Chapter -3
National Income And Related Aggregates
3.1 Background : Performance of an economy depends on the amount of
goods and services produced in that economy. In monetary terms its
measure is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income
(GNI), and Net National Income (NNI). Apart from these macro-economic
aggregates, the other important indicators to measure health of economy
are capital formation and savings. Thus, measurement of these macro-
economic indicators is an extremely important exercise, which requires
collection and analysis of large volume of data. The conceptual framework
guiding such an exercise has to be robust and evolve with the time to keep
pace with the dynamics of the manifested world.
3.2 System of National Accounts (SNA): The System of National
accounts (SNA) was developed by United Nations with an aim to provide a
comprehensive conceptual and accounting framework for compiling and
reporting macroeconomic statistics for analysing and evaluating the
performance of an economy. The origins of the SNA trace back to the 1947
Report of the Sub-Committee on National Income Statistics of the League of
Nations Committee of Statistical Experts. The 1953 SNA was published
under the auspices of the UNSC. It consisted of a set of six standard
accounts and a set of 12 standard tables presenting detail and alternative
classifications of the flows in the economy. The concepts and definitions of
the accounts were widely applicable for most countries, including developing
countries. Two slightly modified editions of the 1953 SNA were published.
SNA was revised in 1960, 1964 and 1968 in vew of country experiences in
implementing SNA 1953, to improve consistency with IMFs Balance of
Payments manual and to extend the scope by adding input output tables,
balance sheets and to bring it closer to Material Product System (MPS)
respectively . 1993 SNA represented major advance in national income
accounting and SNA 2008 is the latest version in the series with different
degree of implementation across countries. In India a National Income
Committee to work out a system for reliable estimation of national income
was appointed in 1949 and in 1954 the National Income Unit was
transferred from Ministry of Finance to the Central Statistics Office which is
presently responsible for bringing out the estimates.
3.3 Economic Growth - World Scenario : Comparison of real GDP growth
rates since 1980, on the basis of International Monetary Fund, World
Economic Outlook Database, October, 2014 ( Charts as Annexure 3 A & 3B),
reveals much higher growth rates in case of Developing Asia (generally in
the range of 5-10 %) followed by that of emerging markets and developing
economies with both these categories usually achieving a higher growth
rate as compared to world average . The advanced economies, on the other
hand, usually had lower growth rate than the world average, during the
period (1980 onwards). Country wise comparison amongst some of the
leading economies (China, USA, Japan, India, Brazil, Russia & South Africa )
conforms to the same. China followed by India (with exceptions during a few
years) grew at more rapid pace compared to USA & Japan. Similar is the
case with South Africa & Russia (except for year 2009) as they grew at a
faster pace since 2000 than US & Japan. Consequently composition of world
GDP, based on purchasing power parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP, has
altered significantly during the last three decades. Share of China and
India, which accounted for merely about 5% of world GDP during 1980 , has
increased to more than 20 % in 2012-13 while most advanced economies
included in G-7 have seen a decline.
Composition of World GDP Based on PPP valuation of country GDP
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2013
United States China India Japan
Germany United Kingdom France Italy
Looking ahead, global growth is projected to
strengthen from 3 percent in 2013 to 3.6
percent in 2014 and 3.9 percent in 2015. In
advanced economies, growth is expected to
increase to about 2¼ percent in 2014–15, an
improvement of about 1 percentage point
compared with 2013. Key drivers are a
reduction in fiscal tightening, except in Japan,
and still highly accommodative monetary
conditions.
Growth in advanced economies is projected
to strengthen moderately in 2014–15,
building up momentum from the gains in
2013. Growth in the United States will remain
above trend, and growth in Japan is expected
to moderate, mostly as the result of a modest
fiscal drag. Growth will be strongest in the
United States at about 2¾ percent. Growth is
projected to be positive but varied in the euro
area: stronger in the core, but weaker in
countries with high debt (both private and
public) and financial fragmentation, which will
both weigh on domestic demand.
In emerging market and developing
economies, growth is projected to pick up
gradually from 4.7 percent in 2013 to about 5
percent in 2014 and 5¼ percent in 2015.
