

CO -20.08

Σ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12 30

 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 3m

ΣΜ -20.08 -10.16 40.16 12

20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m

B C
40.16 + 20.08
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN
3
18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
31
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
20.08 kN 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
V (kN) 26.39
+ 8.39
x (m)
-

M (kN•m) -20.08
20.08 12
x (m)

Deflected shape -40.16

x (m)
32
Example 6

For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

33
• Overview 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
C 10 mm
2EI 1.5EI
3m 3m

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
10 mm
C
R

∆
B ×C
A

R´

R + R ' C = 0 − − − (1*)
34
• Artificial joint applied 12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5

100-(100/2) = 50 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)

0.01 m
C 32
MF∆
A = 100 kN • m
K1 = 4(2EI)/3 K2 = 3(1.5EI)/3
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)

DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50

Dist. -40.16 -22.59

CO -20.08

Σ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12 35

 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 3m

ΣΜ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12

20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m

B C
40.16 + 20.08 18 kN
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
3 6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
40.16 kN•m
40.16 kN•m

20.08 C 26.39 kN + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − 20.08 − 26.39 + R = 0

R
R = 46.47 kN 36
 • Artificial joint removed
∆
B
A
C
2EI 0.5 1.5EI 0.5
3m R´ 3m
C C
75
B ∆ ∆ 6(1.5EI )( )
100 EI = 75
75-(75/2) A 32
6(2 EI ) ∆ C 75
= 100 → ∆ = = 37.5
32 EI
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
[FEM]∆ -100 -100 +37.5
Dist. 40 22.5
CO 20
Σ -80 -60 60

80 kN•m 60 kN•m 60 kN•m

B C C A
46.67 kN 46.67 kN 20 kN 20 kN
C
46.67 20 kN + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : R' = 66.67 kN 37
R´
• Solve equation
Substitute R = 46.47 kN and R ' = 66.67 kN in (1*)

46.47 + 66.67C = 0
C = −0.6970
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
20.08 kN•m A
10 mm
20.08 kN C
R = 46.47 kN 8.39 kN

∆
B
80 kN•m A × C = −0.6970

46.67 kN 20 kN
R´ = 66.67 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
12.45 kN 5.55 kN 38
 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
12.45 kN 5.55 kN
3m 3m

V (kN) 12.45 0.925 m

+
x (m)
-5.55

M (kN•m) 14.57 12
1.67 +
x (m)
-

-35.68
Deflected shape
x (m)

39
Symmetric Beam
• Symmetric Beam and Loading
P P

θ θ

A B C D
L´ L L´
real beam

V´B L L V´C
M L
2 2 + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L ) + ( L)( ) = 0
EI 2
B´ C´
ML
M VB ' = θ =
M 2 EI
L EI
EI
2 EI
conjugate beam M= θ
L
The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,

2 EI
K=
L
40
• Symmetric Beam with Antisymmetric Loading

P
θ
A D
B θ C
P
L´ L L´
real beam
1 M L M 1 M L 2L
( )( ) + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L) + ( )( )( ) = 0
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI 2 3
V´B 2 ML
L VB ' = θ =
B´ 3 6 EI
C´
6 EI
1 M L V´C M= θ
M ( )( ) L
2 EI 2
EI The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,
conjugate beam
6 EI
K=
L 41
Example 5a

Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.

15 kN/m

A D
B C
4m 6m 4m

42
 15 kN/m

A D
wL2/15 = 16 B wL2/12 = 45 C wL2/15 = 16
4m 6m 4m
3EI 3EI 2 EI 2 EI
K ( AB ) = = , K ( BC ) = =
L 4 L 6
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) (3EI / 4)
( DF ) AB = = 1,( DF ) BA = = = 0.692,
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + ( 2 EI / 6)
K ( BC ) (2 EI / 6)
( DF ) BC = = = 0.308
K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + (2 EI / 6)
DF 1.0 0.692 0.308
[FEM]load 0 -16 +45

Dist. -20.07 -8.93

ΣΜ -36.07 +36.07
30 kN 30 kN
8 90 kN 8
36.07 kN•m 36.07 kN•m
3 3
A B B C C D
4m 3m 3m 4m
0.98 kN 29.02 kN 29.02 kN 0.98 kN 43
45 kN 45 kN
 30 kN 30 kN
8 90 kN 8
36.07 kN•m 36.07 kN•m
3 3
A B B C C D
4m 3m 3m 4m
0.98 kN 29.02 kN 29.02 kN 0.98 kN
45 kN 45 kN

15 kN/m

A D
B 74.02 kN C 74.02 kN
0.98 kN 0.98 kN
4m 6m 4m
45
29.02
V 0.98
(kN) x (m)
-0.98
-29.02 -45
31.42
M +
(kN•m) x (m)
- -
-36.07 -36.07

Deflected
shape 44
Example 5b

Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.

15 kN/m

A C D
B
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m

45
Fixed End Moment 15 kN/m

A C D
wL2/15 = 16 B 11wL2/192 5wL2/192
= 30.938 = 14.063

5wL2/192 11wL2/192
= 14.063 = 30.938 wL2/15 = 16
A C D
B
15 kN/m

15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m

46
 15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m

3EI 3EI 6 EI 6 EI
K ( AB ) = = = 0.75EI , K ( BC ) = = = EI
L 4 L 6
0.75 1
( DF ) AB = 1, ( DF ) BA = = 0.429, ( DF ) BC = = 0.571
0.75 + 1 0.75 + 1
DF 1.0 0.429 0.571
[FEM]load 0 -16 16.875

Dist. -0.375 -0.50

ΣΜ -16.375 16.375
8
30 kN
8 45 kN 3
16.375 kN•m 16.375 kN•m 4m
3
A B B C C D
4m
5.91 kN 24.09 kN 27.96 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 kN 45 kN 24.09 kN 30 kN 47
 8
30 kN
8 45 kN 3
16.375 kN•m 16.375 kN•m 4m
3
A B B C C D
4m
5.91 kN 24.09 kN 27.96 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 kN 45 kN 24.09 kN 30 kN

15 kN/m

A C D
B
15 kN/m
5.91 kN 52.05 kN 52.05 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 27.96
V 5.91 5.91
(kN) x (m)
-24.09 -24.09
M 16.375
(kN•m) x (m)
-16.375
Deflected shape
48
Moment Distribution Frames: No Sidesway

49
Example 6

From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 2.5EI

4m
3EI

5m D 5m

50
 40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 45 25 2.5EI
0.5 0.5
4m
KAB = KBC = 3(2.5EI)/5 = 1.5 EI 3EI 0.5

KBD = 4(3EI)/4 = 3EI

5m D 5m

A B D C

Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
DF 1 0.25 0.25 0.5 0 1
Joint load -10 -10 -20
CO -10
FEM -45 25
Dist. 5 5 10
CO 5
Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0 51
 40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
20
2.5EI 50 2.5EI
14 kN 10 16 kN
3EI
5 Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
D Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0

40 kN•m
58 kN 34 24 3.75
50 20
48 kN 3.75 40 kN
A B 0 50 kN•m 58
10 B C 3.75
58 20 3.75
14 kN 34 kN 10 kN•m 16 kN
24 kN
3.75 kN

5
3.75 kN
58
52
 40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 20 2.5EI
14 kN 50 16 kN
3EI 10 4m
5
D
5m 5m

58 kN

35
16
10

20

50 Moment diagram Deflected shape

5
53
Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway

54
Single Frames

P P
∆ ∆
C C R´
B C B R B

x C1

A D A D A D

Artificial joint applied Artificial joint removed

(no sidesway) (sidesway)

0 = R + C1R´

55
Multistory Frames ∆2 P3
P2

P4
P1 ∆1

P3
∆´´ ∆´´
P2 R2´´
R2 R2´
∆´ ∆´
P4
x C1 x C2
P1 R1´
R1 R1´´

0 =R2 + C1R2´ + C2R2´´

0 =R1 + C1R1´ + C2R2´´

56
Example 7

From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected shape.
EI is constant.
16 kN
1m 4m
B C

5m

A D

57
 • Overview
16 kN 16 kN
1m 4m C C R´
B C B R B

5m 5m = + x C1

A D A D A D

artificial joint applied artificial joint removed

(no sidesway) ( sidesway)

R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)

58
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)

Fixed end moment:

16 kN
b=1m a=4m C
B R
Pa2b/L2 Pb2a/L2
= 10.24 = 2.56

A D

Equilibrium condition :

+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x

59
 16 kN
1m 4m C
R A B C D
B
0.5 DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
10.24 2.56 0
FEM 10.24 -2.56
5m 5m Dist. -5.12 -5.12 1.28 1.28
0.5 0.5
CO -2.56 0.64 -2.56 0.64
A D Dist. -0.32 -0.32 1.28 1.28
CO -0.16 0.64 -0.16 0.64
5.78 kN•m Dist. -0.32 -0.32 0.08 0.08
2.72 kN•m
CO -0.16 0.04 -0.16 0.04
Dist. -0.02 -0.02 0.08 0.08
B C Σ -2.88 -5.78 5.78 -2.72 2.72 1.32

5m 5m Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: 1.73 - 0.81 + R = 0
x
A Ax = 1.73 kN D
Dx = 0.81 kN R = - 0.92 kN

2.88 kN•m 1.32 kN•m

60
• Artificial joint removed ( sidesway)

Fixed end moment:

Since both B and C happen to be displaced the same amount ∆, and AB and DC
have the same E, I, and L so we will assume fixed-end moment to be 100 kN•m.

∆ ∆

B 5m C
100 kN•m R´
100 kN•m

5m 5m
100 kN•m 100 kN•m
A
D

Equilibrium condition :

+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x

61
 ∆ ∆

B 5m C
R´ A B C D
0.5 0.50 0.50
100 kN•m 100 kN•m DF 0 0.50 0.50 0
FEM 100 100 100 100
5m 5m Dist. -50 -50 -50 -50
0.5 0.5
100 kN•m 100 kN•m CO -25.0 -25.0 -25.0 -25.0
A Dist. 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
D
CO 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
Dist. -3.125 -3.125 -3.125 -3.125
60 kN•m 60 kN•m CO -1.56 -1.56 -1.56 -1.56
Dist. 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
CO 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39
B C
Dist. -0.195 -0.195 -0.195 -0.195
Σ 80 60 -60 -60 60 80
5m 5m

Equilibrium condition: + ΣFx = 0:

A Ax = 28 kN D
Dx = 28 kN -28 - 28 + R´ = 0

80 kN•m 80 kN•m R´ = 56 kN
62
 Substitute R = -0.92 and R´= 56 in (1) :

R + C1R´ = 0
-0.92 + C1(56) = 0
0.92
C1 =
56

16 kN 16 kN
B C C R´ 1m 4m C
R B B
5.78 2.72 60 60 4.79 3.71
2.72 60 60 3.71
5.78 4.79
+ x C1 = 5m 5m
2.88 80 80 1.57 2.63
1.32
1.73 kN 0.81 28 28 1.27 kN
A D A D A D 1.27

63
 8.22
16 kN
3.71
1m 4m C
B 4.79
4.79 3.71 3.71
4.79
4.79 3.71
5m 5m
1.57 2.63

1.27 kN 1.27 kN 1.57 2.63

A D 2.99 kN Bending moment
13.01 kN diagram (kN•m)
∆ ∆

Deflected shape 64
Example 8

From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected shape.

20 kN/m 3m
B pin
C
3EI

3m 2EI
4EI 4m

A
D

65
 • Overview

20 kN/m
B 3m, 3EI B C B C
C
R R´

3 m , 2EI
4m , 4EI
= + x C1

A A A
D D D

artificial joint applied artificial joint removed

(no sidesway) (sidesway)

R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)

66
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)
20 kN/m A B C D
B 3m , 3EI C R 0.471 0.529
DF 0 1.00 1.00 0
0.5
15 FEM 15.00 -15.00
0.5 Dist. 7.065 7.935
0.5
CO 3.533
3 m , 2EI 4m, 4EI
15 Σ 18.53 -7.94 7.94

A
D 7.94 kN•m

KBA = 4(2EI)/3 = 2.667EI

B C + ΣF = 0:
x
KBC = 3(3EI)/3 = 3EI
60 - 33.53 - 0 + R = 0
60
KCD = 3(4EI)/4 = 3EI 3m 4m
R = - 26.47 kN

A Ax = 33.53 kN D Dx = 0

18.53 kN•m 0
67
 • Artificial joint removed ( sidesway)

• Fixed end moment

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
B 3m, 3EI C B 3m, 3EI C
R´ R´
100 kN•m
6(2EI∆)/(3) 2 6(4EI)∆/(4) 2 100 kN•m
3 m, 2EI
100 kN•m 4m, 4EI 3 m, 2EI 4m, 4EI
6(2EI∆)/(3) 2 100 kN•m
3(4EI∆)/(4) 2 3(4EI)(75/EI)/(4) 2
A A = 56.25 kN•m

D D
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m

6(2 EI ) ∆
2
= 100
3
∆AB = 75/EI
68
 ∆ ∆
A B C D
B 3m C R´
0.5 DF 0 0.471 0.529 1.00 1.00 0
100
FEM 100 100 56.25
0.5
Dist. -47.1 -52.9 0
0.5
3m 4m CO -28.55
100
Σ 76.45 52.9 -52.9 56.25
56.25
A

D
52.9. kN•m
+ ΣF = 0:
C x

B -43.12 - 14.06 + R´ = 0
3m 4m R´ = 57.18 kN
A Ax = 43.12kN
D 14.06 kN

76.45 kN•m
56.25 kN•m 69
 Substitute R = -26.37 and R´= 57.18 in (1) :

R + C1R´ = 0

-26.47 + C1(57.18) = 0
26.47
C1 =
57.18
20 kN/m
B B 52.9 kN•m B
C C 3m
R C
7.94 kN•m R´ 16.55 kN•m
7.94 kN•m 52.9
= 3m
+ 76.45 kN•m
x C1 4m
18.53 kN•m 53.92 kN•m

33.53 kN 43.12 kN 53.49 kN

A A 56.25
0 A 26.04 kN•m
5.52 kN6.51 kN
0
D D 14.06 D
5.52 kN
70
 20 kN/m
16.55
B 3m 16.55
C B C
16.55 kN•m

3m
53.92 kN•m 4m
53.92
53.49 kN
A 26.04 kN•m A
5.52 kN6.51 kN 26.04
Moment diagram
∆ ∆ D
D
5.52 kN
B C

A
Deflected shape
71
D
Example 8

From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
EI is constant.

10 kN B
C

4m

A D
4m 3m

72
• Overview
10 kN B
C

4m

A D
4m 3m

R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)

=
10 kN B C B C
R R´

+ x C1

A D A D
artificial joint applied artificial joint removed
(no sidesway) (sidesway)
73
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)

10 kN B C
R

0 0
A D

Equilibrium condition : + ΣF = 0:
x
10 + R = 0
R = - 10 kN

74
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)

• Fixed end moment 6EI∆BC/(4) 2

B
R´
6EI∆AB/(4) 2
C 3EI∆CD/(5) 2
100 kN•m 100 kN•m
6EI∆CD/(5) 2 4 m
6EI∆AB/(4) 2
A D
4m 3m

Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m : 6 EI∆ AB = 100

42
∆AB = 266.667/EI
∆ CD ∆BC
B∆ C´
R´
∆ ∆CD = ∆ / cos 36.87° = 1.25 ∆ = 1.25(266.667/EI)
B´ C = 333.334/EI
36.87° C´
4m ∆CD
∆BC = ∆ tan 36.87° = 0.75 ∆
36.87° = 0.75(266.667/EI)
A D C ∆AB = ∆ = 200/EI
4m 3m
75
∆BC= 200/EI, ∆CD = 333.334/EI

6EI∆BC/(4) 2 = 6(200)/42 = 75 kN•m

B
R´
100 kN•m
C 3EI∆CD/(5) 2 = 3(333.334)/52 = 40 kN•m

100 kN•m
A D

Equilibrium condition :

+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x

76
 75 A B C D
B 75
R´ DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.625 0.375 1
0.5 C
100 FEM 100 100 -75 -75 40
40
4 m Dist. -12.5 -12.5 21.875 13.125
0.5 0.5
100 CO -6.25 10.938 -6.25
A D Dist. -5.469 -5.469 3.906 2.344
4m 3m CO -2.735 1.953 -2.735
Dist. -0.977 -0.977 1.709 1.026
KBA = 4EI/4 = EI, KBC = 4EI/4 = EI,
KCD = 3EI/5 = 0.6EI Σ 91.02 81.05 -81.05 -56.48 56.48

34.38 kN 34.38 kN
81.05 81.05 B C 56.48
B 56.48 C
34.38 kN 34.38 kN

+ ΣF = 0: 39.91 kN
A 43.02 kN x D
91.02 -43.02 - 39.91 + R´ = 0
34.38 kN R´ = 82.93 kN 34.38 kN
77
 Substitute R = -10 kN and R´= 82.93 kN in (1) : -10 + C1(82.93) = 0
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1) C1 = 10/82.93

81.05
10 kN B C B C
R R´
81.05 56.48
x C1= 10/82.93
+ 56.48
0 0 91.02 39.91 kN
A 0 D A 43.02 kN D
0

=
34.38 kN
0 34.38 kN
9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98 4.81 kN
A 5.19 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m
78
 9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98
A 5.19 kN 4.81 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m

9.77
B B
9.77 C C

6.81

A 10.98 A
D D

Bending moment diagram Deflected shape

(kN•m)

79
Example 9

From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,and
qualitative deflected shape.
EI is constant.
40 kN
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m

A
D
2m 3m 2m

80
 40 kN
• Overview
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m

A
D
2m 3m 2m

R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)
40 kN

=
20 kN B C B C
R R´

+ x C1
artificial joint applied artificial joint removed
(no sidesway) (no sidesway)
A A
D D
2m 3m 2m 2m 3m 2m
81
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)

Fixed end moments:

40 kN
PL/8 = 15
B C
20 kN R
15+(15/2)
= 22.5 kN•m

A
D
2m 3m 2m

Equilibrium condition :

+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x

82
 A B C D
40 kN
20 kN B C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R
22.5 FEM 22.5
15
0.5 Dist. -13.5 -9.0
0.5 0.5 CO -6.75

Σ -6.75 -13.5 13.5

A
D
2m 3m 2m KBA = 4(4EI)/3.6 = 4.444EI, KBC = 3(3EI)/3 = 3EI,

24.5 kN 15.5 kN
13.5 kN•m
C + ΣF = 0:
B x

40 kN 23.08 + 20 -7.75 + R´ = 0
13.5 B C R´ = - 35.33 kN

A 7.75 kN
23.08 kN
24.5 kN 15.5 kN D
6.75 kN•m 0
24.5 kN 15.5 kN
83
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)

Fixed end moments: 3m

B C
R´

m
3EI

06

4. 4
3.6

72
m
4EI
4EI
A
D
3(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2 6(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2
100 kN•m
R´
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.606) 2 B C
6(4EI)∆CD/(4.47) 2
100 kN•m
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.61) 2
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A
D

Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m : 6(4 EI ) ∆ AB = 100, ∆AB = 54.18/EI
3.612 84
 CC´ ∆ = ∆ABcos 33.69° = 45.08/EI
B BB´ C C´
R´ C´
B´ ∆ CD
.69 o C ∆ tan 26.57 = 22.54/EI

26.57°
26.57°
33

B∆ 33.69o
AB
=5 ∆ tan 33.69 = 30.05/EI
4.3
A /E I
D
B´
∆ BC = B' C ' = 22.54 / EI + 30.05 / EI = 52.59 / EI
∆CD = ∆/cos 26.57°= 50.4/EI

3(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2 = 3(3EI)(52.59/EI) /(3) 2 = 52.59 kN•m

