Republic of the Philippines
BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology
Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Philippines 3010
________________________________________________________ Cert. No. 19.67.PH212501.00
Laboratory Exercise
Surface and Subsurface Drainage
Submitted to: Cresan Joy Villaroman
Submitted by: Feliciano P. Mendoza, Jr.
Introduction:
Subsurface drainage is a management tool that reduces erosion and phosphorus
enrichment of surface waters from agricultural activities by reducing total runoff (Management
Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA), 1998).
On flat agricultural lands, with slopes often below 0.5 percent, ponds form where the
infiltration into the soil is less than the amount of water accumulated after rainfall, snowmelt,
irrigation or runoff from higher adjacent places. In cold climates, a combination of snowmelt and
frozen subsoil is particularly troublesome, while in dry regions so is an irrigation followed by
unexpected heavy rain. Ponds form on the ground surface, especially where the infiltration rate is
below the precipitation intensity. This process also occurs where the groundwater is deep. (Ochs
and Bishay, 1992).
Another cause of pond formation is insufficient subsurface drainage (natural or artificial),
causing groundwater tables near or even above the surface. In this case, the flow is not restricted
by insufficient infiltration into the soil but by the limited discharge of groundwater. The two
processes sometimes interfere. A temporary high groundwater level may cause slaking and crust
formation, which then causes stagnation of water on the surface, even after slight rains. Such
pools tend to become larger during further rains ( Sieben, 1964).
Related Literature
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
The agri-food sector is an important part of Canada. In the late 1800s more than 80% of
Canada’s population was involved in agriculture. Today, approximately 15% of our population is
employed in the agri-food sector, although less than 3% of the population actually farm (Coote &
Gregorich 2000). Food costs approximately 14% of disposable income in Canada, which makes
it one of the least expensive countries in the world (based on 1998 data) in which to buy food
(Coote & Gregorich 2000).
LAND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Ontario has the largest area of cultivated, agricultural land with improved drainage in
Canada (Coote & Gregorich 2000). In Ontario, systems designed to drain water from agricultural
land include a combination of surface and subsurface drainage systems located within
agricultural fields.
Surface drainage
removes water from the surface of agricultural fields. Surface drainage systems may
include land smoothing or grading, field ditches, lateral ditches, grassed waterways, and open
drains or channels that provide an outlet for the accumulated water (Ritter & Shirmohammadi
2001; Irwin 1997b).
Subsurface drainage
(often called tile drainage in Ontario) removes excess water from the plant root zone and
lowers the water table (Ritter & Shirmohammadi 2001). The water table in agricultural fields is
represented by the upper surface of groundwater, which is the line or level in the soil below
which the soil is saturated.
Perched water table
is the surface or upper limit of a local zone of soil that is saturated with water that also is
separated from the main body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone in the soil. A perched
water table may be held above the main body of groundwater by an impermeable layer in the
soil, usually clay (Brady & Weil 2002).
IMPORTANCE OF DRAINAGE
• Ensures that the soil is properly aerated. If you have excess or standing water it can
choke your crops.
• Reduces soil and nutrient loss from runoff and can help avoid soil erosion
• On hill slopes helps to reduce the risk of soil slippage
ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE DRAINAGE
are to minimize the duration of ponded water that inundates crop, and minimize the
prolonged saturation of soil which restricts gas exchange with the soil and plant roots system or
which prevents cultural operations.
ADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
• Prevent water overflow- directing water away from your property to prevent
flooding.
• Decreases possibility of toxic materials- there’s a danger of toxic conta,ination
whenever a flood occurs, if you have a sub drainage systems installed, it will enable
you to get rid of excess water
• Reduces soil erosion-passive water accumulation can make soil muddy over time,
wgich can cause the soil to erode.
Agricultural land management and value:
• Construction practices
• Field efficiency and overlap of operations
• Government resources
• Land value
• Maintenance practices
• Regulatory compliance and mitigation against future changes in attitudes, policies and
regulations
• Safety
• Soil erosion contro
Natural land management and value:
• Headwater function re habitat and food web of ecosystem
• Headwater function re hydrol-ogy of water
• Headwater function re physical/chemical characteristics of wa-ter
• Government resources
• Land value
Conclusion
A proper drainage system can prevent standing water that can lead to flooding by sending
the water away from your homed. The excess water in your yard may kill plants. Drainage
systems also stop the gathering of stagnant water, which can encourage mosquitoes to breed.
Recommendations:
[Link] a factsheet outlining circumstances when a request to enclose an open drain
could be denied and the associated appeal process
2. Update the outline of a bene-fit-cost analysis under the Drainage Act
3. Conduct research on the impact of enclosure on headwater func-tions in agricultural
landscapes
4. Determine if grassed water-ways are commonly in place over enclosed drains
5. Examine what incentives would encourage private landowners to maintain the
ecological functions of drains
6. Develop recommendations for best management practices for enclosed drains
References:
1. Brady, N. C. & Weil, R. R. The nature and properties of soils (thirteenth edition). 2002.
NJ, Prentice Hall. Ref Type: Book
2. Coote, D. R. & Gregorich, L. J. (eds). 2000. The Health of Our Water: Toward
Sustainable Agriculture in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Research Branch, Research Planning and Coordination Directorate. Ref Type: Report
3. Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA). Encyclopedia of materials: science and
technology, 1998.
4. Ritter, W. F. & Shirmohammadi, A. 2001. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution.
Watershed management and hydrology. Florida, CRC Press LLC. Ref Type: Book
5. (Ochs and Bishay, 1992). Drainage and reclamation of salt affected soils in the Bardenas
area, Spain. ILRI Publication 24. Wageningen, The Netherlands, ILRI. 321 pp.
6. Sieben, W.H. 1964. De invloed vande ontwateringstoestand op stikstofhuishouding en
opbrengst. Landbouwkundig Tijds., 76: 784–802.