Growth will be helped by stronger external
demand from advanced economies, but
tighter financial conditions will dampen
domestic demand growth. In China, growth
is projected to remain at about 7½ percent in
2014 as the authorities seek to rein in credit
and advance reforms while ensuring a
gradual transition to a more balanced and
sustainable growth path. Growth is projected
to remain robust in emerging and developing
Asia and to recover somewhat in Latin
America and the Caribbean.
Economic Growth History of India :
3.4 As per some studies , The Indian economy grew at 1.5% per annum
during 1900 to 1913 and at an average rate of growth of 0.7% per annum
during the 30 year period from 1917 to 1946. ( Back series for National
Accounts Statistics based on 1993-94 prices brought out by CSO is available
from 1950 onwards).
3.5 Phase 1 (1950-51 to 1979-80) : As per conventional wisdom Indian
economy was stuck since independence in the ‘Hindu rate of growth,’(also
referred to as socialist rate of growth as the period of 30 years from 1950–
51 to 1979–80 was the phase of socialist experimentation in India ) of about
3.5% per annum. In this phase the economy had accelerated rate of growth
compared to preceding colonial period and average income, measured by
per capita GDP, grew at 1.3% per annum. Growth during this period was
fairly volatile, with a co-efficient of variation of 1. There was structural
change in economy with increase in share of non agriculture , mainly led by
industry. The period of mid 60’s (through 70’s ) to 1980 saw pronounced
decline in GDP with slackening of industrial growth .The 1970s interregnum
(in otherwise continuously increasing GDP over sub phases as per the table
below) was also marked by the severe deceleration in agricultural growth.
This period of slower growth is referred to as second sub phase within the
first phase.
3.6 Phase 2 (1980-81 to 2001-02) : The slowdown of growth witnessed
during the 1970s was reversed during the 1980s; the pick-up benefited from
the initiation of some reform measures aimed at increasing domestic
competitiveness. A significant experiment with coalition government ended
in 1979–80 and the Congress (I) party returned to power in 1980–81. The
recognition that the controls and subsidies introduced by the Congress
governments during the earlier phase were not serving their intended
purpose had gradually dawned on the establishment during the late
seventies. The new government gradually initiated a new approach to
economic management. During the 80’s there was shift towards the
ascendancy of services relative to industry in growth. The rising share of
public sector was the main source of increasing share of services in GDP.
3.7 Since the early 1990s, growth impulses appeared to have gathered
further momentum in the aftermath of comprehensive reforms introduced
by enactment of radical new economic policy framework in 1991-92 coupled
with the macroeconomic response to the BOP crisis . This marks the
beginning of second sub phase within the second phase of economic growth.
During this sub phase private organized sector grew rapidly relative to the
public sector, increasingly shifted towards services relative to industry, and
led the decisive reinforcement of a services dominated growth trajectory.
Phase I (1951-52 to 1979-80) Phase II (1980-81 to 2001-02)
Sub-phase I A I B Sub-phase
(1980-91) (1992-
Phase I (1951-64) (1965-79) Phase II
2001)
Growth rate (%)
GDP (market prices) 3.6% 4.4% 2.9% 5.7% 5.5% 6.0%
GDP (factor cost) 3.5% 4.1% 2.9% 5.2% 5.5% 6.1%
GDP at factor cost (HP filtered) 3.7% 3.9% 3.5% 5.5% 5.2% 5.8%
Per capita GDP at market prices 1.4% 2.3% 0.6% 3.6% 3.3% 3.9%
Per capita GDP at factor cost 1.3% 2.0% 0.6% 3.6% 3.2% 4.1%
Private consumption (PFCE) 3.2% 3.7% 2.8% 4.7% 4.5% 4.9%
Government consumption (GFCE) 5.8% 6.6% 5.1% 6.3% 6.0% 6.6%
Investment (GDCF) 6.1% 7.9% 4.5% 6.3% 5.0% 7.8%
Machinery & equipment 6.6% 9.7% 3.7% 8.9% 9.9% 7.9%
Private GFCF 3.6% 3.5% 3.8% 8.5% 8.4% 8.6%
Goods and Services Export 3.8% 0% 10.2% 9.5% 8.4% 10.8%
Oil Import 37.1% 9.8% 6.9% 13.2%
Coefficient of Variation
(Std/mean)
GDP at Market prices 0.9 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.4 0.2
GDP at Factor cost 1.0 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.2
Sources: CSO (Series at 1993-94 prices); RBI (Series converted using implicit price deflator for GDP).