R´
100 kN•m B C

100 kN•m
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A = 3(4EI)(50.4/EI)/(4.472) 2
D
= 30.24 kN•m
85
 A B C D
3EI
B 52.59 C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R´
100 0.5 FEM 100 100 -52.59 30.24
3m Dist. -28.45 -18.96
100 0.5 0.5 4m CO -14.223
4EI Σ 85.78 71.55 -71.55
4EI 30.24
A 30.24
D
2m 3m 2m
23.85 kN 23.85 kN
71.55 kN•m + ΣF = 0:
x
C
B -68.34 - 19.49 + R´ = 0
71.55 B C R´ = 87.83 kN

A 68.34 kN 23.85 23.85 19.49 kN

D
85.78kN•m 30.24 kN•m
23.85 kN
23.85 kN
86
 Substitute R = -35.33 and R´= 87.83 in (1) : -35.33 + C1(87.83) = 0
40 kN C1 = 35.33/87.83
20 kN B C B C
35.33 kN 90.59 kN

13.5 kN•m 71.55 kN•m

+85.78 kN•m x C1
6.75 kN•m
23.08 kN 68.34 kN
0 30.24 kN•m
A 24.5 kN A 23.85 kN
7.75 kN 19.485 kN
D D
15.5 kN 23.85 kN

=
40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m

27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
25.09 kN 87
 40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m
27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
37.65 25.09 kN

15.28

C C
B B

A 27.76 A
12.16 Deflected shape
Bending moment diagram D D

88
TRUSSES ANALYSIS
! Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method
! Member Local Stiffness Matrix
! Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
! Member Global Stiffness Matrix
! Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss
Analysis
! Trusses Having Inclined Supports, Thermal Changes
and Fabrication Errors
! Space-Truss Analysis

1
2-Dimension Trusses

2
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

x
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(x2, y2) (x1, y1) • Node and Member Identification
2 3
6
8
5 • Global and Member Coordinates
3 4 7
(x3, y3) (x4, y4)

• Degrees of Freedom
•Known degrees of freedom D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8
• Unknown degrees of freedom D1 and D2

3
Member Local Stiffness Matrix

x´
y´ AE AE
q´j q 'i = d 'i − d'j
j L L

i AE AE
q´i q' j = − d 'i + d'j
L L
x´
y´
AE/L x dd´i i q 'i  AE  1 − 1  d 'i 
=1
d´ i q '  =   d ' 
AE/L  j L − 1 1   j 

1
d´ j = x´ [q´] = [k´][d´] ----------(1)
y´
AE/L xd
d´j j
AE  1 − 1
[k ' ] =
L − 1 1 
AE/L
4
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

y
y´ x´

θy m j (xj,yj)
θx x
i
(xi,yi)

x j − xi x j − xi
λ x = cosθ x = =
L ( x j − xi ) 2 + ( y j − yi ) 2
y j − yi y j − yi
λ y = cosθ y = =
L ( x j − xi ) 2 + ( y j − yi ) 2

5
• Displacement Transformation Matrices
y
y´ x´ djy
d´j djx
j
m j θy m
diy θx x
i dix
d´i i

Local Global
λx λy
d 'i = d ix cos θ x + d iy cos θ y

d ' j = d jx cos θ x + d jy cos θ y

 d ix 
 d 'i   λ x λy 0 0   d iy  λ x λy 0 0 
 
d '  =  0 λx 
λ y   d jx 
[T ] = 
λx λ y 
 j  0 0 0
 
d
 jy 
[d´] = [T][d] ----------(2)
6
• Force Transformation Matrices

qjy y´ x´
y y q´j
qjx
j
θy m
θy m j
qiy θx x θx x
i qix
q´i i

Global Local

λx
qix = q 'i cos θ x where
 q ix   λ x 0 
λy q   λ x 0 
qiy = q 'i cos θ y
 iy  =  λ y 0   q 'i  λ 0 
q jx = q ' j cos θ x  q jx   0 λ x   q ' j  [T ] = 
T y

    0 λx 
 q jy   0 λ y   
q jy = q ' j cos θ y  0 λ y 

[q] = [T]T[q´] ----------(3)

7
Member Global Stiffness Matrix
[q] = [T]T[q´] ----------(3)
Substitute ( [q´] = [k´][d´] + [q´F] ) into Eq. 3, yields the result,
[ q ] = [ T ]T ([k´][d´] + [q´F] ) = [ T ]T [ k´ ][T][d] + [ T ]T [q´F] = [k][d] + [qF]

[k] [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]

[qF] = [ T ]T [q´F]

λx 0
λy 0 AE 1 -1 λx λy 0 0
[ k] =
0 λx L -1 1 0 0 λx λy
0 λy
U V U V
U λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE V λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[k] =
L U −λ λ −λxλy λxλx λxλy
x x

V −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

8
Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Equilibrium Equation:

[Qa] = [K][D] + [QF]

Partitioned Form:

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Qk K11 K12 Du QFk

= +
Qu K21 K22 Dk QFu

Reaction Boundary Condition

[Qk] = [K11][Du] + [K12][Dk] + [QF]

-1
[Du] = [Ku] (([Qk] - [QF]) - [K12][Dk])

9
Member Forces
y´ x´
y q´j

θy m j

θx x
q´i i

q 'i  AE  1 − 1  d 'i   q ' F i 

q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L − 1 1   j  q ' j 
 d ix 
λ x λy 0 0   d iy 
 
0 0 λx 
λ y   d jx 

 
d
 jy 
 Dix 
q 'i  AE  1 − 1 λ x λy 0 0   Diy   q 'F i 
 +
q '  =   0 λx 
λ y   D jx  q'F j 
 j L − 1 1   0
 
 D jy 
10
  Dix 
q 'i  AE  λ x λy − λx − λ y   Diy   q ' F i 
 +
q '  = −λ − λy λx 
λ y   D jx  q' F j 
 j L  x
 
 D jy 
Dxi
Dyi
q´j = AE
L
−λx −λy λx λy + qj´ F
Dxj
Dyj
y´ x´
y q´j

θy m j

θx x
q´i i

Member Forces

11
Member Forces
Dxi
Dyi
qm = AE
L
−λx −λy λx λy + qj´F
Dxj
y´ x´ Dyj
y qm

θy m j

θx x
i

Member Forces

12
Example 1

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
Assume EA to be the same for each member.

5m
3m
50 kN
5m
3m 5m
80 kN

4m 4m

13
 6
5m 3 5
3m
(-4,3) 2 2
50 kN
5m 1
3m 5m 1 1
3
4 8
80 kN (0,0)
(-4,-3) 3 7
4
4m 4m 2 (4,-3)

ˆ ( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj
λij = +
L L Member λx λy

cosθx = λx cosθy = λy #1 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

#2 -4/5 = -0.8 3/5 = 0.6
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
Ui λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE Vi λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ
j x x x y x x x y

Vj −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

14
 6
3 5 Member λx λy λx2 λx λy λy2
2 2 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.64 0.48 0.36
1 #2 - 0.8 0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
1 1
3 8 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
4
3 7
4
2
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.64 0.48 -0.64 -0.48 1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 0.48 0.36 -0.48 -0.36 AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36
[ k ]1 = [ k ]2 =
5 3 -0.64 -0.48 0.64 0.48 5 5 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48
4 -0.48 -0.36 0.48 0.36 6 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36

1 2 7 8
1 2
1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36 1 1.92 -0.48
[ k ]3 = AE
5 7 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48 [K] = 5 2 -0.48 1.08
8 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36
15
 6
5m Global 5
3m
2 2
50 kN
5m
1
3m 5m 1
3 8
80 kN 4
3 7
4m 4m

1 2
Q1 = -50 1 1.92 -0.48 D1 0 1
AE +
Q2 = -80 = 5 2 -0.48 1.08 D2 0 2

D1 -250.65/AE

D2 = -481.77/AE

16
 6
Local
3 5  Dxi 
D 
2 2
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
1  
1 1
3  D yj 
4 8
7 D1= -250.65/AE
3 4
D2= -481.77/AE
2 [q´F]1 = AE
5
0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6
D3= 0.0
Member λx λy
D4= 0.0
= -97.9 kN (C)
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6 D1= -250.65/AE
#3 0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
[q´F]2 = AE
5
0.8 -0.6 -0.8 0.6
D5= 0.0
17.7 kN
D6= 0.0
= +17.7 kN (T)
36.87o
50 kN
D1= -250.65/AE
17.7 kN [q´ ] = AE -0.8 +0.6 +0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
97.9 kN 80 kN F 3 5 D7= 0.0
D8= 0.0
= -17.7 kN (C) 17
 6
3 5
17.7 kN
2 2
36.89o
1 50 kN
1 1
3 8
4 17.7 kN
3 7 97.9 kN 80 kN
4
Check :
2
+ ΣF = 0: 17.7 + 17.7 +50cos 36.89
Member λx λy x´
- 97.9cos73.78 - 80cos53.11 = 0, O.K
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6
17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN
#3 0.8 -0.6
17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN

50 kN
97.9(0.6)=58.74 kN 17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN

80 kN 17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN
97.9(0.8)=78.32 kN

18
Example 2

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
The support B settles downward 2.5 mm. Temperature in member BD
increase 20 oC. Take α = 12x10-6 /oC, AE = 8(103) kN.

8 kN
D
4 kN
A
3m oC
0
+2
C
B
∆B = 2.5 mm 4m

19
 8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
5
C 3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
∆B = 2.5 mm
Member λx λy
( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj
λˆij = +
L L #1 -4/4 = -1 0

cosθx = λx cosθy = λy #2 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

#3 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
Ui λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE Vi λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ
j x x x y x x x y

Vj −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

20
 4 2
1
2
3 1
1 Member λx λy λx2/L λx λy/L λy2/L
(-4,0) (0,0)
#1 -1 0 0.25 0 0
2 3
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
6
8 #3 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5
3 4 7
(-4,-3) (0,-3)
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0 1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]2 = 8x103
3 -0.25 0 0.25 0 5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 0 0 0 0 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 2

2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 1 0.378 0.096

[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
7 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.405
8 0 -0.333 0 0.333
21
Member 2: [q] = [k]m[d] + [qF] 1.92 kN 1.152 kN
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(-4,0) (0,0) 2 2 1.536 kN
2 +20oC
0o C
3 1.536 kN +20oC
+2
6
3 8
5
4 7 1.92 kΝ =α(∆T1)AE 1.152 kN
(-4,-3) (0,-3) = (12x10 )(20)(8x10 )
-6 3
∆B = 2.5 mm
1 2 5 6
q1
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 d1 -1.536 1
q2
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 d2 + -1.152 2
q5 = 8x103
5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 d5 = 0 1.536 5
q6 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 d6 = -2.5x10-3 1.152 6
1 2
5 6
q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 -0.128 -0.096 0 5 -1.536 1
= 8x103 + 8x103 +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 -0.096 -0.072 -2.5x10 6
-3 -1.152 2

q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 1.92 -1.536 1

= 8x103 + +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 1.44 -1.152222
 8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
C 5
3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
∆B = 2.5 mm

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Global:
1 2
Q1 = -4 1 0.378 0.096 D1 1.92 -1.536
= 8x103 + +
Q2 = -8 2 0.096 0.405 D2 1.44 -1.152

D1 -0.8514x10-3 m
= -2.356x10-3 m
D2
23
 4 2 Local  Dxi 
3 1
2 1
1 D 
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
2 3  
 D yj 
6
8
5 D1= -0.8514x10-3
3 4 7
1.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0 D2= -2.356x10-3
[q´F]1 = 8x103
Member λx λy 4 D3= 0.0
D4= 0.0
= -1.70 kN (C)
#1 -1 0
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 D1= -0.8514x10-3
#3 0 -1 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 D2= -2.356x10-3 + -1.92
[q´F]2 = 8x103
5 D5= 0.0
1.92 kN D6= -0.0025
= -2.87 kN (C)

D1= -0.8514x10-3
2
+20oC D2= -2.356x10-3
[q´F]3 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
3 D7= 0.0
1.92 kN
D8= 0.0
= -6.28 kN (C) 24
 4 2
3 1 Member cosθx cosθy [q´]m
2 1
1

2
#1 -1 0 -1.70
3
6 #2 - 0.8 -0.6 -2.87
8
5 #3 0 -1 -6.28
3 4 7

8 kN
8 kN 1
4 kN
1.70 kN
1.70 kN 4 kN
2 3

2.87(0.8) = 2.30 kN
2.87 kN 6.28 kN

2.87(0.6) = 1.72 kN 6.28 kN

25
Example 3

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(b) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN
D
m

∆ = - 4 mm
3 m
3m =+
∆ AD
A
C
B
4m 4m

26
 8 kN
2
4 kN (0,0)
D 1 1
m

∆ = - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 3
8
C 2 4 5 5 4
B 7
(0,-3) (4,-3)
4m 4m (-4,-3)

ˆ ( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj Member λx λy
λij = +
L L
#1 -4/5 =-0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
cosθx = λx cosθy = λy
#2 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
Ui λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
#4 4/4 = 1 0
AE Vi λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[ k ]m = #5 4/4 = 1 0
L U −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ
j x x x y x x x y

Vj −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

27
 2 Member λx λy λx2/L λxλy/L λy2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
2
1 #2 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5 m3

3m
4 5m 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.128 -0.096 0.072
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)

1 2 3 4
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 1 2 7 8
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
1 2 5 6 [k]3 = 8x103
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
1 0 0 0 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 0 0 0 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 28
 2 Member λx λy λx2/L λxλy/L λy2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #4 1 0 0.25 0 0
2
1 #5 1 0 0.25 0 0
5 m3

3m
4 5m 6
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)
3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8
3 0.25 0 -0.25 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
[k]4= 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 -0.25 0 0.25 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0

Global Stiffness Matrix 1 2 5 7

1
2
[K] = 8x103
5
7
29
Global Stiffness Matrix
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 3 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 4 0 0 0 0
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]4= 8x103
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 5 -0.25 0 0.25 0
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 6 0 0 0 0
1 2 5 6 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 6 0 0 0 0
[k]2 = 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0 0 0 0

1 2 7 8
1 2 5 7
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378
30
 8 kN
Global Fixed end forces 2
4 kN
D 1
m

∆ = - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m

2.88 kN ∆AE/L = 4.8 kN ∆AE/L = 10.67 kN

-3.84 1

∆ = -4 mm
3.84 kN -2.88 + 10.67 = 7.79 2
1 mm 2 Fixed End
3.84 kN 3 0.0 5
=+ 0.0 7
∆ AD 10.67 kN
4.8 kN 2.88 kN

31
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
m

∆ = -4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m

Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 5 7
Q1 = 4 1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128 D1 -3.84
Q2 = -8 7.79
= 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096 D2 +
Q5 = 0 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25 D5 0.0
Q7 = 0 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378 D7 0.0

D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 32
 2 Member forces  Dxi 
D 
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ] yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
λx   + q'F
2  
1 3
 D yj 
4 6
3 8 Member λix λiy
4 5 5
7
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 0 -1
D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m D1
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 D2
5.2288x10-3 m [q´F]1 = 8x103 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 + -4.8
5 0
= -1.54 kN (C) 0
4.8 kN 10.67 kN
D1
mm 2
1 3 D2 + 10.67
[q´F]2 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
=+ 3 D5
∆ AD 10.67 kN 0
4.8 kN = -3.17 kN (C)
33
 2  Dxi 
D 
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
2  
1 3
 D yj 
4 6
3 8 D1
4 5 5
7 D2
[q´F]3 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 -0.6
5 D7
D1 6.4426x10-3 m = -6.54 kN (C) 0
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m 0
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 0
[q´F]4 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
4 D5
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
Member λx λy
#3 0.8 -0.6 D5
#4 1 0 0
[q´F]5 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
#5 1 0 4 D7
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
34
 2 Member λx λy [q´]
1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 -1.54
2 #2 0 -1 -3.17
1 3
4 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 -6.54
3 8 #4 1 0 5.23
4 5 5
7
#5 1 0 5.23

8 kN
4 kN 8 kN
4 kN

6.54 kN
1.54 kN 3.17 kN

3.17 kN 4 kN
1.54 kN 6.54 kN
0.92 kN
5.23 kN 5.23 kN 3.17 kN 3.92 kN

35
Special Trusses (Inclined roller supports)

36
 Transformation Matrices
2
1 [ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]
3
1 4
q*3
6 λix 0
4* 8 q*4
2 5 5 λiy 0 q´i
3*
7 q1 = 0 λjx q´j
λjx = cos θj q2 0 λjy
y [T]T
2 λjy = sin θj
θj
y* 1 x
1 j λix λiy 0 0
4* [ T ] = [[ T ]T]T =
λix = cos θi 0 0 λjx λjy
i θi
λiy = sin θi
3*
x* q´j
1 j

i
q´i 37
 [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]

λix 0
λiy 0 AE 1 -1 λix λiy 0 0
[ k ]m =
0 λjx L -1 1 0 0 λjx λjy
0 λjy

Ui Vi Uj Vj
Ui λixλix λixλiy −λixλjx −λixλjy
AE Vi λiyλix λiyλiy −λiyλjx −λiyλjy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λjxλjx λjxλjy
j jx ix jx iy

Vj −λjyλix −λjyλiy λjyλjx λjyλjy

38
Example 5

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.

30 kN

3m

45o

4m

39
 2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
θi = 0,
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 λix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* λiy = sin 0 = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m q´i q´j
1
i j

[q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]

q5 1 0
q6 0 0 q´i
q3*
= q´j
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T

40
 2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
θi = 0 ;
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 λix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* λiy = sin 0 = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m q´i q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 41
 2
Member 2:
1 q´i
2
1 θi = -90 = 270 ,
o o
i
3
3m 2 90o λix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 2 λiy = sin(-90o) = -1
3*

2
1
5 4*
45o 3*
4m
90o+45o θj = -135o = 215o , j
q´j
=135o λix = cos (-135o) = -0.707,
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ] λiy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L − 1 1 

0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 42
 2 2
Member 3: 36.87o
1 1 j
q´j

3m 3 2 3 3
6 4* 6
3* 36.87o i
1
5 45o 5
4m θi = θj = 36.87o ; q´i
λix = λjx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = λjy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k ] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 43
 2
Global Stiffness:
1

5 6 3* 4*
3m 3 2
6 4* 5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
3* 6 0 0 0 0
1
[k*]1 = AE
5 45o 3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4m 4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125

1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE 1 2 3*
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 1 0.128 0.096 0
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
[K] = AE
5 6 1 2 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
44
 2
Global :
30 kN 1

3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.128 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0
= AE 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917 D3*

D1 352.5
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3
45
 2
Member Forces :
1  Dxi 
D 

3m 3
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
2
6 4*  
3*  D yj 
1
5 45o 0
4m 0
[q´F]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 352.5 = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3 D1
D2
[q´F]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
3 D3*
Member λix λiy λjx λjy = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
0
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707
0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 [q´F]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 37.50 kN, (T) D2
46
 2
Reactions :
30 kN 1

3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m

Member [q´]1 [q´]2 [q´]3

Member Force (kN) -22.50 -22.50 37.50

22.50 kN
37.50 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
7.50 kN 22.50 kN
31.82 kN
22.50 kN
47
Example 6

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.

