Retaining Wall Analysis Program
WALLAP Version 6
Please read this file before installing and running WALLAP. It contains important information about the
program including recent revisions to WALLAP.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.06
Revision A52.B70.R55 August 2018
New features
Additional parameters for Strut and Anchor definition
All props are now defined explicitly as either "Struts" or "Anchors".
All props are defined explicitly as being installed on the "Left" or "Right" side of the wall.
The "Tension permitted" flag (struts only) is now applied strictly according to which side the strut is
installed. Previously it was assumed that all struts were installed on the right side of the wall. When old
data files are read, the user is prompted to select values for the missing parameters. Default values are
prompted by the program
New sign convention for strut forces
In connection with the new Strut parameters (above) the tabulated output employs a new sign convention
for prop forces. The sign is defined according to the context:
a) In tables of bending moments and displacements (individual stages):
The sign of the total prop force (including any load applied at the same elevation)
is defined in accordance with the general (WALLAP) convention for forces acting
on the wall i.e. a force acting to the right is positive.
b) In tables of forces for individual props:
The sign of the total prop force (including any loads applied at the same elevation) is
defined in relation to the prop
i.e. positive for compression in a strut (equivalent to tension in an anchor).
Tension in struts
The criterion for "tension" in struts is now based on the total sum of strut force plus any
applied loads at the same elevation.
Number of Decimal Places in tabulated values of displacement
By default, displacements are show to 3 decimal places i.e. 1 mm if working in metres
It is now possible to select 4 or 5 decimal places.
The Decimal Place option is found under the Format tab on the WALLAP desktop.
Integral Bridge design
The recent new faciliy for Integral Bridge design has been modified:
a) Revised and improved iterative procedure for calculation of Kp*
b) More automated data input sequence; improved data checking and error reporting
Revised messages and warnings
In "View Results" mode the tabulated results now inlcude links to the help system.
Click on the highlighted blue underlined text to see further explanation of the output.
The graphical representation of Surcharges now distinguishes between the two
main types of surcharge:
a) Surcharges which represent fill and are associated with a soil type.
Soil surcharges are always shown at true height at the same vertical scale as other
strata. An envelope is drawn round the soil surcharges to indicate the fill ground level.
Soil surcharges are shown in brown.
b) Surcharges which represent applied loads [Link] and traffic loading.
Large non-soil surcharges may be shown with limited height i.e. not to scale.
Non-soil surcharges are shown in red.
Output options menu
There is an additional caption in the Output options menu:
REPORT CREATION: STAGE OUTPUT SELECTION OPTIONS
Limit State factored results in Excel report files
Factored values of Bending Moment and Shear Force are now included in Excel reports
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.06
Revision A50.B69.R53 February 2017
Additional warning messages
Flow below the toe of the wall
The Warning message about Flow below the toe of the wall has been extended to include situations
where the Effective Toe elevation has been changed by modifying the wall stiffness (EI value)
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.06
Revision A49.B69.R53 February 2017
Bug fixes
Single Pile analysis with loads at various orientations.
Minor inconsistencies in the printed results for Critical Orientation
Error when Excavation level is at the toe of the wall.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.06
Revision A49.B68.R52 January 2017
New features
Integral Bridge Loading. This is a major new feature. There is a new type of Construction Stage to
model the repeated loading due to seasonal temperature changes in Integral Bridge decks. It offers a
highly automated way of implementing the design requirements of:
BSI publication PD 6694-1:2011 May 2011
"Recommendations for the design of structures
subject to traffic loading to BS EN 1997-1:2004"
Single Pile Analysis with loads applied at various orientations
This new option allows you to specify Horizontal Loads, Applied Moments and Rotational Restraints
acting in different orientations (horizontal directions). Applied loads, moments and rotational restraints
now have an additional parameter - "Orientation". WALLAP carries out a series of analyses with forces
resolved in a range of directions to discover which orientation of the resolved forces produces the most
critical result governing design.
Geosolve is grateful to Aspin Consulting Ltd for suggesting this new option and for their comments during
development.