3.8 There was some loss of the growth momentum in the latter half of the
1990s which coincided with the onset of the East Asian financial crisis,
setbacks to the fiscal correction process, quality of fiscal adjustment,
slowdown in agriculture growth affected by lower than normal monsoon
years, and some slackening in the pace of structural reforms. Monetary
tightening in the face of inflationary pressures is also believed by some to
have contributed to the slowdown over this period.
3.9 The uptrend in decadal domestic growth (except for interregnum in
1970s) during the first two phases (1950’s to 2000’s) was associated with
the consistent trends of increasing domestic savings and investment over
the decades. Gross domestic savings increased continuously from an
average of 9.6 per cent of GDP during the 1950s to about 38 per cent of
GDP during 2007-08 ; over the same period, the domestic investment rate
has also increased continuously from 10.8 per cent in the 1950s to close to
36 per cent by 2006-07. A very significant feature of these trends in savings
and investment rates was that Indian economic growth was financed
predominantly by domestic savings. The recourse to foreign savings –
equivalently, current account deficit – was rather modest during these phase
of Indian growth process. The two decades, 1960s and 1980s, when the
current account deficit increased marginally towards 2 per cent of GDP, it
was followed by significant balance of payments and economic crisis.
3.10 Sector wise growth during the two phases is summarised as below.
Interestingly, growth of manufacturing production, in terms of decadal
averages, was roughly constant at around 5.6-5.9 per cent in the first five
decades after Independence, except for the 1970s. There are two other
features of our growth history that are notable. First, agricultural growth has
been subject to large variation over the decades. The 1970s interregnum is
particularly marked by the severe deceleration in agricultural growth,
followed by a marked recovery in the 1980s, and a slowdown thereafter.
Second, until the 1990s, little note had been taken of growth in the services
sector. A glance at the growth record suggests that it is the continuing and
consistent acceleration in growth in services over the decades, that had
earlier been ignored, that really accounts for the continuous acceleration in
overall GDP growth, once again, except for the 1970s interregnum.
Phase Sub-phase Phase Sub-phase
I: II:
1951-2 IAIB 1980-1 II A II B
to to
Sector 1979-80 (1951-64) (1965-79) 2001-2 (1980-91) (1992-01)
1 Agriculture & allied 2.1% 2.9% 1.4% 3.6% 3.9% 3.3%
1.1 Agriculture 2.3% 3.1% 1.5% 3.8% 4.2% 3.3%
2 Mining 4.6% 5.6% 3.7% 6.3% 8.4% 3.8%
3 Manufacturing 5.3% 6.6% 4.1% 6.4% 6.1% 6.8%
3.1 Registered (Modern ) 6.1% 7.9% 4.4% 6.9% 6.8% 7.1%
3.2 Unregistered 4.5% 5.4% 3.7% 5.6% 5.0% 6.3%
4 Electricity, Gas, & Water 9.6% 11.2% 8.1% 7.5% 9.0% 5.7%
5 Construction 4.9% 6.8% 3.2% 5.2% 5.2% 5.3%
6 Trade, Hotels, & Restaurants 4.8% 5.6% 4.0% 6.7% 5.4% 8.1%
6.1 Trade 4.8% 5.6% 4.0% 6.6% 5.4% 8.0%
6.2 Hotels & restaurants 4.8% 5.6% 4.0% 8.0% 6.1% 10.3%
7 Storage, transport, & communication 5.7% 5.9% 5.6% 7.2% 5.7% 8.9%
7.1 Railway 4.2% 4.8% 3.6% 4.2% 4.9% 3.3%
7.2 Other transport 6.3% 6.4% 6.3% 6.5% 6.0% 7.0%
7.3 Storage 5.5% 2.3% 8.5% 2.3% 2.5% 2.0%
7.4 Communication 6.7% 7.4% 6.1% 11.6% 6.3% 18.0%
8 FIREBHS 3.5% 3.1% 4.0% 8.6% 9.4% 7.7%
8.1 Banking & insurance 6.7% 6.6% 6.9% 10.6% 11.6% 9.4%
8.2 Real estate, housing & business 2.6% 2.1% 3.0% 7.2% 8.0% 6.3%
services
9 Community, social, & personal 4.3% 4.4% 4.2% 6.3% 5.6% 7.1%
services
9.1 Public administration & defense 6.1% 6.6% 5.7% 6.2% 6.2% 6.3%