30 kN

3m

45o

4m 4m

48
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 θi = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] θij = -45
o
λix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
λiy = sin 0o = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m q´i q´j
1
i j

[q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]

q5 1 0
q6 0 0 q´i
q3*
= q´j
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T

49
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 θi = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 315 ,
o o
λix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
λiy = sin 0o = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m q´i q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 50
Member 2: 2 8
1 4 7 q´i
2
1 θi = -90 ,
o
2 i
3 5
3m 90o λix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 3* 2 λiy = sin(-90o) = -1

2
1
5 4*
4m 4m 3*
90o+45o θj = -135o = 215o, j
q´j
=135o λix = cos (-135 ) = -0.707,
o
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ] λiy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L − 1 1 

0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 51
Member 3: 2 8 2
1 4 7 36.87o
1 j
q´j
2
3m 3 5 3 3
6 4* 3* 6
1 36.87o i
5 5
4m 4m q´i
θi = θj = 36.87o ;
λix = λjx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = λjy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 52
Member 4: 2 8
1 4 7
2 8
2 4
3m 3 5 1 7
6 [q]
4* 3*
1
θi = θij = 0o; λix = λjx = cos 0o = 1,
5 λiy = λjy = sin 0o = 0
4m 4m q´i q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k]1 = 0 4 -1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 0
1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0 53
Member 5: 2 8 8
1 4 7 36.87o
j
0 .8 , q´j
o; 7 o) =
2 . 87 . 87 0 .6
3 5 8.13o 5 = 36 s (36 7o )
= 5
3m θ j = co (36.8
6 4* 3* 4* 3* λ jx = sin
1 λ jy i
5
4m 4m q´i
θi = - 8.13o;
λix = cos (- 8.13o) = 0.9899,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = sin(- 8.13o) = -0.1414
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

0.9899 0
-0.1414 0 AE 1 -1 0.9899 -0.1414 0 0
[k*]5 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 7 8
3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072 54
 Global Stiffness: 2 8 5 6 1 2
1 4 7
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
3m 3
2
5 [k*]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
6 4* 3* 2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
1
5
4m 4m 1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
5 6 3* 4* 2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125 3* 4* 7 8
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
1 2 3* 4* 8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072
1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3*
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357 1 0.378 0.096 0
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
0.1667 [K] = AE
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 55
Global :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7

2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.378 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0 = AE
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 D3*

D1 86.612
1
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
56
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7  Dxi 
D 

3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
6 4* 3*  
 D yj 
1
5 0
4m 4m
0
[q´F]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 86.612 = -2.44 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D1
D2
[q´F]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 3 D3*
= -6.26 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707 0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0
[q´F]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 10.43 kN, (T) D2
57
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7  Dxi 
D 

3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
6 4* 3*  
 D yj 
1
5 D1
4m 4m
D2
[q´F]4 = AE -1 0 1 0
4 0
D1 86.612 = -21.65 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D3*
0
[q´F]5 = AE -0.9899 0.141 0.8 0.6
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 5 0
= 2.73 kN, (T) 0
#4 1 0 1 0
#5 0.9899 -0.141 0.8 0.6

58
Reactions :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7

2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m

Member [q´]1 [q´]2 [q´]3 [q´]4 [q´]5

Member Force (kN) -2.44 -6.26 10.43 -21.65 2.73

1.64 kN
21.65 kN
19.47 kN
36.87o
10.43 kN 6.26 kN 2.73 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
5.90 kN 81.87o
2.44 kN 2.44 kN 6.54 kN
6.26 kN
59
 Example 7

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN Ui Vi Uj Vj
D
Ui λixλix λixλiy −λixλjx −λixλjy
3m AE Vi λiyλix λiyλiy −λiyλjx −λiyλjy
[ k *]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λjxλjx λjxλjy
A j jx ix jx iy
C Vj −λjyλix −λjyλiy λjyλjx λjyλjy
B
36.87o
4m 4m

60
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 1:
λjx = cos 36.87o = 0.8,
λjy = sin 36.87o = 0.6
y [q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
2
36.87o
1 x q3* 0.28 0
y* j q´j
1 q4* 0.96 0 q´i
4*
1 j q1
= q´j
0 0.8
i 73.74o q2 0 0.6
3* [T*]T
i
x* q´i
λix = cos 73.74o = 0.28,
λiy = sin 73.74o = 0.96
61
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
AE  1 − 1
[k ] = [T ]
T
[T ]
L − 1 1 

0.28 0
0.96 0 8x103 1 -1 0.28 0.96 0 0
[k]1 = 0 0.8 5 -1 1 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 1 2
3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
[k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072 62
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o [q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
Member 2:
y* y q3* 0.8 0
4* 6 q4* q´i
0.6 0
2 5
x q5
= q´j
0 1
i 36.87 j
3* x* λjx = cos 0o = 1, q6 0 0
λjy = sin 0o = 0 [T*]T
λix = cos 36.87o = 0.8, [k] = [TT] AE 1 -1 [T]
λiy = sin 36.87o = 0.6 L -1 1
3* 4* 5 6
q´i q´j
2 3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0
i j 4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 63
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 3: λx = cos 270o = 0, Member 4: λx = cos 323.13o = 0.8,
λy = sin 270o = -1 y
y 2 λy = sin 323.13o = -0.6
2
270o
1 x
1 x
323.13o 4
3 8
6 7
5

1 2 5 6 1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
[k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 [k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
64
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
y
Member 5: 6 8
5 5 7
x
λx = cos 0o = 1,
λy = sin 0o = 0
5 6 7 8
5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0
[k]5 = 8x103
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0

65
 2 3* 4* 1 2
1 3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
3 4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
1 4 [k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
4* 6 2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072
8
2 5 5
7
3*
3* 4* 5 6 1 2 5 6
3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0 1 0 0 0 0
4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0 [k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0 5 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 6 0 -0.333 0 0.333
1 2 7 8 5 6 7 8
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
[k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]5 = 8x103
6 0 0 0 0
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 8 0 0 0 0
1 2 3* 5
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0
[K] = 8x103 *
3 -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 66
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3* 5
Q1 = 4
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0 D1
Q2 = -8
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0 D2
Q3*= 0 = 8x103
D3*
3* -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
Q5 = 0 5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 D5

D1 1.988x10-3 m
D2 = -2.0824x10-3 m
D3* 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m 67
 8 kN Member forces
4 kN  Dxi 
D D 
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
3m  
 D yj 
A 4m 4m
C Member λix λiy λjx λjy
B
36.87o #1 0.28 0.96 0.8 0.6
2
#2 0.8 0.6 1 0
1
3 D3*
1 4
0
6 [q´F]1 = 8x103 -0.28 -0.96 0.8 0.6
4* 8 5 D1
2 5 5
7 = 0.46 kN, (T) D2
3*

D3*
D1 1.988x10-3 m 0
[q´F]2 = 8x103 -0.8 -0.6 1 0
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m D5
= 4
D3* 1.996x10-4 m = -0.16 kN, (C) 0
D5 7.984x10-5 m 68
 2
1  Dxi 
D 
1
3
4 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
6  
4* 8  D yj 
2 5 5
7 D1
3*
D2
[q´F]3 = 8x103 0 1 0 -1
D1 1.988x10-3 m 3 D5
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m = -5.55 kN 0
=
D*3 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m D1
D2
[q´F]4 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 - 0.6
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 5 0
= -4.54 kN 0
#3 0 -1 0 -1
#4 0.8 -0.6 0.8 -0.6 D5
#5 1 0 1 0 0
[q´F]5 = 8x103 -1 0 1 0
4 0
= -0.16 kN 0 69
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 4m 4m 8
2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member [q]1 [q]2 [q]3 [q]4 [q]5
Member Force (kN) 0.46 -0.16 -5.55 -4.54 -0.16

4.54 kN
y*
0.46 kN 5.55 kN

36.87o
36.87o 3.79 kN
0.16 kN 0.16 kN
36.87o
5.55 kN 2.72 kN
0.36 kN
x* 70
Space-Truss Analysis

71
Member Local Stiffness [k´]:

[q´] = [k´][d´] + [q´F]

= [k´][T][d] + [q´F]

 q 'i  EA  1 − 1  d 'i  q 'iF 

q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L  − 1 1   j  q ' j 

 d ix 
d 
 iy 
EA  1 − 1  d iz 
=  
L − 1 1 
[T ]   + q'F [ ]
d jx 
d jy 
 
 d jz 
where,
λ x λ y λz 0 0 0
[T ] = 
0 0 0 λx λ y λz 

72
Member Global Stiffness [km]:

[km]= [T]T[k´] [T]

λ x 0
λ 0 
 y
λ z 0  EA  1 − 1 λ x λy λz 0 0 0
[km ] =   
0 λ x  L − 1 1   0 0 0 λx λ y λ z 
0 λy 
 
 0 λz 

73
 Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII

Reaction Support Boundary Condition

74
 q´j

j qix λxλx λxλy λxλz −λxλx −λxλy −λxλz dix

qiy λyλx λyλy λyλz −λyλx −λyλy −λyλz diy
m qiz EA λzλx λzλy λzλz −λzλx −λzλy −λzλz diz
qjx = djx
L −λ λ −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ
x x x y x z x x x y x z
i qjy djy
q´i qjy −λyλx −λyλy −λyλz λyλx λyλy λyλz
qjz −λzλx −λzλy −λzλz λzλx λzλy λzλz djz
qjx
j
qjz
qiy m
 q 'i  EA  1 − 1  d 'i  q 'iF 
qix q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L  − 1 1   j  q ' j 
i
qiz  d ix 
d 
 iy 
 d iz 
[q' ] j m =
EA
[
− λx − λy − λz λx λ y ] [ ]
λz   + q' F
L d jx 
d jy 
 
 d jz 
75
Example 6

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member.
(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
Take E = 200 GPa, A = 1000 mm z .
2

60 kN
80 kN

10 m
y

4m O
4m 3m
3m x

76
 z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2

4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
λm = λxi + λyj + λzk (4, -3, 0)
λ1 = (-4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
Member λx λy λz
= -0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
λ2 = (+4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k #1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
λ3 = (+4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
λ4 = (-4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
= -0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k 77
 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]6x6
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k11]3x3 [k12]3x3
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k]m =
[k21]3x3 [k22]3x3
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 1 2 3
1 +0.128 -0.096 -0.320
1 2 3 AE
[k11]3 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 +0.240
L
1 +0.128 -0.096 +0.320 3 -0.320 +0.240 +0.80
AE
[k11]1 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 -0.240 1 2 3
L
3 +0.320 -0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 +0.320
AE
[k11]4 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 +0.240
1 2 3 L
3 +0.320 +0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 -0.320
AE 1 2 3
[k11]2 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 -0.240
L 1 0.512 0.0 0.0
3 -0.320 -0.240 +0.80
AE
[KI,I] = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0
L
3 0.0 0.0 3.2 78
 z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2

4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF] (4, -3, 0)
1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0

79
 Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII

Reaction Support Boundary Condition

(AE/L) = (1x10-3)(200x106)/(11.18) = 17.89x103 kN

1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0

D1 +117.2 6.551 mm
L
D2 = -277.8 = -15.53 mm
AE
D3 0.0 0.0 mm 80
 z
60 kN
80 kN
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O D1
4m 3m D2
3m x dxi D3
Member forces: dyi
dzi
[q´j]m = AE
L
−λx −λy −λz λx λy λz + q´F
dxj
dyj
dzj [0]
117.2
AE +0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]1 = -277.8
L AE
0.0
= +116.5 kN (T)
81
 z
60 kN
80 kN
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O
4m 3m
3m x

117.2
AE -0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]2 = -277.8 = +32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE -0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]3 = -277.8 = -116.5 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE +0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]4 = -277.8 = -32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0 82
 Member λx λy λz [q´j]m
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 116.5
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 32.6
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -116.5
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -32.6

60 kN
80 kN

1
4 2
3

32.6 kN
116.5 kN
32.6 kN
R5z = (-32.6)(-0.8944) 116.5 kN
= 29.16 kN
5 R5y = (-32.6)(-0.2683) = 8.75 kN
R5x = (-32.6)(-0.3578) = 11.66 kN
83
BEAM ANALYSIS USING THE STIFFNESS
METHOD
! Development: The Slope-Deflection
Equations
! Stiffness Matrix
! General Procedures
! Internal Hinges
! Temperature Effects
! Force & Displacement Transformation
! Skew Roller Support

1
Slope – Deflection Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

settlement = ∆j

i P j
Mij w Mji

θi

ψ θj

2
• Degrees of Freedom

M
θΑ

A B 1 DOF: θΑ
L

P
θΑ
B 2 DOF: θΑ , θΒ
A C
θΒ

3
• Stiffness Definition

kAA 1 kBA

A B
L

4 EI
k AA =
L
2 EI
k BA =
L

4
kAB kBB

A 1 B
L

4 EI
k BB =
L
2 EI
k AB =
L

5
• Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Forces: Loads
P

PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L

P P
2 2

w
wL2 wL2
12 12
L
wL wL
2 2

6
• General Case j k
i P
w
Cj

settlement = ∆j

i P j
Mij w Mji

θi

ψ θj

7
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi
L settlement = ∆j
ψ θj

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
θi + θj = M Mji = θi + θj
L L ij
L L
θj
θi
+
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆

settlement = ∆j
+
P
w
(MFij)Load (MFji)Load

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij ) ∆ + ( M F ij ) Load , M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji ) ∆ + ( M F ji ) Load 8
L L L L
• Equilibrium Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

Mji Cj M
jk

Mji Mjk

+ ΣM j = 0 : − M ji − M jk + C j = 0

9
• Stiffness Coefficients

Mij i j Mji
L
θj
θi

4 EI
kii = 2 EI
L k ji = ×θ i
L
1

+
2 EI
kij = 4 EI
L k jj = ×θ j
L
1

10
• Matrix Formulation

4 EI 2 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij )
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji )
L L

 M ij  (4 EI / L) ( 2 EI / L) θ iI   M ij F 
M  =   θ  +  M F 
 ji   ( 2 EI / L ) ( 4 EI / L )   j   ji 

 kii kij 
[k ] = 
k ji k jj 

Stiffness Matrix

11
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi [ M ] = [ K ][θ ] + [ FEM ]
L
θj ∆j ([ M ] − [ FEM ]) = [ K ][θ ]
ψ
[θ ] = [ K ]−1[ M ] − [ FEM ]
Mij Mji
θj
θi
Fixed-end moment
+ Stiffness matrix matrix
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆
[D] = [K]-1([Q] - [FEM])
+
P Displacement Force matrix
(MFij)Load w (MFji)Load matrix

12
• Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
Mi θi Mj

Real beam
i j
L
Mi + M j Mi + M j
L L
L/3 M jL Mj
2 EI EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
θι 2 EI

MiL L M j L 2L From (1) and (2);

+ ΣM 'i = 0 : − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 4 EI
Mi = ( )θ i
M i = 2 M j − − − (1) L
2 EI
MiL M L Mj =( )θ i
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : θ i − ( ) + ( j ) = 0 − − − (2) L
2 EI 2 EI 13
• Derivation of Fixed-End Moment
Point load
P Real beam Conjugate beam
A B

A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
2 EI 2
P PL2 PL PL
16 EI 4 EI 16 EI

ML ML 2 PL2 PL
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 16 EI 8 14
 P

PL PL
8 L 8
P P
P/2
2 2

P/2
PL/8

-PL/8 -PL/8

-
-PL/8 -PL/16

-
-PL/16
-PL/8
PL/4 − PL − PL PL PL
+ + =
+ 16 16 4 8
15
 Uniform load

w Real beam Conjugate beam

A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
2 EI
wL3 wL2 wL3
w 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI

ML ML 2 wL3 wL2
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 24 EI 12 16
 Settlements
M
Mi = Mj Real beam Mj Conjugate beam EI
L
A B

Mi + M j ∆ ∆
M
L Mi + M j
M EI
L

M
EI ML
ML
2 EI M
2 EI
M EI

ML L ML 2 L
+ ΣM B = 0 : − ∆ − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0,
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
6 EI∆
M= 17
L2
• Typical Problem CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

wL2
PL P PL w wL2
12
8 8 12

L L

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12
18
 CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

MBA CB M
BC

2 EI 4 EI PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
2
4 EI 2 EI P L wL
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + 2 2 + 2
L2 L2 8 12

+ ΣM B = 0 : C B − M BA − M BC = 0 → Solve for θ B

19
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
A C M
CB
B MBC
L1 L2

Substitute θB in MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12

20
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
MCB
A MBC C
Ay B Cy
L1 L2
By = ByL + ByR

B C
P1 P2
MBA MCB
MAB A B MBC

Ay ByL ByR Cy
L1 L2

21
Stiffness Matrix

• Node and Member Identification

• Global and Member Coordinates

• Degrees of Freedom

•Known degrees of freedom D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9

• Unknown degrees of freedom D1, D2 and D3

6 9
5 2 3 8
2EI EI
2 7
14 1 21 3

22
Beam-Member Stiffness Matrix
i j
1 4
3 6
E, I, A, L
2 5
k41 k14
k11 = AE/L AE/L AE/L AE/L = k44

d1 = 1 d4 = 1

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L - AE/L

2 0 0

3 0 0
[k] =
4 -AE/L AE/L
5 0 0

6 0 0
23
 i j
1 4
3 6
6EI/L2 = k32 E, I, A, L
2 5 6EI/L2 = k65
k62 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k35
d2 = 1 d5 = 1

12EI/L3 = k52 12EI/L3 = k25

k22 = 12EI/L3 12EI/L3 = k55

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L 0 - AE/L 0

2 0 12EI/L3 0 - 12EI/L3

3 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
[k] =
4 -AE/L 0 AE/L 0
5 0 -12EI/L3 0 12EI/L3

6 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
24
 i j
1 4
3 6
E, I, A, L
2 5
k33 = 4EI/L 4EI/L = k66
d3 = 1 2EI/L = k63 2EI/L = k36

d6 = 1
k23 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k53 k26 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k56
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0

2 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2

3 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L

[k] =
4 -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0
5 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2

6 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L

25
• Member Equilibrium Equations
i j
Fxi Fxj
Mi Mj
E, I, A, L
Fyi Fyj

=
AE/L AE/L x δ AE/L AE/L
i x δj
1 1

+
+
6EI/L2
6EI/L2
6EI/L2 6EI/L2
1 1
x ∆i x ∆j
12EI/L3 12EI/L3
12EI/L3 12EI/L3

+
+

4EI/L 2EI/L 4EI/L

1 2EI/L
x θi x θj
1
6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2
+

FFyi FFyj
FFxi FFxj
MFi MFj 26
Fxi = ( AE / L)δ i + (0) ∆i (0)θ i + (−AE / L)δ j + (0) ∆j + (0)θ j + FxiF
Fyi = (0)δ i + (12EI / L3 ) ∆i (6EI / L2 )θ i (0)δ j (−12EI / L3 ) ∆j (6EI / L2 )θ j FyiF
Mxi = (0)δ i (6EI / L2 ) ∆i (4EI / L)θ i (0)δ j (−6EI / L2 ) ∆j (2EI / L)θ j MiF
Fxj = (−AE / L)δ i (0) ∆i (0)θ i ( AE / L)δ j (0) ∆j (0)θ j FxiF
Fyj = (0)δ i (−12EI / L3 ) ∆i (−6EI / L2 )θ i (0)δ j (0) ∆j (−6EI / L2 )θ j FyjF
Mj = (0)δ i (6EI / L2 ) ∆i (2EI / L)θ i (0)δ j (−6EI / L2 ) ∆j (4EI / L)θ j MjF

Fxi  − AE/ L  δ i   Fxi 

F
 AE/ L 0 0 0 0
      
Fyj   0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2   ∆i   FyiF 
Mi   0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L  θ i  MiF 
 =    +  F 
Fxj  − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0  δ j   Fxj 
Fyj   0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2   ∆ j   FyiF 
      F 
M j   0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L  θ j  M j 

Stiffness matrix Fixed-end force matrix

[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

End-force matrix Displacement matrix 27

6x6 Stiffness Matrix
δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni  AE/ L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]6×6 =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4EI/ L 

4x4 Stiffness Matrix

∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
 
Mi  6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 =
Vj − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
 
Mj  6EI/ L
2
2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 

28
2x2 Stiffness Matrix

θi θj
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

Comment:
- When use 4x4 stiffness matrix, specify settlement.
- When use 2x2 stiffness matrix, fixed-end forces must be included.