Batch Analysis
The Batch Analysis option allows you to initiate the analysis of several data files in one run. All data files
in the current folder are analysed without interruption. The usual warning messages requiring a response
are suppressed.
The Batch option appears in the "Titles" menu. Having selected the Batch option, the calculation is
initiated in the usual way by clicking the Analyse button in the Main Menu.
Wedge Analysis for Active and Passive Limit Pressures
The Wedge Analysis calculation is more robust. The active and passive limit pressures have been
smoothed to avoid steps in the pressure diagram where there is no change of soil type.
The new "Turbo" facility significantly reduces the time taken for Wedge Analysis. The Turbo facility is
optional in order to facilitate comparison with the old slower method. The faster calculation means that
Wedge Analysis can now be used routinely in conjunction with the Strength Factor method for factor of
safety calculation. This combination was previously discouraged on account of the immense amount of
time taken.
Wedge Analysis option for Seismic Stages only
There is a new option to cut down on analysis time when Wedge Analysis is only required for Seismic
Stages. Under Factor of Safety options see the new item
Wedge option for Seismic Stages only
Change of terminology in referring to the Left and Right sides of the wall.
Up till now we have referred to the left side of the wall as the "Active" side and the right side of the wall as
the "Passive" side. The use of the terms Active and Passive has been rationalised. Active and Passive
are now used only when referring to the stress state in the soil; Active when creating a disturbing force,
Passive when providing a resisting force.
Report creation
The creation of reports containing large amounts of graphical output has been speeded up
considerably.
Bug fixes
Uplift water pressures under a base slab in conjunction with the Wedge Analysis option were not correctly
analysed. Fixed.
There was an error in the creation of additional nodes when an Initial Pore Pressure Profile was defined
which included pore pressure points above Ground Level.
Unexcavated ground (i.e. excavations of limited width) was NOT modeled in the Wedge Analysis. This
may have led to the underestimation of passive pressures in some cases. The effect was on the safe side
and is not likely to have been significant.
Error in data listing
'Partial factor on Permanent Variable loads' (!)
has been corrected to
'Partial factor on Variable Unfavourable loads'
There was a bug in the data entry for defining a change of EI of the wall. Error messages relating to
changing EI for part of the wall (only) were displayed when changing EI for the whole wall.
.
Additional warnings and messages
There was no warning that you must choose the 2D FE analysis option if a Yield Moment has been
specified for the wall.
There was no warning that Relaxation of bending moments can only occur if the EI of the wall is
decreased.
Warnings about FLOW below the toe of the wall have been added to the Summary output. Previously
they only appeared in individual stage output.
The Help menu now offers an option to look for a more recent version of the software on the Geosolve
website and warn you if your version has been superseded.
The Help menu now offers an option to download the latest version of the User Guide.
The Strut Force Summary sometimes included a redundant message concerning the summation of strut
forces when no such forces were present.
There are clearer messages emphasising the limited applicability of the Normally Consolidated
Cohesionless model.
The caption of the Soil Modulus (Spring Stiffness) column in the tables of active and passive pressures
now make a proper distinction between 2D-FE and Subgrade Reaction values.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.05
Revision A45.B58.R49 April 2013
Bug fixes
Improved warning messages when entering new wall properties.
Removal of I/O error messages during extra security check.
Active and Passive limits legend on earth pressure results repositioned.
Mended overflow error in 2DFE when excavation was at toe level.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.05
Revision A44.B58.R48 November 2012
Reorganisation of ULS options
The two alternative interpretations of ULS Design Approach 1, Combination 1 have been reorganised.
Combination 1A has been re-titled "Combination 1"
This is the (more or less) standard interpretation of Combination 1
Combination 1 has been re-titled "Combination 1 (Alternative)"
The Geosolve advice note on EC7 sets out the thinking behind this
approach
For most situations it is still advised that one need only consider the SLS situation and ULS DA1
Combination 2 unless surcharges and applied structural load are very significant. See the WALLAP Help
messages for further advice.