9.2 Other services 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 6.4% 5.2% 7.7%
Sub-aggregates
A Tradable goods 2.8% 3.6% 2.0% 4.6% 4.7% 4.5%
B Non-tradable services 4.7% 5.2% 4.2% 6.9% 6.3% 7.5%
b.1 Services, excluding FIREHBS 4.9% 5.6% 4.3% 6.5% 5.7% 7.4%
C GDP, excluding GDP administration 3.4% 4.0% 2.8% 5.7% 5.4% 6.1%
D Services excluding GDP administration 4.5% 5.0% 4.1% 6.9% 6.4% 7.6%
Source CSO (all series at 1993-94 prices)
3.11 Recent Performance of the Indian Economy: After achieving
unprecedented growth of over 9 per cent for three successive years between 2005-06
and 2007-08 and recovering swiftly from the global financial crisis of 2008-09, the
Indian economy has been going through challenging times that culminated in lower than
5 per cent growth of GDP at factor cost at constant prices for two consecutive years, i.e.
2012-13 and 2013-14 India’s recent slowdown is partly rooted in external causes(
Global slowdown), domestic causes are also significant nonetheless. The strong post
financial crisis stimulus led to stronger growth in 2009-10 & 2010-11. However, the
boost to consumption , coupled with supply side constraints , led to higher inflation.
Monetary policy was tightened, even as external headwinds to growth increased. The
consequent slowdown, in 2012-13 and 2013-14, has been board based , affecting
particularly the industry sector. Sub-5 per cent GDP growth for two years in succession
was last witnessed a quarter of a century ago in 1986-87 and 1987-88
3.12 India’s growth has declined from an average of 8.3 per cent per annum during
2004-05 to 2011-12 to an average of 4.6 per cent in 2012-13 and 2013-14. Average
growth in the emerging markets and developing economies including China declined
from 6.8 per cent to 4.9 per cent in this period (calendar-year basis). What is particularly
worrisome is the slowdown in manufacturing growth that averaged 0.2 per cent per
annum in 2012-13 and 2013-14.
3.13 As per the provisional estimates released by CSO, gross national income (factor
cost, constant prices) is estimated to have risen by 4.7 percent during 2013-14, in
comparison to the growth rate of 4.1 percent in 2012-13. GDP (Factor cost constant
prices)for 2013-14 also showed a growth rate of 4.7 percent over the First Revised
Estimates of GDP for the year 2012-13 . The per capita net national income in real
terms (at 2004-05 prices) during 2013-14 is estimated to have attained a level of Rs.
39,904 . The growth rate in per capita income is estimated at 2.7 percent during 2013-
14 as against 2.1 percent during 2012-13. GDP at factor cost at constant (2004-05)
prices in the year 2013-14 was estimated at Rs 57.42 lakh crore while the first revised
estimates put the GDP for the year 2012-13 at Rs 54.82 lakh crore.
3.14 ‘Agriculture, forestry and fishing’ sector in 2013-14 has shown a growth rate of
4.7 percent , backed by favourable monsoon with rice, wheat and sugarcane production
estimated at 106.29 million Tonnes, 95.85 million Tonnes and 348.38 million Tonnes
respectively. In the case of ‘mining and quarrying’, the Index of Industrial Production of
Mining registered a decline of 0.8 percent during 2013-14 . Two prominent components
of mining, coal and crude petroleum, have stagnated in the last three-four years. and
their production registered growth rates of 0.8 percent and (-) 0.2 percent respectively
in 2013-14. The growth of ‘mining &quarrying’ was estimated at (-) 1.4 percent.
Similarly, the IIP of manufacturing registered a growth rate of (-) 0.8 percent during
2013-14 leading to estimation of growth of ‘manufacturing’ sector at (-) 0.7 percent.