29
General Procedures: Application of the Stiffness Method for Beam Analysis

P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1
1 3
2
2
1 3 5

2´ 4´ 2´ 4´

Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´

30
 P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 4 4 6

Member
1 2
1 3 3 5
2´ 4´ 2´ 4´

Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´

31
 P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´ 2´ 4´

Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´

P
w
(q´F 2)1
(q´F1)2
(q´F4 )2
[FEF] 1
(q´F4)1
2
(q´F1 )1 (q´F3)1 (q´F2)2 (q´F3 )2
32
 2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´

Local
1
1´ 3´

[q] = [T]T[q´]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´
q1  1 1 0 0 0 q1' 
q  0 q 
 2 = 2  1 0 0  2' 
q3  3 0 0 1 0 q3' 
     
 q4  1 4 0 0 0 1  q4 ' 

[k] = [T]T[q´] [T]

33
 2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´

Local 2
1´ 3´

[q] = [T]T[q´]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´
q3  3 1 0 0 0 q1' 
q  0 q 
 4 = 4  1 0 0  2' 
q5  5 0 0 1 0 q3' 
     
q6  2 6 0 0 0 1  q4 ' 

[k] = [T]T[q´] [T]

34
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
Stiffness Matrix:

1 2 3 4
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
[k]1 = 3
1
Member 1
2
4 3
[K] = 4
Node 2
3 4 5 6
5
3 Member 2
6
4
[k]2 = 5
6
35
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
Joint Load 1 3 Du=Dunknown 5
Qk QFA
2 3 4 1 5 6
M
Q 2 1z 2   D2  Q 2F 
 -P2y   D   F 
Q 3  3  KAA KAB   3  Q 3 
Q 4 M3z 4   D 4  Q 4F 
 =    0 +  F 
Q
 1  1   D1  Q1 
Q 5  5   D5 0  Q F 
  KBA KBB   0   5F 
 6 
Q 6   D6  Q 6 
Reaction
Dk = Dknown QFB
Qu
[Q k ] = [K AA ][Du ] + [Q AF ]
[Du ] = [K AA ]−1 + ([Qk ] − [QAF ])
Member Force : [q ] = [k ][d ] + q F [ ]
36
Global: 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 P 3 5
w
(qF2)1 (qF 4)2
(q´F6 )2
[FEF] 1 (qF4)1
2
(qF1 )1 (qF3)1 (qF3)2 (q´F5 )2

1 2 3 4 5 6
Q1  1   D1 0  Q1F 
 M  Member 1     F 
Q 2 1 2 D
 2   Q 
  2

Q 3 -P2y 3   D3  Q 3 = (q 3 ) 1 + (q 3 ) 2 
F F F

 M =  Node 2  
D
+  F
Q = (q F
) + (q F
)

Q 4 2 4    4   4 4 1 4 2
Q 5  5   D5 0  Q 5F 
   Member 2   0  F

 6 
Q 6   D6   Q 6 
2 3 4
 Q2 = M 1  2  D2  Q 2F 
Q = − P    D   F 
 3 2y  = 3

 Q4 = M 2 
   3  + Q 3 
4  Node 2  D4  Q 4F 
37
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5

2 3 4
D2  2    Q2 = M 1  Q2F  
      − Q F  
D
  3 = 3
  Q
 3 = − P2y   3 
D4  4  Node 2    Q = M  Q F  
 4 2   4 

38
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
P
qF2

1
qF4

qF1 [FEF] qF3

Member 1:
1 2 3 4
q 1  1    d1 = 0  q 1F 
  2     F
q 2  =  k1  d 2 = D 2  + q 2 
q 3  3   d 3 = D3  q 3F 
      F
q 4  4   d 4 = D4  q 4 

39
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
w
qF6
qF4 2
qF3 qF5
[FEM]

Member 2:
1 2 3 4
 q3  1    d 3 = D3  q3F 
q  2   d = D   F
k1
 4 =    4 4  + q4 
q5  3    d5 = 0  q5F 
       F
q6  4    6d = 0  q6 

40
Example 1

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.

10 kN
1 kN/m

C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m

41
 10 kN
1 kN/m

C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m

3 2 1

Global 1 2

3 1
2 2

Members
1 2

10 kN
1 kN/m
1.5 m 1.5 m
[FEF]
9m 1 2
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75 PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
42
 3 2 1

1 2

9m 3m

Stiffness Matrix:
θi θj
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

3 2 2 1
4/9 2/9 3 4/3 2/3 2
[k]1= EI [k]2 = EI
2/9 4/9 2 2/3 4/3 1

2 1
(4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 2
[K] = EI
2/3 4/3 1
43
 3 2 10 kN 1
1 kN/m

A C
6.75 6.75 3.75
B
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m

Equilibrium equations: MCB = 0

MBA + MBC = 0
Global Equilibrium: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

2 1
2 MBA + MBC = 0 2 (4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 θB -6.75 + 3.75 = -3
= EI +
1 MCB = 0 1 2/3 4/3 θC -3.75

θB 0.779/EI
=
θC 2.423/EI
44
 3
2

1
1 kN/m
[FEF]
9m 1
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75

Substitute θB and θC in the member matrix,

Member 1 : [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

3 2 0
3 MAB 4/9 2/9 θA 6.75 6.92
= EI + =
2 MBA 2/9 4/9 θB= 0.779/EI -6.75 -6.40

1 kN/m
6.92 kN•m 6.40 kN•m
9m 1
4.56 kN 4.44 kN
45
 10 kN
2 1
1.5 m 1.5 m
2 2
PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
[FEF]

Substitute θB and θC in the member matrix,

Member 2 : [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

2 1
2 MBC 4/3 2/3 θB = 0.779/EI 3.75 6.40
= EI + =
1 MCB 2/3 4/3 θC = 2.423/EI -3.75 0

10 kN

6.40 kN•m
2
7.13 kN 2.87 kN
46
 10 kN
1 kN/m
6.92 6.40
6.40
4.56 kN 4.44 kN 7.13 kN 2.87 kN

1 kN/m θB = +0.779/EI 10 kN
θC = +2.423/EI
6.92 kN•m
A C
4.56 kN B 11.57 kN 2.87 kN
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m
7.13
4.56

V (kN)
x (m)
4.56 m
-4.44 -2.87
3.48 4.32
M
(kN•m) x (m)

-6.92 -6.40 47
Example 2

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.

20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m

2EI EI
A B C
4m 4m

48
 2 4 6

1 2EI 3 EI 5

1 2
1 2 3

Use 4x4 stiffness matrix,

∆i θi ∆j θj 3 4
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L 2
− 12 EI/ L3
6EI/ L  2

Mi   3 0.5625 -0.375
− 6EI/ L2 [K] = EI
2
6 EI / L 4 EI/ L 2EI/ L 
[k ] = 
Vj  4 -0.375 3
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L 2
12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 


[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
3 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
49
 20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m

12 kN•m 12 kN•m
18 kN 18 kN
4m 4m
2 4 6

1 3 5
2EI EI
1 2
1 2 3
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Global:
3 4

3 Q3 = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 D3 18 3

= EI 4 -0.375 3 D4 +
4 Q4 = 40 -12 4

D3 -61.09/EI
=
D4 9.697/EI
50
 2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kN•m 12 kN•m
2EI
A B
1 1 2 1
18 kN [qF]1 18 kN
Member 1:

[q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2EI)/430.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d1 = 0 18 48.18
q2 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d2 = 0 12 67.51
q3L -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d3 = -61.09/EI 18 -12.18
3
q4L 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI d4 = 9.697/EI -12 53.21

9 kN/m 53.21 kN•m

A B
1
67.51 kN•m
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN
51
 4 6

3 5
EI
2
2 3

Member 2:

[q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

3 4 5 6
q3R 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d3 =-61.09/EI 0 -7.818
q4R 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d4 = 9.697/EI 0 -13.21
q5 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d5 = 0 0 7.818
q6 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d6 = 0 0 -18.06

13.21 kN•m 18.06 kN•m

B C
2
7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
52
 9 kN/m 53.21 kN•m
13.21 kN•m 18.06 kN•m
A B B C
1 2
67.51 kN•m
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN 7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
D3 = ∆B = -61.09/EI 18.06 kN•m
67.51 kN•m

48.18 kN 4m D4 = θB = +9.697/EI 4 m 7.818 kN

48.18

V (kN) + 12.18
x (m)
-
-7.818 -7.818
53.21
M
(kN•m) + 13.21
x (m)
-
- -18.08
-67.51
53
Example 3

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.

20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m

2EI EI
A B C
4m 2m 2m

54
 20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
A C
2EI B EI
4m 2m 2m
2 4 6

1 3 5
Global 2
1 1 2 3

10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
Mi  
6 EI / L2
4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 = 
Vj 
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 

 55
 2 4 6

1 3 5

1 2
1 2 3
4m 2m 2m

1 2 3 4
1 12(2EI)/43 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI
3 4 6
3
3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L
[K] = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5
3 4 5 6 6 0.375 0.5 1

3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI

4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
56
 20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
A C
2 B4 6

1 3 5
1 2
1 2 3
10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
3 4 6
VBL+VBR = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375 ∆B 18 + 5 = 23
MBA+MBC = 40 = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5 θB + -12 + 5 = -7
MCB = 0 6 0.375 0.5 1 θC -5

∆B -116.593/EI
θB = -7.667/EI
θC 52.556/EI 57
 2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kN•m
12 kN•m
1 1
1 2 18 kN 18 kN
[FEF]

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
VA 1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 0 18 55.97
MAB 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 0 12 91.78
VBL
= -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI ∆B =-116.593/EI
+ 18
= -19.97
3
MBA 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L θB =-7.667/EI -12 60.11

9kN/m

91.78 kN•m 60.11 kN•m

4m 1

55.97 kN 19.97 kN
58
 4 6 10 kN
5 kN•m
3 5 5 kN•m
3
2 2 2
5 kN [FEM] 5 kN
Member 2: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

3 4 5 6
VBR 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI ∆B =-116.593/EI 5 -0.0278
MBC 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI θB =-7.667/EI 5 -20.11
VC
= 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI 0 + 5 = 10.03
MCB 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI θC =52.556/EI -5 0

10 kN

20.11 kN•m 2m 2m
2
0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
59
 9kN/m 20.11 kN•m 10 kN
91.78 kN•m 2m 2m
4m 1 2
60.11 kN•m 0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
55.97 kN 19.97 kN
20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m θC = 52.556/EI
91.78 kN•m

55.97 kN 10.03 kN
θB = -7.667/EI ∆B = -116.593/EI
55.97 4m 2m 2m

19.97
V (kN) +
x (m)
-
-0.0278
60.11 -10.03 -10.03
20.11
M +
(kN•m) x (m)
-

-91.78 60
Example 4

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear diagram, bending moment diagram
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 and E = 200 GPa and support B settlement 10 mm.

40 kN
6 kN/m
B
A C
2EI EI
∆B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m

61
 1 2 3

2EI EI
1 2

θi θj
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix: Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

1 2 2 3

1 8 4 2 4 2
EI EI
[k]1 = 8 [k]2 = 8
2 4 8 3 2 4

2 3

2 12 2
EI
[K] = 8
3 2 4
62
 40 kN 1 2 3
6 kN/m
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
∆B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m
[FEM]load

1 32 kN•m 2 40 kN•m
wL2/12 = 32 kN•m PL/8 = 40 kN•m
2 37.5 kN•m
1 75 kN•m
[FEM]∆ 10 mm
10 mm
6(EI)∆/L2 = 37.5 kN•m
6(2EI)∆/L2 = 75 kN•m
Global: [Q] = [K][D] +2[QF] 3

Q2 = 0 2 12 2 D2 -32 + 40 + 75 -37.5 = 45.5

EI
=
8
+
Q3 = 0 3 2 4 D3 -40 - 37.5 = -77.5

D2 -61.27/EI rad
=
D3 185.64/EI rad
63
 1 2 6 kN/m
[FEM]load
2EI
1 32 kN•m
1 wL2/12 = 32 kN•m

1 75 kN•m
[FEM]∆ 10 mm
6(2EI)∆/L2 = 75 kN•m

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2

q1 1 8 4 d1 = 0 32 + 75 = 107 76.37 kN•m

EI
= + =
q2 8 d2 = -61.27/EI -32 + 75 = 43 -18.27 kN•m
2 4 8

6 kN/m
76.37 kN•m 18.27 kN•m

8m 1
31.26 kN 16.74 kN
64
 2 3 40 kN

[FEM]load
2 2
PL/8 = 40 kN•m 40 kN•m

[FEM]∆
2 37.5 kN•m
10 mm
6(EI)D/L2 = 37.5 kN•m
Member 2: [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

2 3

q2 2 4 2 d2 = -61.27/EI 40 - 37.5 = 2.5 18.27 kN•m

EI
= + =
q3 8 d3 = 185.64/EI -40 - 37.5 = -77.5 0 kN•m
3 2 4

40 kN
18.27 kN•m

2
22.28 kN 17.72 kN
65
 2 6
4
2EI EI
1 2
1
3 5
Alternate method: Use 4x4 stiffness matrix

[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 12(2)/82 3 12/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 0.75 -0.1875 0.75
EI 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 EI
4 0.75 4 -0.75 2
= =
8 3 8 5
-0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0.375 1.5 -0.375 1.5 0 0
2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 0 0
EI 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.5625 -0.75 -0.1875 0.75
[K] =
8 4 1.5 4 -0.75 12 -0.75 2
5 0 0 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
6 0 0 0.75 2 -0.75 4 66
 40 kN 2
6 kN/m 4 6
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
∆B = -10 mm 1
3 5
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2

24 kN 24 kN 20 kN 20 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
4 6 5
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 200 × 200 4 -0.75 D = -0.01 8
= +( ) 5 +
Q6= 0 8 6 2 4 D6 8 6 -0.75 -40
4 6
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 (200x200/8)(-0.75)(-0.01) = 37.5 8
Q6= 0
=
8 6 2 4 D6
+ (200x200/8)(0.75)(-0.01) = -37.5
+ -40

D4 -61.27/EI = -1.532x10-3 rad

D6
= 185.64/EI = 4.641x10-3 rad 67
 2
4
6 kN/m
32 kN•m
1 ∆B = -10 mm 32 kN•m
1 [FEF]load 1
3
24 kN 24 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2)/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 d1 = 0 24
q2 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 d2 = 0 32
(200x200)
q3 = 8 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 d3 = -0.01
+ 24
q4 4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 d4 = -1.532x10-3 -32

q1 31.26 kN
6 kN/m
q2 76.37 kN•m 18.27 kN•m
76.37 kN•m
q3 = 16.74 kN 8m 1
q4 -18.27 kN•m 16.74 kN
31.26 kN
68
 6 40 kN
4 40 kN•m
40 kN•m
-10 mm = ∆B [FEF]
2 2
3 5 20 kN 20 kN

Member 2:
3 4 5 6
q3 3 12/82
0.75 -0.1875 0.75 d3 = -0.01 20
q4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2 d4 = -1.532x10-3 40
(200x200)
q5
= 8 5 +
-0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75 d5 = 0 20
q6 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4 d6 = 4.641x10-3 -40

q3 40 kN
22.28 kN
18.27 kN•m
q4 18.27 kN•m
q5 = 17.72 kN 2
q6 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
0 kN•m
69
 40 kN
6 kN/m
76.37 kN•m B C
A 2EI EI
∆B = -10 mm
31.26 kN 16.74 + 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
8m 4m 4m

31.26
V (kN) 22.28
+ +
- - x (m)
5.21 m -16.74
-17.72
70.85

M 5.06 +
(kN•m) - x (m)
- -18.27

-76.37
∆B = -10 mm D6 = θC = 4.641x10-3 rad
Deflected
Curve
d4 = θB = -1.532x10-3 rad
70
Example 5

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear diagram, bending moment diagram
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 and E = 200 GPa and support C settlement 10 mm.

4 kN
0.6 kN/m 20 kN•m
B
A C
2EI EI
∆C = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m

71
 2 6
4
2EI EI
1 2
1 -10 mm
3 5
•Member stiffness matrix [k]4x4

[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 12(2)/82 3 12/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 0.75 -0.1875 0.75
EI 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2
= EI
8 3 = 5
-0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 8 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4

• Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

3 4 6 5
Q3 3 0.5625 -0.75 0.75 D3 3 -0.1875 QF3
EI 4 200 × 200
Q4 = -0.75 12 2 D4 +( ) 4 -0.75 D5 = -0.01 + QF4
8 8
Q6 6 0.75 2 4 D6 6 -0.75 QF6

72
 4 kN 2
0.6 kN/m 20 kN•m 4 6
B 2EI EI
C 2
A 2EI EI 1
10 mm 1
3 5
8m 4m 4m
4 kN
0.6 kN/m 4 kN•m
3.2 kN•m 4 kN•m
3.2 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2

2.4 kN 2.4 kN 2 kN 2 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
3 4 6
Q3 = 0 3 0.5625 -0.75 0.75 D3 9.375 2.4+2 = 4.4
Q4 = 0 EI 4 -0.75 12 2 D4 + 37.5 + -3.2+4 = 0.8
=
Q6 = 20 8 D6 37.5 -4.0
6 0.75 2 4

D3 -377.30/EI = -9.433x10-3 m
D4 = -61.53/EI = -1.538x10-3 rad
D6 +74.50/EI = +1.863x10-3 rad
73
 2
4
0.6 kN/m
3.2 kN•m
1 3.2 kN•m
1 [FEF]load 1
3 8m
2.4 kN 2.4 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2)/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 d1 = 0 2.4
q2 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 d2 = 0 3.2
200× 200
=
q3 8 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 d3 = -9.433x10-3
+ 2.4
q4 4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 d4 = -1.538x10-3 -3.2

q1 8.55 kN
0.6 kN/m
q2 43.19 kN•m 6.03 kN•m
43.19 kN•m
q3 = -3.75 kN 8m 1
q4 6.03 kN•m 3.75 kN
8.55 kN
74
 6 4 kN
4 4 kN•m
4 kN•m
[FEF]
2 8m 2
10 mm
3 5 2 kN 2 kN

Member 2:
3 4 5 6
q3 3 12/82
0.75 -0.1875 0.75 d3 = -9.433x10-3 2
q4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2 d4 = -1.538x10-3 4
200× 200
=
q5 8 5 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75 d5 = -0.01
+ 2
q6 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4 d6 = 1.863x10-3 -4

q3 4 kN
3.75 kN
6.0 kN•m
q4 -6.0 kN•m 20 kN•m
q5 = 0.25 kN 2
q6 3.75 kN 0.25 kN
20.0 kN•m
75
 4 kN
0.6 kN/m 20 kN•m
B
C
A 2EI EI
10 mm
8m 4m 4m
0.6 kN/m 4 kN
43.19 kN•m 6.03 kN•m
20 kN•m
6.0 kN•m 2
8m 1
8.55 kN 3.75 kN 3.75 kN 0.25 kN
8.55
3.75
V (kN) +
-0.25 x (m)
21 20
M 6
+
(kN•m) - x (m)

-43.19 D3 = -9.433 mm D5 = -10 mm

Deflected
Curve
D4 = -1.538x10-3 rad D6 = +1.863x10-3 rad
76
Internal Hinges
Example 6

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.