New feature
Design Factor on calculated Bending Moments and Strut Forces
Some Limit State options require the calculated bending moments and strut forces to be factored in order
to obtain design values. You now have the option to specify this factor. It does not affect the WALLAP
analysis itself but the Design Factor is applied to the calculated values to obtain design values. The
Detailed Results for individual stages show only the calculated values but the Summary Results show
both calculated and factored values.
Soil Properties Source file
It is now possible to edit the Datum Elevation of imported Soil Types. All other soil properties can only be
edited from within the Source File itself - as before.
Revised presentation of Strut Forces
Where there is an applied force and a strut at the same level, the Strut Force summary now shows the
net force plus a comment concerning the components of the net force.
Bug fixes
Load category was not always initialised.
Excel spreadsheet output files are now named according to Excel version (XLS or XLSX).
Mended problems with network installations where the user did not have write access to the WALLAP
folder.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.05
Revision A41.B56.R46 July 2012
Bug Fix
Partial Factors of Safety on Young's Modulus were not actually applied during the analysis. The effect on
Bending Moments and Strut Forces will not have been very great - almost always less than 10%.
Minor Revisions
Improved annotation of Limit States associated with Water Pressure profiles in the edit menus.
The graphical display of surcharges in the data now inlcudes the effect of Partial Factors.
Error reporting
A new error reporting system facilitates the generation of email reports of Run Time errors to Geosolve.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.05
Revision A41.B55.R44 June 2012
Minor Revisions
Chinese Windows
Difficulties in viewing results and creating reports have been resolved
Error messages
There was an annoying error message when starting WALLAP 6.05 for the first time.
Older data files
There were errors when reading data files generated by WALLAP 5.03 and earlier. (superseded July
2007)
Limit State Analysis
Additional option for user-defined Limit States
There were errors in the default/recommended partial factors on applied loads.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 6.05
Revision A38.B55.R43 May 2012
New features
Limit State analysis
WALLAP now offers a limited facility for the automatic application of Partial Factors of Safety relevant to
Limit State design as required by Eurocode 7. From a single set of data SLS and ULS analyses can be
carried out by simply selecting the appropriate Limit State. Partial factors are applied to
Soil strength
Soil Modulus
Surcharges
Loads
You can also specify alternative water pressure profiles for Moderately Conservative (SLS) and Worst
Credible (ULS) conditions.
Worst case excavation levels (overdig) are not adjusted automatically and must be applied manually by
the user as they are not amenable to automatic factoring.
Soldier Pile Walls can now be analysed without the need to scale the passive earth pressure coefficients
manually. The advice previously given in Appendix K is now redundant and a new option has been
introduced under "Wall Properties" to specify a "Soldier Pile Wall".
Soil Properties Source file
This facility allows you to use a set of Soil Properties defined in a separate data file. This is a convenient
way of sharing a standard set of soil properties between all the WALLAP files of one project.
Removal of a highly stressed strut
When a highly stressed strut is removed it is useful to be able reduce the load in stages. This can now be
done using the new Strut Removal option which allows you to remove the strut and replace it with an
equivalent load. You then apply increments of load in the opposite direction until the nett load is reduced
to zero.
Increased Data Capacity
Maximum No. of Data Items New limit Old limit
Version 6.05 Version 5.04
Strata on either side of wall 100 40
Soil types 100 40
Struts and anchors 80 40
Loads and Moment Restraints applied to the wall 80 40
Surcharge loads 80 40
Pore pressure profiles 40 20
Pore pressure points per profile 40 20
Construction stages 120 80
Nodes (calculated by WALLAP) 120 80
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A36.B53.R41 9th November 2011
Bug Fixes
The Arching calculation has been simplified to make it more robust and faster. Calculated wall pressures
and bending moments may be slightly higher in some cases.
Some machines with Asian Language support are unable to read the output files. An attempt has been
made to fix this problem.
New features
Load applied at the same elevation as a strut
When a load is applied at the same elevation as a strut you have the option to suspend the effect of the
strut spring during the application of the load. Details are given in the Help topic
"Temperature stresses and other loads in Struts/Anchors"
There are new data examples to illustrate the different cases.
Excavation elevation
Excavation elevation can be equal to current Ground Level. This allows the specification of a series of
berm excavations where the elevation of the top of the berm does not change.