The key indicators of construction sector, namely, cement and consumption of finished
steel registered growth of 3.0 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively in 2013-14 whereas
the key indicators of banking, namely, aggregate bank deposits and bank credits have
shown growth of 14.6 percent and 14.3 percent. In the transport and communication
sectors, the sale of commercial vehicles, cargo handled at major ports, cargo handled
by the civil aviation and passengers handled by the civil aviation registered growth rates
of (-) 20.2 per cent, 1.8 percent, 2.6 per cent and 6.6 per cent respectively during April-
March of 2013-14. Indicators of Railways sector, namely, Net Tonne Kilometers and
Passenger Kilometers have shown growth of 1.6 and (-) 1.9 percent respectively during
2013-14 . The Trade, hotels and transport sector have registered a growth of 3.0
percent in 2013-14. The sector 'community, social and personal services' has shown a
growth rate of 5.6 per cent in the provisional estimates.
3.15 GDP at factor cost at current prices in the year 2013-14 is estimated at Rs104.73
lakh crore, showing a growth rate of 11.5 percent over the First Revised Estimates of
GDP for the year 2012-13 of Rs 93.89 lakh crore. The per capita income at current
prices during 2013-14 is estimated to have attained a level of Rs 74,380 as compared
to the First Revised Estimates for the year 2012-13 of Rs 67,839 showing a rise of 9.6
percent. GDP at current market price is estimated at Rs 113.55 lakh crore in the year
2013-14 as against Rs 101.13 lakh crore in the year 2012-13 showing an increase of
12.3 per cent. At constant (2004-05) prices, the GDP at market price is estimated at Rs
61.96 lakh crore in the year 2013-14 as against Rs 59.0 lakh crore in 2012-13 showing
an increase of 5.0 percent over the previous year.
3.16 Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) at current prices is estimated at Rs
64.85 lakh crore in 2013-14 as against Rs 57.72 lakh crore in 2012-13. At constant
(2004-05) prices, the PFCE is estimated at Rs 37.20 lakh crore in 2013-14 as against
Rs 35.48 lakh crore in 2012-13. In terms of GDP at market prices, the rates of PFCE at
current and constant (2004-05) prices during 2013-14 are estimated at 57.1 percent
and 60.0 percent, respectively, as against the corresponding rates of 57.1 percent and
60.1 percent, respectively in 2012-13.
3.17 Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE) at current prices is estimated
at Rs 13.41 lakh crore in 2013-14 as against Rs 11.89 lakh crore in 2012-13. At
constant (2004-05) prices, the GFCE is estimated at Rs 6.87 lakh crore in 2013-14 as
against Rs 6.62 lakh crore in 2012-13. In terms of GDP at market prices, the rates of
GFCE at current and constant (2004-05) prices during 2013-14 are estimated at 11.8
percent and 11.1 percent, respectively, as against the corresponding rates of 11.8
percent and 11.2 percent, respectively in 2012-13.
3.18 Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) at current prices is estimated at Rs 32.11
lakh crore in 2013-14 as against Rs 30.72 lakh crore in 2012-13. At constant (2004-05)
prices, the GFCF is estimated at Rs 20.00 lakh crore in 2013-14 as against Rs 20.02
lakh crore in 2012-13. In terms of GDP at market prices, the rates of GFCF at current
and constant (2004-05) prices during 2013-14 are estimated at 28.3 percent and 32.3
percent, respectively, as against the corresponding rates of 30.4 percent and 33.9
percent, respectively in 2012-13
3.19 Comparison of growth rates in GDP (factor cost , constant prices) and
the constituents contribution to the same during past few years reveals that
for achieving an annual growth rate of 9% or higher, all the three major
sectors of the economy i.e. agriculture, industry & services have to perform
well. In view of the same, performance of agriculture & industry is
particularly a matter of concern. Industrial revival, in particular is central to
sustained revival in overall growth.