30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge

2EI EI
A C
B
4m 2m 2m

77
 3 4
2
2EI EI
A C
1 2
1
4m B 2m 2m

θi θj
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix, Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj  2EI / L 4 EI / L 

3 1 2 4

3 2EI EI 2 1EI 0.5EI

[k]1 = [k]2 =
1 EI 2EI 4 0.5EI 1EI
1 2
1 2.0 0.0
[K] = EI
2 0.0 1.0
78
 30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge

3 4
2
A C
1 2
1 30 kN
B
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m 15 kN•m 15 kN•m
B C
[FEF]
A 1 B 2

Global matrix:
1 2
0.0 1 2.0 0.0 D1 -12
= EI +
0.0 2 0.0 1.0 D2 15

D1 0.0006 rad

D2 = -0.0015 rad
79
 3
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m
1
A [FEF]
1 1
A B
B

Member 1:
3 1

q3 3 2EI EI d3 = 0.0 12 18
= + =
q1 1 EI 2EI d1 = 0.0006 -12 0.0

9 kN/m
A B
18 kN•m 1
22.5 kN 13.5 kN

80
 4
15 kN•m 30 kN 15 kN•m
B B C
C
2
2 2

Member 2:
2 4

q2 2 1EI 0.5EI d2 = -0.0015 15 0.0

= + =
q4 4 0.5EI 1EI d4 = 0.0 -15 -22.5

30 kN
B C
22.5 kN•m
9.37 kN 20.63 kN

81
 30 kN
9 kN/m
B C
A 13.5 kN 22.5 kN•m
B 9.37 kN
18 kN•m 20.63 kN
22.5 kN 13.5 kN 22.87 kN 9.37 kN

30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge

EI
2EI
θBL= 0.0006 rad θBR= -0.0015 rad
A C
B
4m 2m 2m

22.5
9.37
V (kN) + x (m)
2.5 m
-13.5
-20.63
18.75
10.13
M + +
(kN•m) -
- - x (m)
-18
-22.5 82
Example 7

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.

20 kN
9kN/m

2EI EI
Hinge
A B C
4m 4m

83
 5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
1 2
A 2 B C

4 5 1 2
4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI 1 2 3
2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L
1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375

[K] = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0

3 0.375 0.0 1.0
1 3 6 7
1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI

84
 9kN/m 20 kN
B
A C
5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
1 2
A 2 B C
9kN/m
12 kN•m 12 kN•m
A 1 B
18 kN [FEM] 18 kN
Global:
1 2 3
Q1 = -20 1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375 D1 18
Q2 = 0.0 = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0 D2 + -12
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.375 0.0 1.0 D3 0.0

D1 -0.02382 m
D2 = -0.008333 rad
D3 0.008933 rad
85
 5 9kN/m
1
4 2EI 2 12 kN•m 12 kN•m
1 A 1 B
A B 18 kN [FEF] 18 kN
Member 1:
4 5 1 2
q4 4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d4 = 0.0 18 44.83
q5 5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d5 = 0.0 12 107.32
= + =
q1 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d1 = -0.02382 18 -8.83
q2 2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L d2 = -0.00833 -12 0.0

107.32 kN•m 9kN/m

A B
1
8.83 kN
44.83 kN

86
 7
1
EI 6
2
B 3 C

Member 2:
1 3 6 7
q1 1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d1 = -0.02382 0 -11.16
q3 3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d3 = 0.008933 0 0.0
q6
=6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d6= 0.0
+ 0
=
11.16
q7 7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d7= 0.0 0 -44.66

B C
44.66 kN•m
2
11.16 kN
11.16 kN

87
 20 kN
9kN/m

A
θBL= -0.008333 rad B θBR= 0.008933 rad C
4m 4m

107.32 kN•m 9kN/m

B C
A B 44.66 kN•m
1 2
44.83 kN 8.83 kN 11.16 kN
11.16 kN
44.83

V (kN) + 8.83 x (m)

-
-11.16 -11.16
M
(kN•m)
x (m)
-
- -44.66

-107.32 88
Example 8

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
40 kN•m at the end of member AB. E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.
30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
A C
2EI 40 kN•m EI
B
4m 2m 2m

89
 3 4
2
2EI EI
A C
1 2
1
4m B 2m 2m

θi θj
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix:
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj  2 EI / L 4 EI / L 

3 1 2 4

3 2EI EI 2 1EI 0.5EI

[k]1 = [k]2 =
1 EI 2EI 4 0.5EI 1EI
1 2
1 2.0 0.0
[K] = EI
2 0.0 1.0
90
 30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
A C
2EI 40 kN•m EI
3 B 4
2
A C
1 2
1 30 kN
B
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m 15 kN•m 15 kN•m
B C
[FEM]
A 1 B 2

Global matrix:
1 2
Q1 = 40 1 2.0 0.0 D1 -12
= EI +
Q2 = 0.0 2 0.0 1.0 D2 15

D1 0.0026 rad

D2 = -0.0015 rad
91
 3
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m
1
A [FEF]
1 1
A B
B

Member 1:

3 1

q3 3 2EI EI d3 = 0.0 12 38
= + =
q1 1 EI 2EI d1 = 0.0026 -12 40

9 kN/m
A B 40 kN•m
38 kN•m
37.5 kN 1.5 kN

92
 4
15 kN•m 30 kN 15 kN•m
B B C
C
2
2 2

Member 2:

2 4

q2 2 1EI 0.5EI d2 = -0.0015 15 0.0

= + =
q4 4 0.5EI 1EI d4 = 0.0 -15 -22.5

30 kN
B C
22.5 kN•m
9.37 kN 20.63 kN

93
 1.5 kN
30 kN
9 kN/m
B C
A B 40 kN•m 9.37 kN 22.5 kN•m
38 kN•m 20.63 kN
37.5 kN 1.5 kN 7.87 kN 9.37 kN
30 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
Hinge
A C
θBR=- 0.0015 rad
θBL= 0.0026 B
rad
4m 2m 2m
37.5

1.5 9.37
V (kN) + x (m)

-20.63

M 40 18.75
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- - -
-22.5 94
-38
Example 9

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
40 kN•m at the end of member AB. E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4
20 kN
9kN/m

2EI EI
40 kN•m Hinge
A B C
4m 4m

95
 20 kN
9kN/m

2EI EI
40 kN•m Hinge
A B C
4m 4m
5 7
1 3
4 6
A 2 C
1
2 B

9 kN/m
12 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEM] 1

18 kN 18 kN ∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
Mi  
 6EI/ L
2
4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 = Vj 
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 


96
 5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
A 2 C
1
2 B

4 5 1 2
4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI
1 2 3
2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI
1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375

[K] = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0

3 0.375 0.0 1.0
1 3 6 7
1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
97
 9kN/m 20 kN

EI
5 40 kN•m 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
A 2 C
1 2 B
9 kN/m
12 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1
18 kN 18 kN
Global: 1 2 3
Q1 = -20 1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375 D1 18
Q2 = 40 = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0 D2 + -12
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.375 0.0 1.0 D3 0.0
D1 -0.01316 m
D2 = -0.002333 rad
D3 0.0049333 rad
98
 5
1 9 kN/m
4 2 12 kN•m
2EI 12 kN•m
1 [FEF] 1
18 kN 18 kN

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

4 5 1 2
q4 4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d4 = 0.0 18 49.85
q5 5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d5 = 0.0 12 87.37
= + =
q1 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d1 = -0.01316 18 -13.85
q2 2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI d2 = -0.002333 -12 40

87.37 kN•m 2EI 40 kN•m

1
49.85 kN 13.85 kN
[q]1
99
 7
1
EI 6
2 C
B 3

Member 2: [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

1 3 6 7
q1 1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d1 = -0.01316 0 -6.18
q3 3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d3 = 0.004933 0 0.0
q6
=6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d6= 0.0
+ 0
=
6.18
q7 7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d7= 0.0 0 -24.69

24.69 kN•m
2 6.18 kN
6.18 kN
[q]2

100
 20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m

2EI EI
A θBL= -0.002333 rad θBR = 0.004933 rad C
4m B 4m

A B B C
40 kN•m 24.69 kN•m
87.37 kN•m 49.85 kN 13.85 kN 6.18 kN 6.18 kN

49.85

V (kN) + 13.85 x (m)

-
-6.18 -6.18

M 40
(kN•m) +
- x (m)
- -24.69

-87.37 101
Temperature Effects

• Fixed-End Forces (FEF)

- Axial
- Bending

• Curvature

102
 Tb − Tt ∆T
tan β = =( )
• Thermal Fixed-End Forces (FEF) d d
T Room temp = TR TR Tt β
t

FAF Tm> TR FBF ct Tt + Tb

d NA Tm =
cb 2
M AF Tb > Tt M F
Tl
A B B Tb - Tt

σaxial σaxial TR Tm

A B (∆T ) axial = Tm − TR

∆T
σy ( ∆T y ) = y ( )
Tt d
y y β

A B Tb

(∆T ) bending = Tb − Tt
103
 - Axial
σaxial σaxial
Tt TR Tm
Tm> TR
FAF FBF

A Tb > Tt B (∆T ) axial = Tm − TR

FAF = ∫ σ axial dA
A

= ∫ Eε axial dA

= ∫ Eα (∆T ) axial dA

= Eα (∆T ) axial ∫ dA

= EAα (∆T ) axial

F
( Faxial ) A = α (Tm − TR ) AE

104
 - Bending
∆T
σy (∆Ty ) = y ( )
Tt d
y y β

M AF M BF Tb
A B
(∆T ) bending = Tb − Tt
M = ∫ yσ y dA
F
A
A

= ∫ yEε dA

= ∫ yEα (∆Ty ) dA

∆T
= ∫ yEαy ( ) dA
d
∆T
= Eα ( ) ∫ y 2 dA
d
Tl − Tu
F
( Fbending )A = α( ) EI
d
105
 • Elastic Curve: Bending O´
dθ

ρ
(dx ) = ρ ( dθ )

y ( dθ ) 1 dθ
=( )
ρ dx
ds = dx y ds´ dθ
y dx dx

Before After
deformation deformation

106
 • Bending Temperature Tl > Tu
Tt

Tb
O dx

dθ ∆T = Tb - Tt
Tt + Tb Tt Tt
Tm = Tu dθ ∆T
2 ∆T y
y ct β= y d
M M d
cb
Tl > Tu Tb Tb

∆T
(dθ ) y = αy ( ) dx
d
∆T
(dθ ) = α ( )dx
d
dθ 1 ∆T M
( ) = = α( ) =
dx ρ d EI

107
 Example 10

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Room temp = 32.5oC, α = 12x10-6 /oC, E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.

T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m

108
 T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
2 3
1

1 2

Mean temperature = (40+25)/2 = 32.5

Room temp = 32.5oC
19.78 kN•m a(∆T /d)EI = 19.78 kN•m
+7.5 C
o
FEM
-7.5 oC

∆T 40 − 25
F
Fbending =α( )(2 EI ) = (12 × 10 −6 )( )(2 × 200 × 50) = 19.78 kN • m
d 0.182

109
 2 3
1
19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m
182 mm A C
1 2EI 2 EI
B
4m 4m

Element 1: [q] = [k][d] + [qF]

2 1
M2 2 2 1 q2 -1.978
M1
= EI
1 1 2 q1
+ 1.978
(10-3) EI

Element 2:
1 3
M1 1 1 0.5 q1 0
M3
= EI
3 0.5 1 q3
+ 0
0
[M1] = 3EIθ1 + (1.978x10-3)EI

θ1 = -0.659x10-3 rad
110
 2 3
1
19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m
182 mm A C
1 2EI 2 EI
B
4m 4m
Element 1:
2 1
M2 2 2 1 q2 = 0 -19.78 -26.37 kN•m
M1
= EI
1 1 2 q1 = -0.659x10-3
+ 19.78 = 6.59 kN•m

Element 2:
1 3
M1 1 1 0.5 q1 = -0.659x10-3 0 -6.59 kN•m
M3
= EI
3 0.5 1 q3 = 0
+ 0
= -3.30 kN•m

26.37 kN•m 6.59 kN•m 6.59 kN•m 3.3 kN•m

A B B C
4.95 kN 4.95 kN 2.47 kN 2.47 kN 111
26.37 kN•m +7.5 oC
A -7.5 oC B C
2.47 kN 3.3 kN•m
4.95 kN 2.47 kN
4m 4m

V (kN)
x (m)
- -
-2.47
-4.95

26.37
M 6.59
+
(kN•m)
- x (m)
-3.30

Deflected θB = -0.659x10-3 rad

curve x (m)

112
 Example 11

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Room temp = 28 oC, a = 12x10-6 /oC, E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4,
A = 20(10-3) m2

T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI, 2AE EI, AE
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m

113
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
A
1 2 EI 7
4 2EI 1
T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
Element 1:

(2 AE ) 2(20 ×10 −3 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )

= = 2(106 ) kN / m
L ( 4 m)

4(2 EI ) 4 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

= = 20(103 ) kN • m
L ( 4 m)

2(2 EI ) 2 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

= = 10(103 ) kN • m
L ( 4 m)

6(2 EI ) 6 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

2
= 2
= 7. 5(10 3
) kN
L ( 4 m)

12(2 EI ) 12 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

3
= 3
= 3.75(10 3
) kN / m
L ( 4 m)
114
 T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI, 2AE EI, AE
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m

Fixed-end forces due to temperatures

∆T 40 − 25
F
Fbending =α( )(2 EI ) = (12 × 10 −6 )( )(2 × 200 × 50) = 19.78 kN • m
d 0.182

Mean temperature(Tm) = (40+25)/2 = 32.5 oC ,

TR = 28 oC
F
Faxial = α (∆T ) AE = (12 × 10 −6 )(32.5 − 28)(2 × 20 × 10 − 3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 ) = 432 kN

19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m

+12 oC
432 kN 432 kN
A -3 oC
B

115
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Element 1: FEM
19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m
+12 oC
432 kN 432 kN
A -3 oC
B
[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 2x106 0.00 0.00 - 2x106 0.00 0.00 0 432
q5 5 0.00 3750 7500 0.00 -3750 7500 0 0.00
q6 6 0.00 7500 20x103 0.00 -7500 10x103 0 -19.78
= +
q1 1 -2x106 0.00 0.00 2x106 0.00 0.00 d1 -432
q2 2 0.00 -3750 -7500 0.00 3750 -7500 d2 0.00
q3
3 0.00 7500 10x103 0.00 -7500 20x103 d3 19.78
116
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Element 2:

[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 1x106 0.00 0.00 - 1x106 0.00 0.00 d1 0
q2 2 0.00 1875 3750 0.00 -1875 3750 d2 0
q3 3 0.00 3750 10x103 0.00 -3750 5x103 d3 0
= +
q7 7 -1x106 0.00 0.00 1x106 0.00 0.00 0 0
q8 8 0.00 -1875 -3750 0.00 1875 -3750 0 0
q9
9 0.00 3750 5x103 0.00 -3750 10x103 0 0
117
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Global:
1 2 3
Q1 = 0.0 1 3x106 0.0 0.0 D1 -432
Q2 = 0.0 = 2 0.0 5625 -3750 D2 + 0.0
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.0 -3750 30x103 D3 19.78

D1 0.000144 m
D2 = -0.0004795 m
D3 -719.3x10-6 rad

118
Element 1:
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 2x106 0.00 0.00 - 2x106 0.00 0.00 0 432
q5 5 0.00 3750 7500 0.00 -3750 7500 0 0.00
q6 6 0.00 7500 20x103 0.00 -7500 10x103 0 -19.78
= +
q1 1 -2x106 0.00 0.00 2x106 0.00 0.00 d1 = 144x10-6 -432
q2 2 0.00 -3750 -7500 0.00 3750 -7500 d2 = -479.5x10-6 0.00
q3
3 0.00 7500 10x103 0.00 -7500 20x103 d3 = -719.3x10-6 19.78
6
q4 144.0 kN 3
5 2
q5 -3.60 kN
A 4 B 1
q6 -23.38 kN•m
=
q1 -144.0 kN 23.38 kN•m 9 kN•m
q2 3.60 kN
q3 144 kN 144 kN
9.00 kN•m A B
3.60 kN 3.60 kN
119
Element 2:
1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 1x106 0.00 0.00 - 1x106 0.00 0.00 d1 = 144x10-6 0
q2 2 0.00 1875 3750 0.00 -1875 3750 d2 = -479.5x10-6 0
q3 3 0.00 37500 10x103 0.00 -3750 5x103 d3 = -719.3x10-6 0
= +
q7 7 -1x106 0.00 0.00 1x106 0.00 0.00 0 0
q8 8 0.00 -1875 -3750 0.00 1875 -3750 0 0
q9
9 0.00 3750 5x103 0.00 -3750 10x103 0 0
3
q1 144 kN 9
2 8
q2 -3.6 kN
B 1 C 7
q3 -9 kN•m
=
q7 -144 kN 9 kN•m 5.39 kN•m
q8 3.6 kN
q9 144 kN 144 kN
-5.39 kN•m B C
3.60 kN 3.60 kN
120
Isolate axial part from the system
T2 = 40oC
RA RC
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC B C
4m 4m

RA
RA = RC
+

Compatibility equation: dC/A = 0

R A (4) RA ( 4)
+ + 12 × 10 −6 (32.5 − 28)(4) = 0
2 AE AE

RA = 144 kN

RC = -144 kN

121
 T2 = 40oC

2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC B C
4m 4m

23.38 kN•m 9 kN•m 9 kN•m 5.39 kN•m

144 kN 144 kN 144 kN 144 kN

A B B C
3.60 kN 3.60 kN 3.60 kN 3.60 kN
V (kN)
x (m)
-
-3.6
23.38
M 8.98
+
(kN•m) x (m)
-
-5.39
D2 = -0.0004795 mm D3 = -719.3x10-6 rad
Deflected
curve x (m)
122
Skew Roller Support

- Force Transformation
- Displacement Transformation
- Stiffness Matrix

123
• Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

x´
y´ 5´
6´ 4´
j

2´ m

3´ 1´
i

y
6

5
4
j
3 θy m
θx
2
1 x
i
124
 Force Transformation
6´ λx λy
x´
q4 = q4' cos θ x − q5' cos θ y
θy
5´ 4´ q5 = q4' cos θ y − q5' cos θ x
y´
j θx
θy q6 = q6'
2´ θx
x j − xi q 4  λx − λy 0 q4' 
λx =
3´ 1´ L q  =  λy λx 0  q 
i y j − yi  5  5' 
λy = q 6   0 0 1  q6' 
L

q 1   λ x − λy 0 0 0 0  q 1' 
y     
6
q 2   λy λx 0 0 0 0  q 2' 
5 q 3   0 0 1 0 0 0  q 3' 
 =  
4 q 4   0 0 0 λx − λy 0  q 4' 
j
q 5   0 0 0 λy λx 0  q 5' 
3 m     
q 6   0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
2
1
i x [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
125
 Displacement Transformation
y λx λy
6 x´
d ' 4 = d 4 cos θ x + d 5 cos θ y
5 5´ s θx
co d' 5 = −d 4 cos θ y + d 5 cos θ x
4 d4
j 6´ θx4´ d4 d '6 = d 6
j θy
s θy
θy c o
θx d4 d 4'   λx λy 0 d 4 
d  = − λy λx 0  d 
 5'   5
x d 6'   0 0 1  d 6 

y s θx
co d 1'   λ x λy 0 0 0 0  d 1 
θx d     
0  d 2 
5

d5 d 2'  − λy λx 0 0 0
θy θy d 3'   0 0 1 0 0 0  d 3 
cos  =  
d 5 d 4'   0 0 0 λx λy 0  d 4 
θy d 5'   0 0 0 − λy λx 0  d 5 
    
θx d 6'   0 0 0 0 0 1  d 6 

x [d '] = [T ][d ]
126
 [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
[ ]
= [T ] ([k' ][d' ] + q 'F )
T

= [T ] [k' ][d' ] + [T ] [q ' ]

T T F

[q ] = [T ] [k' ][T ][d ] + [T ] [q' ] = [k ][d ] + [q ]

T T F F

Therefore, [k ] = [T ]T [k '][T ]
[q ] = [T ] [q ' ]
F T F

[q ] = [T ]T [q ']
[d '] = [T ][d ]
[k ] = [T ]T [k '][T ]

127
Stiffness matrix
6* 3´ 6´
2* 5* 5´
3* 1 2´
4´
1* θi 4* θj 1´
i j i j

λix = cos θi λjx = cos θj

λiy = sin θi λjy = sin θj

[q*] = [T]T[q´]

1 2 3 4 5 6
q 1*  1*  λix − λiy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q  2* λ λix 0 0 0 0  q 
 2*   iy  2' 
q 3*  3* 0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
  =    
q 4 *  4* 0 0 0 λ jx − λ jy 0 q 4' 
q 5*  5* 0 0 0 λ jy λ jx 0 q 5' 
     
q 6 *  6*  0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
[ T ]T
128
 1 2 3 4 5 6
1  λix λiy 0 0 0 0
2 − λ 0 
 iy λix 0 0 0
3  0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] =  
4  0 0 0 λ jx λ jy 0
5  0 0 0 − λ jy λ jx 0
 
6  0 0 0 0 0 1 

1 2 3 4 5 6
1  AE/ L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
 
2  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
3  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k '] =  
4 − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
5  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2

 
6  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 
129
 [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =

Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

130
Example 12

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4, A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
Include axial deformation in the stiffness matrix.