The minimum permitted Element Length is only adjusted automaticaly if it was already equal to the
recommended value.
Seismic calculation
The Quasi-static force which is based on the retained height now includes an adjustment for the case of
a passive berm i.e. the "retained height is estimated as if the excavation level is somewhere between the
top and the bottom of the berm.
Output and reports
Active and Passive limit pressures are plotted on the earth pressure diagrams.
There is now an option to plot boundary conditions on data graphics in reports.
Report graphics can be plotted in colour.
Progress bar
A brief stage description of the current stage is displayed in the progress bar during the calculation.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A36.B52.R41 28th February 2011
Bug fix
This bug fix is only relevant to network installations
A recent Microsoft security patch places restrictions on viewing Help (CHM) files that are stored on a
network drive. On accessing the Help facilities one might see the message
This page cannot be displayed
This revision circumvents the problem without the user taking any action. On detecting network execution
the application makes a copy of the Help file on your local hard drive and accesses it from there.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A36.B51.R40 6th February 2011
Bug fix
1. An error was introduced in the previous release (Revision A36.B50.R40) in regard to the Seismic
Analysis. The effect of this was to cause the program to assume a constant value of 0.333 for the line
of action of the quasi-static force in seismic loading stages. The value entered by the user was
ignored. The line of action of the pseudo-dynamic force was treated correctly.
2. Revised calculation of the trapezoidal pressure distribution of seismic forces (Revision A36.B50.R40).
An extra node is now introduced at the newly calculated "equivalent excavation level"
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A36.B50.R40 30th November 2010
Bug fixes
Revised treatment of a moment load at the same elevation as a rotational restraint as described in the
box below.
Moment loading via floor slabs which also provide rotational restraint.
In WALLAP Version 5.01 Revision A11.B26.R18 (Dec. 2002) a new facility
was introduced which permitted the application of structural moments at the
same elevation as an existing rotational restraint. This facility was intended to
be used for modelling the common situation where a floor slab or bridge deck
(encastré into the wall) is subject to live loads which cause moment loading in
the wall.
This new facility created a special case. Where the applied moment was at the
same elevation as an existing rotational restraint, the effect of the rotational
restraint was suspended during the application of the load.
It is now realised that this modification was introduced mistakenly. There
is no reason to disable the rotational restraint in any circumstances. Re-
examination of some actual cases of deep excavations with stiff slabs
shows that the errors are unlikely to be serious in practical circumstances.
Further details are given in the WALLAP Help system
Error in Wedge Analysis when surcharges were placed on top of fill.
Improved calculation
Revised treatment of a horizontal load at the same elevation as a strut. See Help messages for details
Revised calculation of the trapezoidal pressure distribution of seismic forces. Where a berm is present an
estimated equivalent ground level is used and its value is displayed in the results in the "Assumptions"
section.
Tension is ignored in the Wedge Analysis method for calculating limiting active pressures. A one time
message is displayed during the analysis if this rule has been invoked.
Revised algorithm for choice of relaxation factors to improve convergence in Displacement and Bending
Moment calculation.
Help file
The Help file is now in CHM format.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A35.B49.R39 21st May 2010
Bug fix
There were errors in the last release with the following combination of options and soils data:
Wedge Stability option
Wall friction
Submerged berms
The previous warning message has been removed as the calculation is now known to be reliable.
Apologies to all users for any inconvenience caused.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A34.B48.R39 27th April 2010
Bug fix
Overlapping surcharges were not accumulated properly when using the wedge stability option.
Improved features
Improved calculation of active and passive limits by the wedge stability method for cases including berms,
submerged berms, limited width excavation and surcharges at ground level.
Improved calculation of active and passive limits by the wedge stability method for cases including wall
friction.
Improved calculation of passive resistance of submerged berms (when not using the wedge stability
option).
Improved display of limited width excavation combined with berms and surcharges at ground level.
