1. Define Steam Reforming Process?
Steam reforming converts methane (and other hydrocarbons in natural gas) into hydrogen and carbon
monoxide by reaction with steam over a nickel catalyst.
CnHm + n H2O => n CO + ((n+m)/2) H2 (1)
CH4 + H2O <=> CO + 3 H2 (2)
CO + H2O <=> CO2 + H2 (3)
2. What is Water-Gas shift reaction?
The water-gas shift reaction (WGS) is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water
vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:
CO(g) + H2O(v) → CO2(g) + H2(g)
The water-gas shift reaction is an important industrial reaction. It is often used in conjunction with steam
reforming of methane or other hydrocarbons,[1] which is important for the production of high
purity hydrogen for use in ammonia synthesis
3. What are the Products Obtained in steam reforming process
steam reforming process used industrially to produce various products such as hydrogen, ammonia,
and methanol from natural gas, naphtha or other petroleum-derived feed stocks.
4. What are the catalyst used in steam reforming Process?
Rhodium Catalyst Nickel Catalyst Ruthenium Catalyst Platinum Catalyst
5. Define GIRBITOL PROCESS?
Definition of GIRBOTOL PROCESS
: a process used industrially for removing acidic impurities (as hydrogen sulfide or carbon
dioxide) from gases by passing them through a solution of an ethanolamine
[Link] is VETROCOKE Process?
Vetrocoke--sulfur process. [Continuous removal of H sulfide from natural gas or synthesis
gases by scrubbing with solution of alkali arsenate or arsenite]
7. State the uses of hydrogen in petrochemicals industry?
Hydrogen requirments products (hydrogenation)
Phenol to cyclohexanol
Nitrogen to ammonia
Bibutaline to isooctane
Carbonmonoxide to methanol
Naphthalene to tetralead
8. Why excess steam is used in steam reforming process?
Excess steam is used in steam reforming process to the formation of CO and also force the reaction to
completion.
9. How desulpurised feedstock is prepared before steam reforming process?
The desulphurization of the feed is most important and essential. Natural gas or refinery gas may be
contaminated exclusively with H2S is alone by carbon-zinc oxide catalyst beds operating at 400 C. Iron-
soda mass is also found to be useful. It is advantageous to compress the gas to 35-40 bars before
desulphurization.
10. Write the two reaction involved in steam reforming process?
CnHm+nH2O~nCO+((m/2)+n)H2
CO+H2O~CO2+H2
11. Define: Synthesis gas
Synthesis gas is generally considered to be a variable mixture of CO and H2 for synthesis of organic
compounds.
12. What are the various types of reactors used in the synthesis of gasification process?
Fluidized Bed Reactor
Oil-Circulating (fixed bed ) Reactor
Slurry Reactor
13. Mention the various types of beds used in the synthesis of gasification process?
Fixed Bed
Fluidized Bed
Entrained Bed
14. What is Fischer tropic synthesis?
Fischer – tropic synthesis was planned as a unidirectional route to convert coal to hydrocarbons or
mineral oil compounds. The work started with iron oxide catalysts with which Fischer-Tropsch converted
synthesis gas mixture into olefins and paraffins.
CO+H2 --->(-CH2-)+H2O
2CO+H2--(-CH2-)+CO2
CO+3H2---CH4+H2O
15. List out the chemicals manufactured from synthesis gas?
(a)Oxo synthesis:
Aldehyde(proponaldehyde,butyraldehydes)
Alcohol(n-butanol, iso-octanol,decanol)
(b)Oxo-Aldol combined process:
2-ethyl-1-hexanol
Phosphines([Link].(CO)3).
Vinyl acetate, Ethylidene diacetate
(c)Roppes method:
Acetic acid , alcohols
16. Why purification of synthesis gas is important?
Carbon particle is scrubbed with water to avoid to plugging of calayst.
Removal of H2S by absorbed in iron-oxide (or) absorption with MEA (or) DEA
17. Define cracking process in petrochemical industry?
Cracking is a process of conversion of Higher molecular weight hydrocarbon into number of Lower
molecular weight hydrocarbons.
18. Define Hydro cracking?
Hydro cracking is nothing but cracking process takes place in presence of hydrogen. It is a most versatile
petroleum refining process.
19. Define Hydro treating process?
Hydro treatment is most of the cases may be treated as a finishing operation while hydrodesulfurisation is
mainly a technique of impurities elimination. It is removal of sulfur and other impurities in the crude.