GDP Growth & Point Contribution of Different Sectors
12
10
0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Agriculture Industry Services GDP at factor cost
Sectoral Share in GDP(%)
Sector 1999-2000 2007-08 2012-13 2013-14(P)
Agriculture & allied 23.2 16.8 13.9 13.9
Industry 26.8 28.7 27.3 26.1
Mining & quarrying 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.9
Manufacturing 15.0 16.1 15.8 14.9
Registered manufacturing 9.2 10.7 11.2 NA
Unregistered manufacturing 5.8 5.4 4.5 NA
Services 50.0 54.4 58.8 59.9
Trade, hotels, transport, and
21.2 25.9 26.9 26.4
communication
Financing, insurance, real estate,
14.5 16.1 19.1 20.6
and
business services
Community, social, and personal
14.4 12.4 12.8 12.9
services
3.20 The share of the agriculture and allied sectors in GDP has been consistently
declining. The mining and quarrying sector witnessed continuous decline in GDP share
for several years, indicating its inability to cater to requirements of high growth, in the
absence of comprehensive reforms. In the case of manufacturing, most of the gain in
share occurred during 2004-05 to 2007-08, when the sector was growing at an annual
average rate exceeding 10 per cent, along with robust growth in corporate profits,
savings, and investment. During 2008-09 to 2012-13, the share of manufacturing
remained roughly constant despite an increase in share of the registered segment, as
unregistered manufacturing recorded an average annual growth of only 3.4 per cent.
3.21 The share of final consumption in GDP has been declining consistently since the
1950s, reflecting mainly the decline in share of private final consumption expenditure
(PFCE). This is not surprising, as higher income levels have led to higher savings by
households and reduced the share of consumption. This was also inevitable as higher
investment required for raising growth had to come from higher domestic savings .
3.22 Investment comprising of fixed capital formation, acquisition of valuables, and
changes in stock and inventories, adjusted for errors and omissions strongly correlates
with the growth of the economy since 2003-04(Investment rate and Growth rate ).
Private sector is the major source of investment in the country. The investment rate
investment to GDP ratio) averaged 24.5 per cent over the period 1990-91 to 2003-04
The year 2004-05 marked a break, with the rate of investment exceeding 30 per cent
for the first time. Between 2004-05 and 2012-13, the rate of investment averaged 35.4
per cent, reaching the peak of 38.1 per cent in 2007-08. However there has been sharp
slowing of corporate investment in recent years.
Investment by Type of Institution as a Ratio of GDP at Current Market Prices (%)
Capital Formation Rate
3.23 Gross Domestic savings rate averaged 18.6 per cent in the 1980s and 23 per cent
in the 1990s. The savings rate exceeded 30 per cent for the first time in 2004-05 to
reach to 36.8 per cent in 2007-08, which still remains the historic peak. From a high of
36.8 per cent, the gross savings rate fell by 6.7 percentage points of the GDP in 2012-
13. The bulk of the decline can be attributed to the private corporate and public sectors.
On average, households accounted for nearly three-fourths of gross domestic savings
during the period 1980-81 to 2012-13. The share declined somewhat in recent years
whereas that of the private corporate sector increased from about 15 percent since
1980's to about 23 % in past few years. Within households, the share of financial
savings vis-à-vis physical savings has been declining in recent years. With a significant
reduction in the growth of construction activity in 2012-13, physical savings rates by
households also declined.
Gross Domestic Savings Rate and its Components as Percentage of GDP at
Current Market Prices
Item 1990s 2000s 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Historic high*
Gross domestic
23.0 30.6 36.8 32.0 33.7 33.7 31.3 30.1 36.8 (2007-08)
savings
Household sector 17.7 23.1 22.4 23.6 25.2 23.1 22.8 21.9 25.2 (2009-10)
Financial 9.6 10.8 11.6 10.1 12.0 9.9 7.0 7.1 12.0 (2009-10)
Physical 8.0 12.3 10.8 13.5 13.2 13.2 15.8 14.8 15.8 (2011-12)
Private corporate 3.6 6.3 9.4 7.4 8.4 8.0 7.3 7.1 9.4 (2007-08)
sector
Public sector 1.6 1.2 5.0 1.0 0.2 2.6 1.2 1.2 5.6 (1976-77)
3.24 Concepts & Definitions : The major concepts used in National
Accounts Statistics and the inter relationship, particularly of those relating to
macro-economic aggregates of domestic product, consumption, saving and
capital formation are given in the following paragraphs.