The Notepad Facility for calculating Ka and Kp values from phi and delta is now shown automatically
when the analysis options require compatible values of phi, delta, K a and Kp
The help facility for Steel Pile section properties now shows moment capacities for both Standard and
Higher Grade steel. The table inlcudes:
Ultimate moment capacity
Allowable moments for temporary works ( partial FoS = 1.35 )
Allowable moments for permanent works ( partial FoS = 1.50 )
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A32.B47.R38 17th December 2008
A horizontal Load applied at strut level is applied as if the strut is not present. This allows you to model
thermal stresses in struts properly. If you need to apply a horizontal load at a strut elevation and the load
is from a source unconnected to the strut then you should apply the load at an elevation which is slightly
different from the strut elevation.
Bug fixes
Minor changes to avoid "negative effective stress" errors in certain marginal cases.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A31.B45.R37 13th December 2007
Bug fixes
1. "Factor all soil strengths" could be accessed in View Results mode.
2. Very long path names were not properly displayed in the title box and error messages
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A30.B45.R36 8th November 2007
Bug fix in new feature -
Option to define the Yield Moment of the Wall
There was an error in the checking of wall moments against the yield limit. The message "Yield moment
already exceeded at stage nnn" was sometimes given when no yield limit had been set. The calculation
terminated prematurely. All errors would have been on the safe side.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A30.B44.R36 16th October 2007
New feature
Option to define the Yield Moment of the Wall
This new feature allows you to define a Yield Moment for the wall (pile). This represents the ultimate
capacity of the wall in bending. If the bending moment reaches the limiting value the wall continues to
deform at constant moment i.e. the wall is assumed to be fully ductile.
You define the value of the Yield Moment in the Wall / Pile properties. This value applies to the whole
height of the wall. If you wish to define different values of yield moment for different parts of the wall then
you use the Construction Stage "Change EI of the Wall" which offers you the option of defining a Yield
moment to go with the new EI [Link] a limited part of the wall. For Single Pile Analysis you can also
define the Diameter of the new pile section.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A28.B42.R35 6th July 2007
Bug fix in new feature -
Wedge stability analysis for calculating active and passive limit pressures
Further minor errors have been corrected.
1) The combination of wall friction and water pressures produced errors in limit pressures
2) The combination of seismic forces and submerged ground produced errors in limit pressures
3) Wall friction was modelled but wall adhesion was not - results for cohesive soils with wall adhesion
may have been in error.
4) Calculations in imperial units (lb,feet) for very deep walls were in error due to numerical overflow.
Advice: All calculations using the Wedge Calculation combined with
a) wall friction and water pressures
b) seismic forces and submerged ground
c) cohesive soils and wall adhesion
should be repeated.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A27.B39.R35 26th April 2007
Version 4 data files can now be read by version 5.04.
Improved speed of calculation for Wedge Calculation with Strength Factor method
Uniform terminolgy for Seismic analysis options. Adjustment of Limit Pressures is always referred to as
"Quasi-static" analysis.
Minor changes to verification of network installations.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A25.B37.R33 14th March 2007
New features
1) Wedge stability analysis for calculating active and passive limit pressures (see 17th January
2007 below)
2) Seismic analysis. There is a new type of construction stage which applies seismic loading.
Revised calculation
When the EI value of the lower part of the wall is reduced to a negligible value, the FoS calculation takes
account of the reduced effective depth of the wall.
Bug fix in new feature -
Wedge stability analysis for calculating active and passive limit pressures
Further minor errors have been corrected.
1) FoS by the Strength Factor method - values of FoS were overestimated.
2) Passive berms: passive resistance was slightly overestimated.
Advice: All calculations using the Wedge Calculation combined with Strength Factor method or Berms
should be repeated.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A25.B36.R33 7th February 2007
Bug fix in new feature -
Wedge stability analysis for calculating active and passive limit pressures
FoS of propped walls by the Strength Factor method - Wedge calculation was not actually implemented.
Errors in Active and Passive limit pressures for Normally Consolidated soil by the Wedge calculation.
Errors were significant but not drastic.
Advice: All calculations involving the Strength Factor method or NC soil should be repeated.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.04
Revision A25.B35.R33 17th January 2007
New feature
Wedge stability analysis for calculating active and passive limit pressures
Version 5.04 marks the introduction of a major new facility for calculating Active (and/or Passive) Limit
Pressures in a more rigorous way than the conventional use of earth pressure coefficients, Ka and Kac.