20. What are the associated conversion processes involved in cracking operation?
Thermal cracking
Catalytic cracking
Visbreaking
Hydro cracking
Coking
21. What are the processing objectives of Fluid catalytic cracking?
An ideal addition and recovery system for fluid catalytic cracker would be one , which minimizes additions
of fresh catalyst and maintains an optimum size distribution of circuiting equilibrium calatysts are all
functions of quality and quantity of fresh cataluyst added.
22. What type of feed stock can be used in Fluid catalytic cracking?
LVGO
HVGO
Residue for ADU and VDU
23. Name some of the process variables of cracking?
Cracking Temperature( c) Nature of operation
425-460 Visbreaking
460-520 Thermal cracking
520-600 Low temperature coking
600-800 Gas production
800-1000 High temperature coking
24. What is the specialty of hydro treatment reactor?
Then the reactors have one or two stages may be employed. Sometimes reactors are arranged in
parallel to increasing the capacity of plant.
25. List out the various thermal cracking processes?
Liquid phase Thermal cracking
Vapour phase Thermal cracking
26. Define aniline point and smoke point?
Aniline point:
It is defined as the minimum temperature at which equal volumes of anhydrous aniline
and oil mixture together.
Smoke point:
It is defined as the maximum height of flame in mm at which the hydrocarbon will burn
without smoke.
27. Define cetane number?
It is defined as the percentage by volume of n-cetane in a mixture of n-cetane and alpha-methyl
naphthalene.
28. What are the products of cracking liquid feedstock?
Liquid feedstock such as diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, gas oil to gives as gases, gasoline, residues, remaining
stock.
29. Name the petrochemicals that are commercially obtained?
Gas
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
LPG
Bitumen
30. What is plat forming?
It is a unit process which converts one form of hydrocarbon(Naptha) into an another form of
hydrocarbon(BTX) in the presence of platinum catalyst without change in carbon content.
31. How feedstock is prepared in plat forming process?
We take a feed stock for Light Naptha ,Heavy Naptha. Hydro treated naptha( 68-180 C) is mixed with
recycle hydrogen. Feed and catalyst travel concurrently in all these reactors from top to bottom. Heating
the reactants in between the reactors remains unchanged.
32. State the important products obtained by pyrolysis?
Fuel oil , Gas, Gasoline, Tar oil, Circulating oils.
Soft coke, Unsaturated , Heavy aromatics pitch or coke.
33. Name some of the olefins and di-olefins obtained by catalytic cracking of hydro
carbon?
C8H18-----C3H8+C5H10(olefin-pentene)
C8H18-----2C4H8(diolefin-butadiene)
C6H12-----C2H6+C4H6(olefin-butylene)
34. What are the aromatic products obtained by catalytic cracking of hydro carbon?
Benzene, cyclopropane and 6 to 8 carbon atoms.
35. Why feedstock to reformer must be free from sulphur and nitrogen?
Feedstock for reformer must be free from these compounds, preferably sulfur and nitrogen compounds
should be kept as low as 5ppm. Hydrodesulfurisation of the feedstock assures the purity. Sulfur removal
not only helps ln reducing corrosion, but also coke deposition.
36. How pretreatment is beneficial for the cracking processes?
Then the cracked material have some impurities so only pretreatment beneficial for the cracking
processes. Sulfur in cracked products heavier (Increase) although much may excape in the form of
hydrogen sulfide.
37. Name some of the important catalytic cracking processes?
Fixed bed, Houdry
Moving beds – Air lift – Thermofor catalytic cracking Houdryflow.
Fluidised beds
a) Fluid catalytic cracking
b) Kellog( ortho flow)
c) Esso-Flexi cracking
d) Standard oil- ultra cracking
38. State the importance of ISO plus Houdri forming processes?
This is a combination processes, [Link] with thermal reforming. In another combination
reformate extraction plant is provided to remove aromatics, as this helps in recycling paraffins rich
raffinate. This process instills the polymerization unit for C3 and C4 off gases. No drastic pretreatment of
feed is essential as the feed first goes through a guard case that helps in removal of sulfur and nitrogen
impurities.
39. Define Hydro fining operation?
This operation are treated as finishing operations. Different fractions require characteristic finished
properties, hence the operation is selective to each fraction. Colour, Stability and Odour are the selective
parameters, improvement in these make the product more valuable.
40. Define Hydro –Fining Process?
The Haber Process is also called as the Haber Bosch-Procses,is the nitrogen fixation of nitrogen gas and
hydrogen gas over an enriched ion or ruthenium catalyst which is used to industrially produce ammonia.