40 kN

4m 4m 22.02 o

131
 40 kN

4m 4m 22.02o

6 3´ 6´
5 2* 2´ 5´
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x´
i 4 j 22.02 o i 1´ j 4´
λix = cos 0o = 1, x*
λiy = cos 90o = 0 λjx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271,
λjy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749

40 kN
40 kN•m
40 kN•m [ q´F ]
[FEF] 20sin22.02=7.5
20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN
132
• Transformation matrix
6 3´ 6´
5 2* 2´ 5´
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x´
4 i 1´ j 4´
λix = cos 0o = 1, x * λix − λiy 0 0 0 0
λjx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271, λ
λiy = cos 90o = 0
 iy λix 0 0 0 0
λjy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749
0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ]T = 
0 0 0 λ jx − λ jy 0
0 0 0 λ jy λ jx 0
Member 1: [ q ] = [ T ]T[q´]  
 0 0 0 0 0 1
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q 4  4 1 0 0 0 0 0  q 1' 
  0  
q5  5  1 0 0 0 0  q 2' 
q 6  6 0 0 1 0 0 0  q 3' 
  =   
q 1*  1* 0 0 0 0 . 9271 − 0 . 3749 0  q 4' 
q 2*  2* 0 0 0 0 . 3749 0 . 9271 0  q 5' 
    
q 3*  3* 0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
133
 3´ 6´
• Local stiffness matrix
2´ 5´
Local 1

i 1´ j 4´

δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni  AE/ L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3

6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]6×6 =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2

 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4EI/ L 

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2´ 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3´ 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k´]1 = 103 4´ -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5´ 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6´ 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00 134
 6 3´ 6´
5 2* 2´ 5´
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x´
4 i 1´ j 4´
Stiffness matrix [k´]: x*
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2´ 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3´ 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k´]1 = 103 4´ -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5´ 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6´ 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
Stiffness matrix [k*]: [ k* ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]
4 5 6 1* 2* 3*
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00
[k*]1 = 103 1* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
2* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476
135
3* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
 6
40 kN 5 2*
1 3*
1* x´
4
4m 4m 22.02 o x*
40 kN
40 kN•m
40 kN•m [ q´F ]
20sin22.02=7.5
Global Equilibrium: 20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1* 3*
Q1 = 0.0 1* 129 1.406 D1* -7.5
Q3 = 0.0 = 103 3* 1.406 20.0 D3* + -40

D1* 36.37x10-6 m
=
D3* 0.002 rad
136
 6
40 kN 5 2*
1 3*
1* x´
4
40 kN
4m 4m 22.02 o 40 kN•m x*
40 kN•m

7.5
Member Force : [q] = [k*][D] + [qF] 20 kN 18.54

4 5 6 1* 2* 3*
q4 4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000 0 0 -5.06
q5 5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750 0 20 27.5
q6 6 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00 0 40.0 60
q1* = 103
1* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406 36.4x10-6 + -7.54
= 0
q2* 2* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476 0 18.54 13.48
q3* 2x10-3
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
* -40.0 0
60 kN•m 40 kN

5.06 kN
27.5 kN 13.48 kN 137
 40 kN
40 kN
60.05 kN•m

4m 4m 5.05 kN
22.02 o 27.51 kN 13.47 kN

50.04
+
-

-60.05

Bending moment diagram

(kN•m)

0.002 rad

Deflected shape
138
Example 13

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4, A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
Include axial deformation in the stiffness matrix.

40 kN
6 kN/m

2EI, 2AE EI, AE

22.02o
8m 4m 4m

139
 40 kN
6 kN/m

2EI, 2AE EI, AE

22.02 o
8m 4m 4m AE (0.006 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )
=
L (8 m)
= 150 ×103 kN • m
6 3
5 2 4 EI 4(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
8* =
9* L (8 m)
1 1 2 7* = 20 ×103 kN • m
4
Global 2 EI
= 10 ×103 kN • m
L
3´ 6´
3´ 6´ 6 EI 6(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
2´ 5´ 5´ =
2´ 2
L (8 m) 2
1´ 1 4´ 1´ 2 4´ = 3.75 ×103 kN
Local 12 EI 12(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
=
L2 (8 m) 3
= 0.9375 ×103 kN / m 140
 6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
4
Global
Local : Member 1
6 3 3´ 6´
5 2 2´ 5´
[ q] [ q´]
4 1 1 1´ 1 4´
[q] = [q´]
Thus, [k] = [k´]
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1 = [k´]1 = 2x103 1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00

141
 6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
3 4
2 3´ 6´
[ q* ] 8* [ q´ ] 5´
9* 2´
7* x´
1 2 1´ 2 4´
λix = cos 0o = 1, x*
λiy = cos 90o = 0 λjx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271,
λjy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749

Member 2: Use transformation matrix, [q*] = [T]T[q´]

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 q1´
q2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 q2´
q3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7*
= 7* 0 0 0 0.9271 -0.3749 0 q4´
q8* 8* 0 0 0 0.3749 0.9271 0 q5´
q9* 9* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
142
 3 3´ 6´
2 8* 5´
[ q* ] 9* 2´ [ q´ ]
7* x´
1 2 1´ 2 4´
x*
Stiffness matrix [k´]:
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2´ 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3´ 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k´]2 = 103 4´ -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5´ 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6´ 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
Stiffness matrix [k*]: [k*] = [T]T[k´][T]
1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.477 10.00
[k*]2 = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.477 51.82 21.90 -3.476
143
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
 6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
4
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1= 2x103 1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00

1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.477 10.00
[k*]2 = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.477 51.82 21.90 -3.476
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
144
 6 3
40 kN 9*
6 kN/m 5 2 8*

1 1 2 7*
4
40 kN
6 kN/m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m
1
7.5
24 kN 24 kN 20 kN 18.54

Global: 1 3 7* 9*
0 1 450 0 -139 0 D1 0
0 3 0 60 1.406 10 D3 -32 + 40 = 8
0 = 103 7* +
-139 1.406 129 1.406 D7* -7.5
0 9* 0 10 1.406 20 D9* -40

D1 18.15x10-6 m
D3 -509.84x10-6 rad
D7* = 58.73x10-6 m
D9* 0.00225 rad
145
 6 3
5 2 6 kN/m
32 kN•m
32 kN•m
4 1 1 1

24 kN 24 kN
Member 1: [ q ] = [k ][d] + [qF]
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000 0 0
q5 5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750 0 24
q6 6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00 0 32
q1 = 2x103 0.000 d1=18.15x10-6
+ 0
1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000
q2 2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750 0 24
q3
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00 d3=-509.84 -32
x10-6
q4 -5.45 kN
q5 20.18 kN 6 kN/m
21.80 kN•m 52.39 kN•m
q6 21.80 kN•m
= 5.45 kN 5.45 kN
q1 5.45 kN
q2 27.82 kN 20.18 kN 27.82 kN
q3 -52.39 kN•m 146
 40 kN
2 3 8* 40 kN•m
9* 40 kN•m [ q´F ]
7* x´
20sin22.02=7.5
1 2 2
x* 20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN
Member 2: [ q ] = [k ][d] + [qF]
1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
q1 1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000 18.15x10-6 0
q2 2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750 0 20
q3 3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00 -509.84x10-6 40
q7* = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 58.73x10-6
+ -7.5
51.82 1.406
q8* 8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476 0 18.54
q9* 0.00225 -40
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
q1 -5.45 kN 40 kN
52.39 kN•m
q2 26.55 kN
q3 52.39 kN•m
q7*
= 0 kN 5.45 kN
q8* 14.51 kN 14.51 kN
26.55 kN
q9*
0 kN•m 147
 40 kN
6 kN/m 52.39 kN•m
21.80 kN•m 52.39 kN•m

5.45 kN 5.45 kN
5.45 kN 14.51 kN
20.18 kN 27.82 kN 14.51cos 22.02o
26.55 kN
=13.45 kN
40 kN
21.80 kN•m 6 kN/m

5.45 kN
54.37 kN 22.02o
20.18 kN
8m 4m 4 m 14.51 kN

20.18 26.55
V (kN) +
+ x (m)
3.36 m - -
-27.82 -13.45
53.81
M 12.14 +
(kN•m) - x (m)
-
-21.8
-52.39 148
FRAME ANALYSIS USING THE STIFFNESS
METHOD
! Simple Frames
! Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix
! Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
! Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix

! Special Frames
! Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix

1
Simple Frames

2
Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix = 1 AE/L
d 1´
y´ 6EI/L2
6´ x´ AE/L
5´ 4´ 1
6EI/L2 d 2´ =
j
3´ 12EI/L3
m
2´ 12EI/L3
1´ 2EI/L
i = 1
4EI/L d 3´
6EI/L2
[k´]
6EI/L2
AE/L
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´ 1
=
d 4´
1´ AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0 6EI/L2
2´ 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 AE/L 1
6EI/L2 d 5´ =
3´ 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L 12EI/L3
4´ -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 12EI/L3
4EI/L
5´ 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 = 1
2EI/L d 6´
6´ 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L 6EI/L2
6EI/L2 3
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

x´
y´ 5´
6´ 4´
j

2´ m

3´ 1´
i

y
6

5
4
j
3 θy m
θx
2
1 x
i
4
 Force Transformation λx λy
6´ x´ q4 = q4´ cos θx - q5´ cos θy
θy q5 = q4´ cos θy + q5´ cos θx
5´ 4´
y´ q6 = q6´
j θx
θy
2´ q 4   λ x − λy 0 q 4' 
θx q  =  λ
x j − xi  5  y λx 0  q 
 5' 
λx =
3´ 1´ L q 6   0 0 1  q 6' 
i y j − yi
λy =
L
q 1   λ x − λy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q   q 
 2   λy λx 0 0 0 0   2' 
y
6 q 3   0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
 =   
5 q 4   0 0 0 λx − λy 0 q 4' 
4 q 5   0 0 0 λy λx 0 q 5' 
j      
q 6   0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
3 m

2
1 [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
i x
5
[q] = [T]T[q´]
= [T]T ( [k´][d´] + [q´F] )

= [T]T [k´][d´] + [T]T [q´F]

[q] = [T]T [k´][T][d] + [T]T [q´F] = [k][d] + [qF]

Therefore, [k] = [T]T [k´][T]

[qF] = [T]T [q´F]

[q] = [T]T[q´]

[d´] = [T][d]

[k] = [T]T [k´][T]

6
 Frame Member Global Stiffness Matrix

[q] = [T]T[q´]= [T]T ( [k´][d´] + [q´F] ) = [T]T[k´][d´] + [T]T[q´F] = [T]T [k´][T][d] + [T]T [q´F]

[k] [qF]
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =

Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

7
Example 1

For the frame shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2

6m
A 5 kN
B

6m

8
 6m
5 kN
A
B kN
(600 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 )
AE 2
m = 20000 kN/m
=
L 6m
6m
kN −6
12(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 m 4
)
12 EI m 2

C 3
= 3
= 666.667 kN/m
L (6m)

Global : kN
6(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
6EI m 2
= = 2000 kN
6 5 2 3 L2 (6m) 2
A 1 kN
4 1 4(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
B 4 EI m 2
= = 8000 kN • m
L 6m
2

kN
2(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
2EI m 2
9 = = 4000 kN • m
8 L 6m
C
7

9
Using Transformation Matrix:
Global : Local :

5 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´
6 2 3
4´
A 1 A 1´ 1
4 1 B
B
1´ 3´

2
2´

2
8 9
C
7 6´
5´
• Member Stiffness Matrix
δi ∆i θi δj ∆j 4´ θ
j
Ni  AE/L 0 0 − AE/L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI /L3
6 EI/L2 0 − 12 EI/L3 6 EI/L2 
 
Mi  0 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 
[k'] =  
Nj − AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 0 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 
 
Mj  0 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L  10
Stiffness Matrix: Member 1
Local :

6 5 3 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´
2
A 1 4´
4 1 A 1´ 1 B
B

2
Global: [q] = [q´]

8 9 -> [k]1 = [k´]1

C
7

4 6 5 1 2 3
4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
[k]1 =
1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000
11
Stiffness Matrix: Member 2

6 5 2 3
1´ 3´
A 1 λix = cos (-90o) = 0
4 1
B 2´ λiy = sin (-90o) = -1

2
90o

2
Global: Local:
6´
9 λjx = cos (-90o) = 0
8 5´ λjy = sin (-90o) = -1
C
7
4´
[q]2 = [ T ]T[ q´]2

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 q1´
q2 2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 q2´
q3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7 = 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 q4´
q8 8 0 0 0 -1 0 0 q5´
q9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[T]T
12
 1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
2´ 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
3´ 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
[k´]2 =
4´ -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

5´ 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

6´ 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000

[k]2 = [ T ]T[ k´ ]2[ T ]

1 2 3 7 8 9
1 666.667 0 2000 -666.667 0 2000
2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0
3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000
[k]2 = -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000
7
8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0
9 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000
13
Global Stiffness Matrix:
[k]1
5 3 4 6 5 1 2 3
6 2
4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
A 1
4 1
B 6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000

2
Global: 1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

8 9 2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

C
7 3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000

[k]2
[K] 1 2 3 7 8 9
4 5 1 2 3 1 666.667 0 2000 666.667 0 2000
4 20000 0 -20000 0 0
2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0
5 0 8000 0 -2000 4000
3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000
1 -20000 0 20666.667 0 2000
7 -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000
2 0 -2000 0 20666.667 -2000 8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0
3 0 4000 2000 -2000 16000 9 2000 0 4000 2000 0 8000 14
 6m 6 5 2 3
5 kN
A A 1
1
B 4 1
B

2
6m

8 9
C [Q] = [K][D] + [QF] C
Global: 7
4 5 1 2 3
Q4 = 0 4 20000 0 -20000 0 0 D4 0
Q5 = 0 5 0 8000 0 -2000 4000 D5 0
Q1 = 5 1 -20000 0 20666.667 0 2000 D1 + 0
=
Q2 = 0 2 0 -2000 0 20666.667 -2000 D2 0
Q3 = 0 3 0 4000 2000 -2000 16000 D3 0

D4 0.01316 m
D5 9.199(10-4) rad
D1 = 0.01316 m
D2 -9.355(10-5) m
D3 -1.887(10-3) rad 15
 6m Member 1
5 kN
A 6 5 2 3
1
B 1
A 4 1 B

2
6m
1.87 kN 1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m

C A 1 B
[q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

4 6 5 1 2 3
q4 4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 D4 = 0.01316 0

q6 6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000 D6 = 0 -1.87

q5 5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 D5 = 9.199(10-4) 0

q1 1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0 D1 = 0.01316 0

q2 2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000 D2 = -9.355(10-5) 1.87

q3 3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000 D3 = -1.887(10-3) -11.22

16
 6m Member 2
5 kN
A 3 11.22 kN•m
1
B 2 1.87 kN

1 5 kN

2
6m

2
8 9 18.77 kN•m
C
7 5 kN
[q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2 1.87 kN
1 2 3 7 8 9

q1 1 666.667 0 2000 -666.667 0 2000 D1 = 0.01316 5

q2 2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0 D2 = -9.355(10-5) -1.87

q3 3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000 D3 = -1.887(10-3) 11.22

q7 7 -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000 D7 = 0 -5

q8 8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 D8 = 0 1.87

q9 9 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000 D9 = 0 18.77

17
1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m
1.87 kN 5 kN
A
A 1 B B
1.87 kN
1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m
6m
5 kN

2
18.77 kN•m
C
18.77 kN•m 5 kN
6m
5 kN 1.87 kN

1.87 kN

11.22 B B
A - A - 5
-1.87
-11.22

Bending moment Shear diagram +

diagram
+
C 18.77 C 5
18
D4=13.16 mm D1=13.16 mm
D5=0.00092 rad D3=-0.00189 rad
11.22 B
A A -
B
-11.22
D3=-0.00189 rad

Deflected shape Bending moment

diagram
+
C C 18.77

6 5 2 3
A 1
D4 0.01316 m 4 1
B
D5 9.199(10-4) rad
D1 = 0.01316 m

2
Global :
D2 -9.355(10-5) m
8 9
D3 -1.887(10-3) rad C
7
19
Example 2

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2 for each member.

3 kN/m
B C

4.5 m
A

6m 6m

20
 3 kN/m 3 9
2 8
Global
1 2 7
4.5 m 6
1
5

4
6m 6m

2 3 8 9
2 3
Members
1 2 7
1
6 1
5

4 3 kN/m
9 kN•m 9 kN•m
[FEM]
2

9 kN 9 kN

21
 3 kN/m
AE (600 ×10 −6 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )
=
m L 7.5 m
4.5 m 7. 5 = 16000 kN / m

12 EI 12(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

=
6m 6m L3 (7.5 m) 3
= 341.33 kN / m

Member 1: 6 EI 6( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

2
=
L (7.5 m) 2
2 3 = 1280 kN

θy 1 4 EI 4(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

1 =
6 L 7.5 m
θx
5 = 6400 kN • m
4
2 EI 2(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
=
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8 L 7.5 m
= 3200 kN • m
λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
22
 Member m: Mj
λx = cos θx Vj

λy = cos θy θy Uj

Mi m
[ km ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T ] = θx
Vi

Ui Vi Mi Uj Ui Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

23
 3 kN/m
Member 1: 2 3

m θy 1
4.5 m 7. 5 6 1
θx
5

6m 6m 4

λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8

λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6

4 5 6 1 2 3
4 10362.879 7516.162 -768 -10362.879 -7516.162 -768
5 7516.162 5978.451 1024 -7516.162 -5978.451 1024
6 -768 1024 6400 768 -1024 3200
[k1] = 1 -10362.879 -7516.162 768 10362.879 7516.162 768
2 -7516.162 -5978.451 -1024 7516.162 5978.451 -1024
3 -768 1024 3200 768 -1024 6400
24
 3 kN/m
AE (600 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )
=
m L 6m
4.5 m 7. 5 = 20000 kN / m

12 EI 12(200 ×10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

=
6m 6m L3 (6 m) 3
= 666.667 kN / m

Member 2: 6 EI 6( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

2
=
L (6 m) 2
2 3 8 9
= 2000 kN
1 2 7 4 EI 4(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
=
λx = cos 0o = 1.0, λy = cos 90o = 0 L 6m
= 8000 kN • m

2 EI 2(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

=
L 6m
= 4000 kN • m

25
 3 9 1 2 3 7 8 9
2 8
1 AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0
1 2 7
2 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2

3 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L

[k2] =
7 -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0

8 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2

9 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L

1 2 3 7 8 9

1 20000 0 0 - 20000 0 0

2 0 666.667 2000 0 - 666.667 2000

3 0 2000 8000 0 - 2000 4000

[k2] =
7 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

8 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

9 0 2000 4000 0 - 2000 8000

26
 4 5 6 1 2 3
4 10362.879 7516.162 -768 -10362.879 -7516.162 -768
5 7516.162 5978.451 1024 -7516.162 -5978.451 1024
6 -768 1024 6400 768 -1024 3200
[k1] = 1 -10362.879 -7516.162 768 10362.879 7516.162 768
2 -7516.162 -5978.451 -1024 7516.162 5978.451 -1024
3 -768 1024 3200 768 -1024 6400

1 2 3 7 8 9

1 20000 0 0 - 20000 0 0

2 0 666.667 2000 0 - 666.667 2000

3 0 2000 8000 0 - 2000 4000

[k2] =
7 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

8 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

9 0 2000 4000 0 - 2000 8000

27
 3 kN/m
2 3 8 9

9 kN•m
1 2 7
7. 5m 9 kN 9 kN
4.5 m
6 1
5

6m 6m 4

Global:
1 2 3
0
Q1 1 30362.9 7516.16 768 D1 0
0
Q2 = 2 7516.16 6645.12 976 D2 + 9
0
Q3 3 768 976 14400 D3 9

D1 4.575(10-4) m
D2 = -1.794(10-3) m
D3 -5.278(10-4) rad
28
Member 1:
1.19 kN•m 11.37 kN
2 3 6.75 kN 1.19 kN•m
9.15 kN
θy 1
6 1 0.50 kN•m 0.09 kN
θx 1 0.50 kN•m 1
5 6.75 kN

4 9.15 kN 0.09 kN
11.37 kN
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8
λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6

4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 0 0 9.15
4
q5 0 0 6.75
5
q6 0 0 0.50
= 6 k1 + =
q1 D1 = 4.575(10-4) 0 -9.15
1
q2 D2 = -1.794(10-3) 0 -6.75
q3 2
D3 = -5.278(10-4) 0 -1.19
3
29
Member 2:

2 3 8 9
1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
2 14.70 kN•m
1 7
9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
3 kN/m
6.75 kN 11.25 kN
9 kN•m 9 kN•m
2

9 kN [FEM] 9 kN

1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 D1 = 4.575(10-4) 0 9.15
q2 2 D2 = -1.794(10-3) 9 6.75
q3 3 k2 D3 = -5.278(10-4) 9 1.19
q7
= 0
+ 0 =
7 -9.15
q8 8 0 9 11.25
q9
9 0 -9 -14.70
30
 1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
1.19 kN•m 14.70 kN•m
6.75 kN
9.15 kN 9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
0.50 kN•m 6.75 kN 11.25 kN
1
6.75 kN

9.15 kN

3 kN/m
14.70 kN•m

9.15 kN
0.50 kN•m 11.25 kN
All Reactions
9.15 kN

6.75 kN

31
 11.37 kN 1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
14.70 kN•m
1.19 kN•m
9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
0.09 kN 6.75 kN 11.25 kN
1
6.75
0.50 kN•m
0.09 kN +
11.37 kN
-0.09 -
D1 4.575(10-4) m
D2 = -1.794(10-3) m -11.25
Shear diagram
D3 -5.278(10-4) rad -0.09 (kN)
D1 = 0.46 mm
D2 = -1.79 mm
-1.19
D3 =-5.278(10-4) rad
-14.70
Deflected shape Bending-moment diagram
0.5
(kN•m)
32
Example 3

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2 for each member.