(or Kp, Kpc).
This option is appropriate for certain cases where the usual assumptions of earth pressure theory are not
strictly applicable, such as:
Sloping backfill with cohesion (for which the usual earth pressure coefficients are not applicable)
A berm or uneven ground on the active (or passive) side
Intense surcharges over a limited width
Ramp surcharges
Weak soil layers at depth
Non hydrostatic water pressures
The maximum number of characters in a Soil description has been increased to 20 characters.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A24.B34.R33 2nd January 2007
New feature
WALLAP can now deal with the situation where the wall is tending to fail from right to left. If you get the
message
Wall tending to fail from right to left
You will also see a message
Note: To obtain a Factor of Safety for the case of wall failing from
right to left you should reverse the data (Ctrl+K) and re-analyse.
Where the direction of failure alternates during the construction sequence you will have to do separate
analyses to obtain factors of safety for all stages.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A23.B34.R33 13th December 2006
New feature
Iteration limits increased
200 iterations per stage for Subgrade Reaction analysis
2000 iterations per stage for 2D FE analysis
Bug fix
Improved menu for help on earth pressure coefficients
Analysis options menu - formatting error corrected
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A22.B33.R33 30th June 2006
New feature
Pile section data displayed as a prompt with EI value of wall.
Bug fix
1) Program would hang when calculating FoS by the Strength Factor method in certain cases with a
berm when the Factor of Safety was large.
2) Pasted text in data input could have non-standard characters
3) Improved copying of graphics to Windows clipboard
4) If, after analysing the data it was modified or saved under a new name, the program stated that it
could not find the results file or that the results did not match the data. On pressing "OK" the program
then returned an error. "I/O error No. 103 The semaphore can not be set again at USER12". Once this
error has been received further analysis OF ANY DATA FILE yielded unreliable results. In order to
clear this problem it was necessary to shut WALLAP down and restart. The bug has been fixed - no
error message is displayed and subsequent analyses produce correct results.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A21.B32.R31 6th October 2005
New feature
Licensee and serial number included in About box
Bug fix
Rate of change of cohesion w.r.t. depth could be given a value even for cohesionless soil !
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A20.B32.R29 10th April 2005
Bug fix
The program would hang when using a monitor with a resolution greater than 1024 x 768 pixels.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A19.B32.R29 20th March 2005
Bug fix
Relaxation of the wall when changing EI was not implemented if the EI change was not the last stage.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A19.B31.R28 7th February 2005
Bug fix
Improved calculation of passive resistance of berms when there is a strong layer overlying a weak layer.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A19.B30.R26 August 2004
New feature
Factor soil strength option
It is now possible to factor all strength parameters by a common factor.
Type Ctrl E within the Soil Types menu or select the option under Edit in the Main Menu
Bug fixes
1) Factor all moduli (Ctrl F) was not working from the Main Menu
2) Pwp point elev check for stage 0 - bug corrected
3) EI change - initialisation message caused error
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.03
Revision A17.B30.R26 July 2004
New features
1) The "Change EI of wall" construction stage now includes an additional option to control the treatment of
displacements in conjunction with the change of wall stiffness. The options are:
a) Allow the wall to relax with new modulus value
b) Reset wall displacements to zero at this stage
c) No adjustments to wall displacements
Full details are given in the online help.
2) Wall of variable cross-section
It is now possible to model a wall composed of different materials at various elevations. This is done
through the "Change EI of wall" construction stage
3) Relaxation of wall under long term conditions
It is now possible to model the extra displacements and stresses resulting from the long term reduction
of the modulus of a concrete wall. This is done through the "Change EI of wall" construction stage.
4) Where the wall stiffness varies with depth, the table of displacements and bending moments includes
the value of wall stiffness at each elevation.