• Domestic Product : Domestic product by definition is a measure in
monetary terms of the volume of all goods and services produced by an
economy during a given period of time, accounted without duplication. The
measure obviously has to be in value terms as the physical units of
production and different measures of services are not capable of simple
addition. In the case of a closed economy, this measure amounts to
domestic product.
• Domestic Product And National Income : The domestic product
measures all goods and services arising out of economic activity, while
national income is the sum of all incomes as a result of the economic
activity. Since the production of goods and services is the result of the use
of primary factors of inputs, namely, capital and labour, along with the raw
materials, the process automatically generates income. This income is in the
form of return to capital and labour used in the production process. National
income includes only those incomes which are derived directly from the
current production of goods and services, which are called factor incomes.
• National Income And Expenditure: The production within the
economy over a given period of time is spent either for consumption of its
members or for addition of fixed assets or for addition to the stock of
existing productive assets within the country. Hence, production can also be
measured by considering the expenditure of those who purchase the
finished or final goods and services. The national expenditure is the sum of
expenditure of all spending of institutional sectors viz., government,
households and enterprises. The expenditure on final goods and services
may be purely for consumption purposes like consumption of food, clothing,
shelter; services etc., or for capital formation such as addition to buildings,
plant, machinery, transport equipment, and the like. Some goods may not
be immediately sold and may be kept aside as stocks. These goods which
are added to stocks are also accounted for as final expenditure.
• Production/Income/Expenditure: The national income of a
country can be measured in three different ways, from the angle of
production, from income generation and from final utilization. These three
forms are circular in nature.
• Gross National Income (GNI): The economy of India is not closed
as there are transactions with rest of the world in the form of exports,
imports, loans and the like. This gives rise to the concept of national or
domestic income. Gross Domestic Product refers to the production of all
resident units within the borders of a country, which is not exactly same as
the production of all productive activities of residents. Some of the
productive activities of residents may take place abroad. Conversely, some
production taking place within a country may be attributed to temporary and
seasonal foreign labour. The Gross National Income is calculated by the
following formula:
• GNI = GDP + compensation of employees and property income
receivable from the rest of the world – compensation of employees and
property income payable to the rest of the world.
• Categories Of Expenditure: The income available to the individuals
in the form of labour income or capital income or to the productive units in
the form of retained income is then spent. The utilization or expenditure of
the income can take various forms, namely, (a) household consumption
expenditure; (b) government consumption expenditure; and (c) capital
formation comprising fixed capital formation and stock accumulation.
• Household Consumption Expenditure: The household consumption
expenditure referred to as private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) in
the National Accounts Statistics (NAS), consists of expenditure by
households (including non-profit institutions) on non-durable consumer
goods and services and all durable goods except land and buildings.
• Government Final Consumption Expenditure: Government final
consumption expenditure comprises of the compensation to the Government
Employees and purchases of goods and services by the Government
including purchases abroad. Compensation of Employees of general
Government consists of wages and salaries and social security contribution.
• Gross Capital Formation: Gross Capital Formation includes only
produced capital goods (machinery, buildings, roads, artistic originals etc.)
and improvements to non-produced assets. Gross Capital Formation
measures the additions to the capital stock of buildings, equipment and
inventories, i.e. additions to the capacity to produce more goods and income
in the future. The components of gross capital formation are
• gross fixed capital formation
• changes in inventories
• acquisition less disposal of valuables(such as jewellery and works of
art)
• Gross Fixed Capital Formation includes purchases of new assets within
the domestic market like buildings, transport equipment, machinery,
breeding stock etc.; import of new assets; own account production of new
assets such as production of rail engines, wagons, trucks, aero-planes, farm
machinery, breeding stock of fish, sheep, cows etc. by the enterprise;
purchase of new houses by consumer households and net purchase of
second hand physical assets from abroad.
• Change in stocks (inventories) consists of the difference between the
opening stock and the closing stock.
• Saving: Saving represents the excess of current income over current
expenditure of various sectors of the economy. It is the balancing item on
the income and outlay accounts of the producing enterprises, households,
government administration and other final consumers. For a closed
economy, savings equals capital formation during the year, whereas for the
open economy savings equals capital formation plus net capital inflow from
abroad during the year.