20 kN•m 10 kN
15 kN C
B
N/m
4.5 m 3k

A 6m 3m 3m

33
 20 kN•m 10 kN 3 9
Global 2 8
15 kN C
B θy = 53.13 1 2 7
N/m 6
1
4.5 m 3k θx =36.87
5
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8
A 4 λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
6m 3m 3m

2 3 8 9
2 3
Members
1 2 7
1
6 1
5
14.06 kN•m 10 kN
4 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.75 kN
11.25 kN 2
N/m
[FEM] 3k 1 9 kN 5 kN
5 kN
wL2/12 = 14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
11.25(0.8) = 9 kN wL/2 = 11.25 kN 34
 20 kN•m 10 kN
2 3 8 9
15 kN C
B 1 2 7
N/m
3k 1
5 6

A 4
14.06 kN•m 10 kN
Global: 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.75 kN
11.25 kN 2
N/m
3k 1 9 kN 5 kN 5 kN
[FEM]
14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
9 kN 11.25 kN

1 2 3
Q1 = 15 1 30362.9 7516.16 768 D1 -6.75
Q2 = 0 = 2 7516.16 6645.2 976 D2 + 9+5
Q3 = 20 3 768 976 14400 D3 -14.06 + 7.5
35
 2 3 8 9

1 2 7

6 1
5

D1 1.751(10-3) m
D2 = -4.388(10-3) m
D3 2.049(10-3) rad

36
Member 1:
14.06 kN•m
2 3
[FEM] 6.75 kN
θy 1 11.25 kN
N/m
1
6 θx 3k 1 9 kN
5
14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
4
9 kN 11.25 kN
λx = cos 36.87o =
0.8,
λy = cos 53.13o = 0.6

4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 0 -6.75 6.51
4
q5 0 9 24.17
5
q6 0 14.06 26.46
=
6 k1 +
q1 1 D1 = 1.751(10-3) -6.75 = -20.01
q2 2 D2 = -4.388(10-3) 9 -6.17
q3
3 D3 = 2.049(10-3) -14.06 4.89
37
 2 3
q4 6.51
θy = 53.13o 1
1 q5 24.17
6 θx = 36.87o
5 q6 26.46
=
4 q1 -20.01
q2 -6.17
q3
4.89

6.17 kN 4.89 kN•m 4.89 kN•m 19.71 kN

20.01 kN
/ m 7.07 kN
/m N
N 3k
3k m 1
26.46 kN•m 7. 5m 26.46 kN•m 7. 5

6.51 kN 15.43 kN
19.71 kN
24.17 kN
38
Member 2:

2 3 8 9
15.12 kN•m 10 kN
2 8.08 kN•m
1 7
10 kN 35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.17 kN 3.83 kN
2

5 kN 5 kN
[FEM]

1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 D1 = 1.751(10-3) 0 35.02
q2 2 D2 = -4.388(10-3) 5 6.17
q3 3 k2 D3 = 2.049(10-3) 7.5 15.12
q7
= 0
+ 0 =
7 -35.02
q8 8 0 5 3.83
q9
9 0 -7.5 -8.08
39
 6.17 kN 4.89 kN•m 15.12 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m
20.01 kN
35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
N/m
3k 6.17 kN 3.83 kN
26.46 kN•m 7. 5m

6.51 kN
24.17 kN

20 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m
15 kN C
B 35.02 kN
N/m
3.83 kN
3k
26.46 kN•m

A 6.51 kN
24.17 kN 6 m 3m 3m

40
 4.89 kN•m 19.71 kN 15.12 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m

35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
N /m
7.07 kN
3k 6.17 kN 3.83 kN
1m
26.46 kN•m 7.5
6.17
15.43 kN
19.71 kN
-7.07 -3.83
D1 1.751(10-3) m
15.43 Shear diagram
D2 = -4.388(10-3) m
(kN)
D3 2.049(10-3) rad
D1 =1.75 mm
4.89
D2 = -4.39 mm

-15.12 -8.08
D3 = 2.05(10-3) rad

Deflected shape Bending-moment

diagram (kN•m)

-26.46 41
Special Frames

42
Stiffness matrix
6* 3´ 6´
2* 5* 5´
3* 1 2´
4´
1* θi 4* θj 1´
i j i j

λix = cos θi λjx = cos θj

λiy = sin θi λjy = sin θj

[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q 1*  1*  λix − λiy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q  λ q 
  2* 2*  iy λix 0 0 0 0   2' 
q 3*  3*  0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
 =    
q
 4*  4* 0 0 0 λ jx − λ jy 0 q 4' 
q 5*  5*  0 0 0 λ jy λ jx 0 q 5' 
     
q 6 *  6*  0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 

[ T ]T
43
 1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6*
1´  λix λiy 0 0 0 0
− λ 0 
2´  iy λix 0 0 0
 0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] = 3´  
4´  0 0 0 λ jx λ jy 0
5´  0 0 0 − λ jy λ jx 0
 
6´  0 0 0 0 0 1 

• Member Stiffness Matrix

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´  AE/L 0 0 − AE/L 0 0 
2´  0 12 EI / L3
6 EI/L2 0 − 12 EI/L3 6 EI/L2 

3´  0 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 
[k'] =  
4´ − AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 
5´  0 − 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 0 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 
 
6´  0 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 
44
 [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =

Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

45
Example 4

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 , A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
Include axial deformation in the stiffness matrix.

40 kN 20 kN
200 kN•m
6 kN
/m
3m 22.02 o

4m 4m 7.416 m

46
 40 kN 20 kN
200 kN•m
6 kN
/m
3m 22.02 o

4m 4m 7.416 m

3* 6
2* 5
Global 4
1* 1
9
22.02 o 2 8
7
3´
6´ 3´
2´ 5´ 2´
Local 4´
1´ 1 1´
6´
5´
2

4´
47
 δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni  AE/L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k'] =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2

 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 

AE (0.006 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )

= = 150 ×103 kN / m
L 8m
4 EI 4(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
= = 20 ×103 kN • m
L 8m
2 EI
= 10 × 103 kN • m
L
6 EI 6(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
2
= 2
= 3.75 × 103 kN
L (8 m)
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
3
= 3
= 0.9375 × 103 kN / m
L (8 m)
48
 3´
6´ 3´
2´ 5´ 2´
8m
1 4´ 1´
1´
8m 6´
5´
2
Local
4´

δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni 150000 0 0 - 150000 0 0
Vi 0 937.5 3750 0 - 937.5 3750
Mi 0 3750 20000 0 - 3750 10000
[ k´]1 = [ k´]2 =
Nj -150000 0 0 150000 0 0
Vj 0 -937.5 -3750 0 937.5 -3750
Mj 0 3750 10000 0 - 3750 20000

49
Member 1:
3* 6 3´ 6´
2* 5 5´
2´ Local
1
Global 4 4´
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
1´
θj = 0o
40 kN
λix = cos (22.02o) = 0.927, λjx = cos (0o) = 1,
λiy = sin (22.02o) = 0.375 λjy = sin (0o) = 0 40 kN•m 40 kN•m

1
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ] 20 kN [FEM] 20 kN

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q*1 1* 0.927 - 0.375 0 0 0 0 q1´
q*2 2* 0.375 0.927 0 0 0 0 q2´
q*3 3* 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
= 4* 0 0 0 1 0 0
q4 q4´
q5 5* 0 0 0 0 1 0 q5´
q6 6* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[ T ]1T
50
 3* 6 3´ 6´
2* 5 5´
2´ Local
1
Global 4 4´
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
1´
θj = 0o

[ k* ]1 = [ T ]1T[ k´ ]1[ T ]1

1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406
2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476
3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00
[ k * ]1 = 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75
6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20

51
 40 kN
3* 6
2* 5 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
1
Global 4
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
θj = 0o
20 kN [FEM] 20 kN

[ qF* ] = [ T ]T[ qF´]

0 -7.50 1*
40 kN
20 18.54 2* 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
40 40 3*
[ qF*] = [ T ]1 T
= 7.5 1
0 0 4 18.54
20 kN
20 20 5
-40 -40 6
52
 3´
Member 2 2´
6 λix = λjx = cos (-22.02o) = 0.927, 1´
5 λiy = λjy = sin (-22.02o) = -0.375 6´
4 5´
22.02o 2
9 [ q´]
2 8 4´
32 k 6 kN
7 N•m /m
[q] 22.02o
24 k
N 2
[ q´F]
24 k
N
32 k
[q]=[T ]T[ q´ ] N•m

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q4 4 0.927 0.375 0 0 0 0 q1´
q5 5 -0.375 0.927 0 0 0 0 q2´
q6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
= 7 0 0 0 0.927 0.375 0
q7 q4´
q8 8 0 0 0 -0.375 0.927 0 q5´
q9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[ T ]2T
53
 6 3´
5 2´
4 1´
22.02o 6´
9 5´
2 8 2
7 [ q´ ]
[q] 22.02o 4´

[ k ]2 = [ T ]2T[ k´]2[ T ]2

4 5 6 7 8 9
4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406
5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476
6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10
[ k ]2 = 103
7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406
8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476
9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20

54
 6
5
4 32 k 6 kN
22.02o N•m /m
9 24 k
2 8 N 2
7 [ q´F ]
[q] 22.02o 24 k
N
32 k
N•m

[ qF* ] = [ T ]T[ qF´ ]

0 8.998 4 32 kN•m
[ qF ]
24 22.249 5 8.998kN 6 kN
/m
32 32 6 22.249 kN 2
[ qF ] = [T ]2T = 32 kN•m
0 8.998 7 8.998 kN
24 22.249 8 22.249 kN
-32 -32 9
55
 3* 6
Global Stiffness: 2* 5

1
4
1* 9
2 8
7
1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406
2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476
3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00
[ k* ]1 = 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75
6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20
4 5 6 7 8 9
4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406
5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476
6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10
[ k ]2 = 103
7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406
8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476
9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20 56
Global: 40 kN 20 kN 3* 6
200 kN•m 2* 5
6 kN
/m 1 4
1* 9
2 8
40 kN 7
40 kN•m 32 kN•m
40 kN•m [ qF ]
8.998 kN 6 kN
7.5 1 /m
18.54 kN
[ q*F ] 20 kN 22.249 kN 2 32 kN•m
8.998 kN
[ Q ] = [ K ][ D ] + [ QF ]
22.249 kN
1* 3* 4 5 6
Q1* = 0.0 1* 129.046 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406 D1* -7.5
Q3* = 0.0 3* -1.406 20 0 -3.75 10 D3* 40
Q4 = 0.0 = 103 4 -139.058 0 279.046 -51.811 1.406 D4
+ 8.998
Q5 = -20 5 0.352 -3.75 -51.811 22.829 -0.274 D5 20 +22.249
Q6 = -200 6 -1.406 10 1.406 -0.274 40 D6 -40 + 32
57
Global: 40 kN 20 kN 3* 6
200 kN•m 2* 5
6 kN
/m 1 4
1* 9
2 8
7

D1* -0.0205 m
D3* -0.0112 rad
D4 = -0.0191 m
D5 -0.0476 m
D6 -0.0024 rad

58
 3* 6 40 kN•m 40 kN
2* 5 40 kN•m
1
[q] 4 1
1* 7.5
18.54
[ qF* ] 20 kN
Member 1: [ q*] = [ k*][ d*] + [ qF*]
1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
q1* 1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406 D1*=-0.0205 -7.50
q2* 2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476 D2*= 0.0 18.54
q3* 3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00 D =-0.0112 40
= 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
3*
+
q4 D4= -0.0191 0
q5 5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75 D5= -0.0476 20
q6 6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20 D6=-0.0024 -40

q1* 0
q2* 22.63 kN 40 kN
7.87 kN•m
q3* 0
q4 = -8.49 kN 8.49 kN
22.6 19.02 kN
q5 19.02 kN 3 kN
q6 7.87 kN•m 59
 6 32 kN•m
5 [ qF ]
4 8.998 kN 6 kN
/m
9
2 8
22.249 kN 2 32 kN•m
[q] 7 8.998 kN
Member 2 : [ q ] = [ k ][ d ] + [ qF ]
22.249 kN
4 5 6 7 8 9
q4 4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406 D4= -0.0191 8.998
q5 5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476 D5= -0.0476 22.249
q6 6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10 D6=-0.0024 32
=103 +
q7 7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406 D7 = 0 8.998
q8 8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476 D8 = 0 22.249
q9 9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20 D9 = 0 -32
q4 8.49 kN 207.87 kN•m
q5 -39.02 kN 6 kN
8.49 kN /m
q6 -207.87 kN•m
q7 = 9.51 kN 39.02 kN
248.04 kN•m
q8 83.51 kN 9.51 kN
q9 -248.04 kN•m 83.51 kN 60
 40 kN 22.5 207.87 kN•m
7.87 kN•m kN
8.49 kN
8.49 kN 6 kN
8.49 kN /m 248.04 kN•m
22.6 20.98 kN 33 kN
3 kN 19.02 kN
39.02 kN
207.87 9.51 kN 22.5
81 kN kN
83.56
83.51 kN
7.87 +
+
D1* -0.0205 m
Bending-moment
diagram (kN•m) D3* -0.0112 rad
-
D4 = -0.0191 m
D5 -0.0476 m
-248.04
D1*=- 20.5 mm D4=-19.1 mm D6 -0.0024 rad
D5=-47.6 mm
D3*=-0.0112 rad D6 =-
0.00
24 r
ad
Deflected shape
61
Example 5

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 400(106) mm4 , A = 60(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.

20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B
3m

C
20o
4m 2m

62
 20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B
3m

C 76.31 o
20o

4m 2m

2 3 5 6 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´

2´
1 1

3´
1 4 1´ 4´

1´
9*
2

2
Global Local
8* 7*

5´
6´
4´
63
 20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B 2 3 5 6
3m 1
1 4

C
20o
4m 2m

Member 1:
2EI 2(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
=
L 4m
AE (60 × 10 −3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )
= = 40 × 10 3 kN • m
L 4m
= 3000 × 10 3 kN/m 6EI 6(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
2
=
L (4 m) 2
4 EI 4(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 ) = 30 × 10 3 kN
=
L 4m
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
= 80 × 10 3 kN • m =
L3 (4 m) 3
= 15 × 10 3 kN/m
64
 20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B 2 3 5 6
3m 1
1 4
56.31o
20o C 76.31o 20 kN/m
4m 2m 26.67 kN•m 26.67 kN•m
1

40 kN 40 kN
Member 1: [ q ] = [ k ][ d ] + [ qF ]

1 2 3 4 5 6
q1 1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0 d1 0
q2 2 0 15 30 0 -15 30 d2 40
q3 3 0 30 80 0 -30 40 d3 26.67
q4
= 103
4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0 d4
+ 0
q5 5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30 d5 40
q6
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80 d6 -26.67
65
 6

2´
5 Member 2:
i 4

3´
6EI 6(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )

1´
2
=
L (3.61 m) 2

2
2
9*
= 36.83 × 10 3 kN

5´
*
8* 7
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )

6´
j
3
=
L (3.61 m) 3

4´
AE (60 × 10 −3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 ) = 20.41 × 10 3 kN/m
=
L 3.61 m
= 3324 × 10 3 kN/m 2EI 2(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
=
4 EI 4(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 ) L 3.61 m
=
L 3.61 m = 44.32 × 10 3 kN • m
= 88.64 × 10 3 kN • m 1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 3324 0 0 -3324 0 0
2´ 0 20.41 36.83 0 -20.41 36.83
3´ 0 36.83 88.64 0 -36.83 44.32
[ k´ ]2 = 10 4´
3
-3324 0 0 3324 0 0
5´ 0 -20.41 -36.83 0 20.41 -36.83
6´ 0 36.83 44.32 0 -36.83 88.64
66
 5 6

2´
i 4
56.31o i

3´
λix = cos (-56.31o)= 0.55,

1´
λiy = sin (-56.31o) = -0.83

2
9*

2
λjx = cos = 0.24,8
(-76.31o)
*
7*

5´
λjy = sin (-76.31o) = -0.97 j 76.31o
j

6´
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]

4´
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q4 4 0.55 0.83 0 0 0 0 q1´
q5 5 -0.83 0.55 0 0 0 0 q2´
q6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7* = 7* 0 0 0 0.24 0.97 0 q4´
q8* 8* 0 0 0 -0.97 0.24 0 q5´
q9* 9* 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
0
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
4 1036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 1787.474 30.646
5 -1524.780 2307.582 20.431 643.585 -2689.923 20.431
6 30.646 20.431 88.643 -35.786 -8.717 44.321
[ k ]2 = [ T ] [ k´]2[ T ] = 10 7*
* T 3
-452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -759.668 -35.786
8* 1787.474 -2689.923 -8.717 -759.668 3139.053 -8.717
67
9* 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 -8.717 88.643
 2 3 6
1 5
1 4

2
9*
8* 7*

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0
2 0 15 30 0 -15 30
3 0 30 80 0 -30 40
[k]1 = 103 4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0
5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
4 1036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 1787.474 30.646
5 -1524.780 2307.582 20.431 643.585 -2689.923 20.431
6 30.646 20.431 88.643 -35.786 -8.717 44.321
[k*]2 = 10 7*
3
-452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -759.668 -35.786
8* 1787.474 -2689.923 -8.717 -759.668 3139.053 -8.717
9* 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 -8.717 88.643
68
 20 kN/m 3
80 kN•m 2 5 6
1
50 kN
A B 1 4
3m