Bug fixes
1) Wall/Soil interface
The Wall / Soil interface parameter was not behaving properly. Editing this parameter had the effect of
setting it for the left side of the wall only . The rough/smooth setting for the right side of the wall
remained set to smooth regardless of the value shown in the data listing. This was not clear to the user
as the data listing showed only one value which apparently referred to both sides of the wall.
The parameter is only relevant to the 2D FE analaysis. The effect of the bug was generally to
overestimate displacements and bending moments slightly because a smooth wall offers less resistance
to displacements than a rough one.
2) Text data
An '@' character in a title or soil name used to cause formatting errors
The units of wall stiffness did not always inlcude the final string '/m run'
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.02
Revision A16.B29.R24 January 2004
New features
Cohesion can vary with depth in drained soil.
Undrained soil in Single Pile analysis - an error message is displayed but the soil type is not changed
automatically any more.
The mouse cursor moves with change of focus from data to graphics.
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Retaining Wall Analysis Program - WALLAP Version 5.02 September 2003
This was revision A14.B28.R21 dated 16.09.03 which superseded revision A13.B28.R20 of
31.08.03
There was a minor bug in revision A13.B28.R20 related to Stage Selection while viewing results.
The results of calculations were not affected.
New features
The "Factor all moduli" feature is now implemented
It is now possibe to apply a moment load at a node where a rotational restraint is already acting. The
effect of the rotational restraint is suspended during the stage in which the moment is applied but
operates again as usual in all subsequent stages.
Output of results to an Excel spreadsheet is supported
Bug fixes
The calculation of passive resistance of berms was underestimated for very small berms
In the help facility for calculating Ka, Kp, negative values of wall friction (delta/phi) and backfill slope
angle (beta) were ignored.
The wrong bending moment scale was shown on summary plots when "Common Scale" was used and
the maximum bending moment was on left hand side.
For single pile analyses there was bogus printout of Factors of Safety, both for individual stages and in
the summary. There is in fact no FoS calculation for the single pile analysis!
The data display did not always match the stage number when editing construction stage data.
Greek characaters are now shown properly in the edit menus.
The message "Wall failing from right to left" had been changed to "Wall moving from right to left".
There is now room for 9 digits in the strut modulus box.
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Release notes for WALLAP version 5.01 - 2002
WALLAP version 5.01 is the first windows version of WALLAP.
WALLAP Version 5 has been designed to provide a high degree of compatibility with its predecessor,
version 4.10 at many levels:-
Version 4 data files (both Standard and Large versions) can be read and processed by Version 5.
The definition and usage of all engineering parameters is preserved in version 5.
The methods of calculation are identical apart from:-
Revised criterion for maximum water filled tension crack depth
Revised arching active pressure calculation
The formatting of printed data and results is preserved virtually unchanged.
To summarise, you should be able to read and process your version 4 data files and obtain virtually
identical output using WALLAP version 5.
Old bug fixes and modifications
Version 4.10 A20.B21.R24 (13.09.01)
The maximum POSSIBLE depth of water filled tension crack is now calculated assuming that
water pressure in the crack provides support to the active soil block. The maximum POSSIBLE depth of
tension crack is now given by the expression:
[Link]/gamma'
where gamma' is the submerged density of the soil. In previous versions of WALLAP (up to and
including 4.10) the maximum POSSIBLE depth of tension crack had been calculated according to the
expression:
[Link]/gamma
The maximum ACTUAL depth of tension cracks permitted in analyses can still be limited by use of the
"maximum water filled tension crack depth" parameter.
The calculation of arching active has been modified to achieve more rapid convergence in difficult
cases. Values of bending moments and strut forces differ only slightly from those obtained previously.
Bug fix. The combination of the following options:-
Finite element analysis
Arching active option
FoS by Strength Factor method
was causing errors in the tabulated values of active pressures and nett pressures. The erroneous
values were Coulomb active pressures where arching active values should have been shown. The
values of bending moments, shear forces and strut forces were not affected.
Bug fix. The combination of the following options:-
Finite element analysis
Arching active option
Water filled tension cracks
was causing arching active pressures to be calculated in water filled tension cracks! Values of active
pressures and therefore of bending moments may have been slightly underestimated. The effects are
unlikely to have had critical design implications.