• Gross Versus Net Value Added: GDP does not take into account the
depreciation factor because of which it does not reveal the complete flow of
goods and services through various sectors. Thus, the term net product is
considered more suitable which is obtained by subtracting depreciation cost
from the gross domestic product. Capital goods like machines, equipment,
tools, factory building, tractors etc. get depreciated during the process of
production. After some time these capital goods need replacement. The
decline, during the course of the accounting period, in the current value of
the stock of fixed assets owned and used by a producer as a result of
physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage is
called Consumption of Fixed capital (CFC). Deduction of CFC from GDP
provides with the net domestic product.
• Current Versus Constant Prices: National income regardless of the
concept is obviously measured at prices prevailing during the period or in
other words at current prices. When calculated over a number of years, the
changes in national income would, therefore, include implicitly not only the
effect of the changes in production but also the changes in prices. This
estimate compared over the period would not, therefore, give a proper
measure of the overall real increase in production of the country or the
economic welfare of the people or growth of the economy. Therefore, it
would be necessary to eliminate the effect of prices, or in other words to
recompute the whole series at given prices of one particular base year.
National income thus computed, is termed as National Income at constant
prices or in real terms.
3.25 Sources Of Data: National Accounts Statistics in India are compiled by
National Accounts Division in the Central Statistics Office, Ministry of
Statistics & PI. The data are released as per advance release calendar
available on the website of the Ministry ([Link] ) and annual as
well as quarterly estimates are leased. The Advance Estimates after release
undergo several rounds of revision before they are finalized. Consequently
various versions like Provisional Estimates , First Revised Estimates, Second
Revised Estimates etc are also released. Earlier 1993-4 series was being
used which has now been replaced by 2004-05 series and 2004-05 prices
are being currently used to derive estimates for constant prices. Data
needed for computation of National income is collected from various diverse
sources and is used not only for the actual computation of National Income,
but also for cross-checking the final National Accounts Estimate.
3.26 Administrative Records, Census And Surveys
Some of the important sources of data, which have been used in the new
series, are as follows:
(a) NSS 61st round (2004-05) on employment and unemployment and
consumer expenditure;
(b) NSS 62nd round (2005-06) on unorganized manufacturing;
(c) NSS 63rd round (2006-07) on services sectors;
(d) All India Livestock Census, 2007;
(e) NSS 59th round (2002-03) on All India Debt and Investment Survey;
(f) Population Census, 2001; and
(g) Fourth All India Census of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises,2006-
07.
3.27 Further, the results of various studies undertaken by the Central
Statistics Office through the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Environment
and Forests and State Governments and also the Input-Output Transactions
Tables prepared by the Central Statistics Office and the Cost of Cultivation
Studies conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture have been used in the new
series for updating the rates and ratios used to estimate the consumption of
fodder, market charges paid by the farmers, yield rates of meat, meat
products and meat by products for different categories of animals, input
rates for agriculture and forestry and the trade and transport margins.
3.28 National Industrial Classification 2004 is used for computation of
National Income Estimates in India.
3.29 Coverage : In the system of National Accounts, the accounts relating
to the resident institutional sectors portray various facets of economic
activity ( production, distribution etc ) pertaining to the following
institutional units:
• Public sector
• Government Administrative Departments
• Departmental Commercial undertakings
• Non Departmental Commercial Undertakings
• Private Corporate Sector
• Households including NPISHs
References :
• The Growth Record of the Indian Economy, 1950-2008: A Story of
Sustained Savings and Investment(Keynote Address by [Link]
Mohan, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India at the Conference
“Growth and Macroeconomic Issues and Challenges in India” organised
by the Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi on February 14, 2008)
• Working Paper No. 122, India’s Economic Growth: From Socialist Rate
of Growth to Bharatiya Rate of Growth, Arvind Virmani, Indian Council
For Research On International Economic Relations
• Growth and Structural Changes in Output in India since Independence:
A Study Report by Surajit Mazumdar for Institute for Studies in
Industrial Development
• Economic Survey 2012-13 & 2013-14
• International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April
2013
• Website of United Nations Statistics Division
Annexure 3(A)
Annexure 3(B)