2
26.67 kN•m 20 kN/m 9*
8* 7*
C 1
26.67 kN•m
20o 40 kN 40 kN
4m 2m
Global:
4 5 6 7* 9*
Q4 = -50 4 4036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 30.646 D4 0
Q5 = 0 5 -1524.780 232.582 -9.569 643.585 -9.569 D5 40
Q6 = -80 = 103 6 30.646 -9.569 168.643 -35.786 44.321 D6 + -26.67
Q7* = 0 7 -452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -35.786 D7* 0
Q9* = 0 9 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 88.643 D9* 0

D4 -2.199x10-5 m
D5 -3.095x10-4 m
D6 = -2.840x10-4 rad
D7* 0.979x10-3 m
D9* 6.161x10-4 rad 69
Member 1:
1 2 3 4 5 6
q1 1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0 0 0
q2 2 0 15 30 0 -15 30 0 40
q3 3 0 30 80 0 -30 40 0 26.67
q4
= 103
4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0 D4
+ 0
q5 5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30 D5 40
q6
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80 D6 -26.67

2 3 5 6
q1 65.97 kN 1

q2 36.12 kN 1 4
q3 24.59 kN•m
q4 = -65.97 kN 24.59 kN•m 20 kN/m 40.11 kN•m
q5 43.88 kN 65.97 kN
q6 65.97 kN 1
-40.11 kN•m
36.12 kN 43.88 kN

70
Member 2:
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
q4 4 1036.923 -1508.14 30.57 -455.21 1769.34 30.57 D4
q5 5 -1508.14 2296.15 20.26 651.27 -2678.93 20.26 D5
q6 6 30.57 20.26 88.64 -35.73 -8.84 44.32 D6
q7*
= 103
D*7
7* -455.21 651.27 -35.73 210.67 -769.1 -35.73
q8* 8* 1769.34 -2678.93 -8.84 -769.1 3128.82 -8.84 0
q9*
9* 30.57 20.26 44.32 -35.73 -8.84 88.64 D*9

q4 15.97 kN 6 43.88 kN 39.89 kN•m

5
q5 -43.88 kN 4 15.97 kN
i
q6 -39.89 kN•m
=

2
q7* 0 kN 2
9*
q8* 46.69 kN 8* 7*
q9* 0 kN•m j
46.69 kN

71
2 3 6 20 kN/m
1 5 24.59 kN•m 40.11 kN•m
1 4 65.97 kN
65.97 kN 1

2
9* 36.12 kN 43.88 kN
8* 7*
43.88 kN 39.89 kN•m
15.97 kN

D4 -2.199x10-5 m

2
D5 -3.095x10-4 m
D6 = -2.840x10-4 rad
D7* 0.979x10-3 m
46.69 kN
D9* 6.161x10-4 rad

39.89 D4=-2.2x10-5 m
+
- - + D5=-3.1x10-4 m
-24.59 D6 = -2.84x10-4 rad
-40.11 D7*=0.979x10-3 m

Bending-moment Deflected shape

diagram (kN•m) D9*=6.161x10-4 rad 72
APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
! Trusses
! Vertical Loads on Building Frames
! Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal
Method
! Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever
Method Problems

1
Trusses

P1 P2
a a
F1
Fa
Fb V = R1

F2
a a
R1 (a) R2 R1 (b)

Method 1 : If the diagonals are intentionally designed to be long and slender,

it is reasonable to assume that the panel shear is resisted entirely by the tension diagonal,
whereas the compressive diagonal is assumed to be a zero-force member.

Method 2 : If the diagonal members are intended to be constructed from large

rolled sections such as angles or channels, we will assume that the tension and compression
diagonals each carry half the panel shear.

2
Example 1

Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss shown in

Figure. The diagonals are to be designed to support both tensile and compressive
forces, and therefore each is assumed to carry half the panel shear. The support
reactions have been computed.

F E D

3m
C
A B
4m 4m
10 kN 20 kN

3
 20 kN
F E D
+ ΣMA = 0: FFE(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0

3m FFE = 6.67 kN (C)

C
A B
4m 4m 10 kN + ΣMF = 0: FAB(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0
10 kN 20 kN
FAB = 6.67 kN (T)
20 kN
F θ = 36.87o
FFE
θ FAF
3m FFB= F V = 10 kN 8.33
F =F
θ AE θ
FAB A 6.67 kN
A
10 kN 10 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: 20 - 10 - 2Fsin(36.87o) = 0

F = 8.33 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: FAF - 10 - 8.33sin(36.87o) = 0
FFB = 8.33 kN (T)
FAF = 15 kN (T)
FAE = 8.33 kN (C)
4
 θ = 36.87o
FED D θ = 36.87o
θ D
F = FDB 6.67 kN
θ
V = 10 kN F = FEC 3m 8.33 kN
θ C
FBC FDC

10 kN

+ ΣFy = 0: 10 - 2Fsin(36.87o) = 0 + ΣFy = 0: FDC - 8.33sin(36.87o) = 0

F = 8.33 kN FDC = 5 kN (C)

FDB = 8.33 kN (T)
θ = 36.87o
FEC = 8.33 kN (C) E
6.67 kN 6.67 kN
θ θ
8.33 kN 8.33 kN
+ ΣMC = 0: FED(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0
FEB
FED = 6.67 kN (C)
+ ΣFy = 0:
+ ΣMD = 0: FBC(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0 FEB = 2(8.33sin36.87o) = 10 kN (T)
FBC = 6.67 kN (T)
5
Example 2

Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss shown in

Figure. The diagonals are slender and therefore will not support a compressive
force. The support reactions have been computed.

10 kN 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN 10 kN

J I H G F

4m

A 4m B 4m C 4m D 4m E

40 kN 40 kN

6
 10 kN FJA
0
J
FJI θ
A 0
FJB
45o V = 30 kN
4m FAI = 0 40 kN
FAB
A
+ ΣFy = 0: FJA = 40 kN (C)
40 kN
10 kN 20 kN
FAI = 0
J I
FIH
+ ΣFy = 0: 40 - 10 - FJBcos 45o = 0 FIC
45o V = 10 kN
4m
FJB = 42.43 kN (T) FBH = 0
FBC
A 4m B
+ ΣMA = 0: FJI(4) - 42.43sin 45o(4) = 0
40 kN
FJI = 30 kN (C) FBH = 0

+ ΣMJ = 0: FAB(4) = 0 + ΣFy = 0: 40 - 10 - 20 - FICcos 45o = 0

FAB = 0 FIC = 14.14 kN (T)

7
 10 kN 20 kN
FBI
42.3 kN
J I
FIH 45o 0
45o 45o
FIC 0 30 kN
45o V = 10 kN
4m B
FBH = 0
FBC
A 4m B + ΣFy = 0: FBI = 42.3 sin 45o = 30 kN (T)
40 kN

+ ΣMB = 0: FCH
14.14 kN 14.14 kN
FIH(4) - 14.14sin 45o(4) + 10(4) - 40(4) = 0
45o 45o
FJH = 40 kN (C) 30 kN 30 kN
C

+ ΣMI = 0: FBC(4) - 40(4) + 10(4) = 0

+ ΣFy = 0:
FBC = 30 kN (T)
FBI = 2(14.1442.3 sin 45o) = 20 kN (C)

8
Vertical Loads on Building Frames

typical building frame

9
• Assumptions for Approximate Analysis

column w column

girder
A B
L
(a) w
w
assumed
A B points of
point of zero
0.1L zero moment 0.1L
0.21L moment 0.21L L
L
(b) approximate case
w (d)
Point of Point of
zero A B zero w
moment moment
L
0.1L 0.8L 0.1L
Simply supported
(c) model (e) 10
Example 3

Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C caused by members

EF and CD of the building bent in the figure.

1 kN/m

E F

1 kN/m

C D

A B

6m

11
 1 kN/m

4.8 kN
1 kN/m

4.8 m 4.8 m

0.1L=0.6 m 2.4 kN 2.4 kN

0.6 m

0.6 kN 2.4 kN 2.4 kN 0.6 kN

0.6(0.3) + 2.4(0.6) = 1.62 kN•m 1.62 kN•m

3 kN 0.6 m 0.6 m 3 kN

12
Portal Frames and Trusses
∆ ∆
• Frames: Pin-Supported
P P
assumed
h h hinge

l l
(a) (b)
Ph/2
Ph/2 L/2 L/2
Ph/2
P P/2 P/2
Ph/2
Ph/l Ph/l
h h

P/2 P/2
(d)
Ph/l (c) Ph/l
13
• Frames : Fixed-Supported ∆ ∆
P P

assumed
h hinges
h

l l
(a) L/2 (b) L/2
P P/2 P/2
h/2 Ph/2l Ph/2l h/2
Ph/4
Ph/4 Ph/4 P/2 P/2
Ph/4 Ph/2l Ph/2l
Ph/2l Ph/2l
P/2 P/2
h/2
Ph/4 Ph/4
P/2 P/2
(d) Ph/4 Ph/4
Ph/2l (c) Ph/2l
14
• Frames : Partial Fixity
P P

θ assumed θ
h hinges

h/3 h/3

l
(a) (b)
• Trusses

P P

∆ ∆
assumed
h hinges
h/2
P/2 P/2

l l
(a) (b)
15
Example 4

Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the members of the

Warren portal shown in the figure.

2m 4m 2m

40 kN C D E F

2m

B H G
4m
7m

A I

8m

16
 2m 4m 2m

40 kN C D E F

2m
+ ΣMJ = 0:
B H G
N(8) - 40(5.5) = 0
3.5 m
J K N = 27.5 kN
40/2 = 20 kN = V 20 kN = V

N N
N N

V = 20 kN V = 20 kN + ΣM = 0:
A

3.5 m M - 20(3.5) = 0
A I
20 kN = V M = 70 kN•m
V = 20 kN M M
N N

17
 2m 2m
FEF F
40 kN C FCD D E
2m F FEG 2m
45o BD FGH 45o
FBH
B G
3.5 m 3.5 m
J K
20 kN 20 kN = V

27.5 kN 27.5 kN

+ ΣFy = 0: -27.5 + FBDcos 45o = 0 + ΣFy = 0: 27.5 - FEGcos 45o = 0

FBD = 38.9 kN (T) FEG = 38.9 kN (C)

+ ΣMB = 0: FCD(2) - 40(2) - 20(3.5) = 0 + ΣMG = 0: FEF(2) - 20(3.5) = 0

FCD = 75 kN (C) FEF = 35 kN (T)

+ ΣMD = 0: FBH(2) + 27.5(2) - 20(5.5) = 0 + ΣME = 0: FGH(2) + 27.5(2) - 20(5.5) = 0

FBH = 27.5 kN (T) FGH = 27.5 kN (C)
18
 y
y
38.9 kN FHE
D FDE 45o 45o
75 kN x 27.5 kN x
45o 45o 27.5 kN
H
38.9 kN FDH

+ ΣFy = 0: FDHsin 45o - 38.9sin 45o = 0 + ΣFy = 0: FHEsin 45o - 38.9sin 45o = 0

FDH = 38.9 kN (C) FHE = 38.9 kN (T)

+ ΣF = 0: 75 - 2(38.9 cos 45o) - FDE = 0

x

FDE = 20 kN (C)

19
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

= inflection point
(a)

V V V V
(b)
20
Example 5

Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the members of the

Warren portal shown in the figure.

5 kN B D F G

3m

A C E H

4m 4m 4m

21
 5 kN B M D N F O G

3m I J K L

A C E H

4m 4m 4m

5 kN B M D N F O G

1.5 m
V I 2V J 2V K V L

Iy Jy Ky Ly

+ ΣF = 0: 5 - 6V = 0
x

V = 0.833 kN

22
 2m
5 kN B 4.167 kN 2m D 2m N
2.501kN
M 4.167 kN
1.5 m 1.5 m
0.625 kN 0.625 kN 0.625kN
0.833 kN I 1.666 kN J

Iy = 0.625kN Jy = 0

2.501 kN N 2 m F 2m O0.835 kN O 2m G
0.835 kN
0.625kN 1.5 m 0.625 kN 1.5 m
0.625kN
1.666 kN K 0.833 kN L

Ky = 0 0.625 kN = Ly

0.625 kN 0.625 kN
1.666 kN 1.666 kN
I 0.833kN J 0.833 kN
K L
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
A C E H
0.833 kN 1.666kN 1.666kN 0.833 kN
0.625 kN 1.25 kN•m 2.50 kN•m 2.5 kN•m 0.625 kN 1.25 kN•m
23
Example 6

Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame
shown in Fig. 7-14a. Use the portal method of analysis.

G H I
20 kN

5m
D E F
30 kN

6m

A B C

8m 8m

24
 G R H S I
20 kN

O P Q 5m
D M E N F
30 kN

J K L 6m

A B C

8m 8m

25
 G I
20 kN
2.5 m
V 2V V
Oy Py Py

+ ΣF = 0: 20 - 4V = 0 V = 5 kN
x

G H I
20 kN

5m
D E F
30 kN
3m

V´ 2V´ V´
Jy Ky Ly

+ ΣF = 0: 20 + 30 - 4V´ = 0 V´ = 12.5 kN
x

26
 Ry = 3.125 kN 3.125 kN Sy = 3.125 kN
G 4m R R 4m H S
20 kN Rx = 15 kN Sx = 5 kN
15 kN 2.5 m 4m
2.5 m
10 kN
5 kN
Oy = 3.125
Py = 0 kN
3.125 kN

5 kN 10 kN
O My = 12.5 kN P Ny = 12.5 kN
2.5 m 2.5 m
M 22.5 kN M
30 kN Nx = 7.5 kN
4m Mx = 22.5 kN 4m 4m N
3m 3m
12.5 kN
12.5 kN J K
25 kN

Jy = 15.625 kN Ky = 0 kN
15.625kN
25 kN
J 12.5 kN K
3m 3m
A B
Ax = 12.5 kN Bx = 25 kN
Ax = 15.625 kN MA = 37.5 kN•m Bx = 0 MB = 75 kN•m
27
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method
P

beam building frame

(a) (b)
In summary, using the cantilever method, the following assumptions apply to
a fixed-supported frame.
1. A hinge is place at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to be point
of zero moment.
2. A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assumed to be
a point of zero moment.
3. The axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid
of the cross-sectional areas of the columns at a given floor level. Since stress equals force
per area, then in the special case of the columns having equal cross-sectional areas,
the force in a column is also proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column areas.
28
Example 7

Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame
shown. The columns are assumed to have equal crossectional areas. Use the
cantilever method of analysis.

C
30 kN
D

4m
B
15 kN E

4m
A F

6m

29
 C x
30 kN
D
I
4m H K
B J
15 kN E 6m

4m G L
A F ~
x=
∑ x A 0( A) + 6( A)
= =3
6m ∑ A A + A

30
 3m 3m
C + ΣMM = 0: -30(2) + 3Hy + 3Ky = 0
30 kN D
2m I The unknowns can be related by proportional triangles,
Kx that is
Hx M
Hy Ky
= or Hy = Ky
Hy Ky 3 3

H y = K y = 10 kN

C
30 kN D + ΣMN = 0: -30(6) - 15(2) + 3Gy + 3Ly = 0
I
4m H K The unknowns can be related by proportional triangles,
B that is
J
15 kN E Gy Gy
2m 3m 3m = or G y = Ly
Lx 3 3
Gx N G y = L y = 35 kN
Gy Ly

31
 Iy = 10 kN 10 kN
C 3m I 3m D
30 kN Ix = 15 kN
15 kN 2m
2m
Kx = 15 kN
Hx = 15 kN
10 kN
10 kN
10 kN 10 kN
15 kN 15 kN
H Jy = 25 kN K
2m 2m
J 7.5 kN J 3m
15 kN
2m 3m Jx = 7.5 kN 2m
25 kN
G L
Gx = 22.5 kN Lx = 22.5 kN

35 kN 35 kN
35 kN 35 kN
22.5 kN
G 22.5 kN L
2m 2m
A F
Ax = 22.5 kN Fx = 22.5 kN
Ax = 35 kN MA = 45 kN•m Fy = 35 kN MF = 45 kN•m
32
Example 8

Show how to determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns
of the frame shown. The columns have the crossectional areas show. Use the
cantilever of analysis.

P Q R
35 kN
6000 mm2 5000mm2 4000 mm2 6000 mm2
4 mL M N O
I J K
45 kN

6 mE F G H
6000 mm2 5000mm2 4000 mm2 6000 mm2
A B C D

6m 4m 8m

33
 P Q R
35 kN

4 mL M N O
I J K
45 kN

6 mE F G H

A B C D

6m 4m 8m

6000 mm2 5000mm2 4000 mm2 6000 mm2

6m 4m 8m
x

~
x=
∑ x A 6000(0) + 5000(6) + 4000(10) + 6000(18)
= = 8.48 m
∑ A 6000 + 5000 + 4000 + 6000
34
 P Q R
35 kN
2m Mx Nx Ox

Lx
My
Ly Ny Oy

2.48 m 1.52 m
8.48 m 9.52 m

+ ΣMNA = 0: -35(2) + Ly(8.48) + My(2.48) + Ny(1.52) + Oy(9.52) = 0 -----(1)

Since any column stress σ is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis
σM σL 2.48 My 2.48 Ly
= ; σM = σL ; −6
= ( −6
) − − − − − ( 2)
2.48 8.48 8.48 5000(10 ) 8.48 6000(10 )
σN σL 1.52 Ny 1.52 Ly
= ; σN = σL ; −6
= ( −6
) − − − − − (3)
1.52 8.48 8.48 4000(10 ) 8.48 6000(10 )
σO σL 9.52 Oy 9.52 Ly
= ; σO = σL ; = ( ) − − − − − ( 4)
9.52 8.48 8.48 6000(10 −6 ) 8.48 6000(10 −6 )

Solving Eqs. (1) - (4) yields Ly = 3.508 kN My = 0.855 kN

Ny = 0.419 kN Oy = 3.938 kN
35
 35 kN

4m L M N O
I J K
45 kN
3m Fx Gx Hx
Ex Fy Gy
Ey Hy
2.48 m 1.52 m
8.48 m 9.52 m

+ ΣMNA = 0: -45(3) - 35(7) + Ey(8.48) + Fy(2.48) + Gy(1.52) + Hy(9.52) = 0 -----(5)

Since any column stress σ is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis ;
σF σ 2.48 Fy 2.48 Ey
= E ; σF = σE ; −6
= ( −6
) − − − − − (6)
2.48 8.48 8.48 5000(10 ) 8.48 6000(10 )
σG σE 1.52 Gy 1.52 Ey
= ; σG = σE ; = ( ) − − − − − (7)
1.52 8.48 8.48 4000(10 −6 ) 8.48 6000(10 −6 )
σH σE 9.52 Hy 9.52 Ey
= ; σH = σE ; = ( ) − − − − − (8)
9.52 8.48 8.48 6000(10 −6 ) 8.48 6000(10 −6 )
Solving Eqs. (1) - (4) yields Ey = 19.044 kN Fy = 4.641 kN Gy = 2.276 kN Hy = 21.38 kN
36
 Py= 3.508 kN
3m
35 kN Px= 29.738 kN
2m
Lx= 5.262 kN

3.508 kN

3.508 kN
5.262 kN
Iy= 15.536 kN
2m I
45 kN Ix= 114.702 kN
3m 3m

Ex= 64.44 kN 19.044 kN

19.044 kN
E 64.44 kN
3m One can continue to analyze the
Ax = 64.44 kN other segments in sequence, i.e.,
Ax = 19.044 kN MA = 193.32 kN•m PQM, then MJFI, then FB, and so on.
37