Vocabulary Builder Introduction TA Word families 1 Word families are groups of words formed from a base word. Complete the chart. Noun ‘Adjective Verb Adverbs wonder wonderful wonder wonderfully ease easy hope lazy beauty create please sad surprise annoy 2 Use the chart in exercise 1to complete the sentences with ‘the correct form of the word. 1 Because of your laz_, welll never get finished in time. 2 I must say, find your attitude alittle sur 3 He really does play the piano beaut___ 4 She's far too clever. She does everything annoy___well 5 We have to solve this problem fast. We need to think creat 66 Herever even gave me a birthday card and that sad__ me. 7 Take two ofthese tablets. t'lhelp toeas__ the pain. 8 They spent a very pleas___hour in the park walking and talking 9 I've eaten John’s cake, but hop. he wor't notice! IC Adjective + preposition 3 Complete the sentences with the prepositions below. about at by from of on to with 1 Mylittle brother is obsessed football. He talks about nothing else 2 Her unruly behaviour at schools characteristic troubled home ie. 3 Your teacher s very concerned in maths 4 tknow my caris getting old now, but Im very attached it 5 Sarahis very emotionally detached __her family. 6 My grandma is very dependent my parents. 7 You're very skilful putting your bike back together again, 8 Hewas completely shocked his parents’ divorce. ‘your lack of progress Unit 1 1C Adjectives with positive and negative meanings 1 The pairs of adjectives below have similar meanings, but one hhas a positive and the other a negative association. Copy the table and write the adjectives in the correct column, arrogant /selfassured calculating / shrewd courageous / foolhardy _ pushy / enthusiastic reserved / antisocial stingy / thrifty Posi fe 2 Complete the sentences with one adjective from each pair in exercise 1 1 Don’t expect a birthday present from her she's well-off, but so with hermoney. 2. The new sales assistant is wonderful She's so genuinely about the products that everybody buys them, 3. know you think youre being brave, but actualy I think climbing that walls just 4 Leo'savery Judge of character. He knew immediately that the journalist wasn't being honest. 5 Come over and chat to the rest ofthe group. Don't be so 1 1G Gradable and extreme adjectives LEARN THIS! Rules for gradable / extreme adjectives Ge, Cradable adjectives + describe qualities that can be measured in degrees, such as size, beauty, age, et + can be used in comparative or superlative forms ‘+ are used with grading adverbs: abit /ftte, slightly, fairy, rather, very, extremely, immensely. Extreme adjectives: + talk about an absolute state. + can't be used with comparative or superlative forms + are used with intensifying adverbs: absolutely, completely, utter, totaly. NOTE: Pretty and realy can be used with both types. 3 Complete the sentences with the adjectives below. lean cold scary small starving terrible 1 My room is always very Itdy it every day 2 | want to go home. This party is really ' 3. need some lunch now because tm absolutely 4 The food was good, but the portions were rather 5. |don'twanta lift with Anna—her driving’s pretty 6 Itwas slightly too ‘to be sitting outside in March Vocabulary BuilderIntroduction 11 Present simple and present continuous Present simple We use the present simple + forhabits and routines Lalways gotobed at 10 otlock + forpermanent situations and facts Helivesin Leicester: + fortimetabied and scheduled events, The concert starts at 8 [Link] Saturday. «in future time clauses after when, as soon as after etc or (the) next time, ‘Wellhave some [Link] soon as Victor arrives. Present continuous We use the present continuous + for something happening now or about now. Hes otudying English at university. + with aiaaysto describe annoying behaviour Mymumisalwaye teling me to clean my room, + forthings we have already agreed todo, usually with somebody else (arrangements), Tmplaying footiall on Saturday afterncon, 1 Choose the correct verbs to complete the sentences. 11 ‘Have you got any plans for this evening?""I__ with Vicky’ a 'mgoingout b goout 2 Myflight __at five, so we need to be at the aitport a good ‘two hours before that: a ‘sleaving b leaves 3 Jack _ basketball every week 2 isn't playing b doesn't play 4 It seems that the Earth’ climate _ hotter. a is getting b gets 5 You___where you've put your keys! a always forget b are always forgetting 6 Our English teacher __ from Manchester. a iscoming b comes 7 Ilse you after the lesson _ 2 finishes b isfinishing 1.2 going to and will going to We use going to ‘+ for things we have already decided to do (intentions). Iimgoing to vet my grandparents atthe weekend. '* to make predictions based on present evidence. Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. will We use will + for things we decide to doas we are speaking instant decisions, offers, promises). That's the phone tinging answer it “This bagis veryheary Tear: Mlringyouae scon a6 get to London Grammar Bulder and Reference Grammar Builder and Reference ‘+ to make factual statements about the future, and to make predictions. The sun wil ise at G47 tomorrow morning, Do youtthink youll finish your homework before midnight? 1 Complete the sentences. Use will or going to and the verb inbrackets. 1 Byell (see) you tomorrow. 2 ‘Have you got any plans for this evening?‘ (meet) Vicky’ 3 Look! That car’s going too fast. It (crash), 4 im going totown later so! alift 5 The forecast said that tomorrow's weather {be) cold and wet. 6 (you / see) James this evening? 7 Careful your phone’ (fallout of ‘your bag! 8 You should come to the concert - you {have) a great evening, 9 Can borrow your per? | to give it back. 1OThanks for your help. foryou one day! (give) you (not forget) (do) the same 13 Past tenses Past simple and past continuous + Weuse the past simple a foran action or event at a definite point in the past. We played valeyballlact Saturday, Hejoined the team at the age of sixteen. b for actions or events that happened one after another, | passed the ball to himand he scored. She got up had a shower, gotcdressed and left the house. «with certain verbs that are not used in continuous tenses: for example, believe, hate, know, like, ove, need, prefer, wart. I belive his otory. (NOT Inetsbeloving his story) ‘+ Weuse the past continuous fora description ofa scene in the past: Iwas raining. Some children were playing rugby. + We often use the past continuous and the past simple in the same sentence. The past continuous describes a background action or event; the past simple describes a shorter action or event that interrupted it |as having breakfast when the phone rang My friendo were watiching TV when larvived. ‘+ Wecan use the past simple or the past continuous with when, as and while What were you thinking ae you walked down the street? What were you thinking as you were walking down the strect? + We often use as with the past simple for two short actions that happened at the same time. Asileft theroom| tripped over the cat.Past perfect ‘We use the past perfect simple for an action that happened before a specific time in the past. ‘After Ihad washed up, | watched TV. 1 Complete the sentences. Use the past simple or past continuous of the verbs in brackets. Sometimes both tenses are possible, 1 Thesun (shine) and the birds (Ging) when | (leave) the house, 2 The moment (see) him, | (realise) I'd met him before. 3 What you (4) when Joe (ea) you? 4 While we (wait for yout (start) to rain 5 She (walk) nto the room, (st down) and (start) toread the paper. 6 Atthe time of the earthquake, | (ive)in Tyo. 1 (move) back to the UX shortly afterwards, 7 Hany (play) alot of football while he (ive) in Oxford, 8 ASI (leave) the house the sun (come out 2 Complete the sentences. Use the correct past perfect simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Hewas in debt because he with his money. 2 She was never short of money because she (always keep) some back fora rainy day. 3 I didn’t know where she was because she (not tell me where she was going, 4 They (be) comfortably off before the stock market crash 5 __youever started toleamn German? 6 She was late for work because she. (get up) late Tif (know) you were a vegetarian, | wouldn't hhave cooked meat! (not be) careful (visit) Germany before you Grammar Builder and Reference 1.4 Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Present perfect simple ‘We use the present perfect + for recent events, particularly when giving news Have you heard? The president-has (just) resigned. + for an action that happened at some unspecified time in the past. if we specify the time, we use the past simple) Have you (ever) cen akoala? Ive been toNew York ‘= with state verbs, to say how longa situation has existed (We use for, since or how long) Ive known Eva for yeara. She's Ned here since 2001 + forrecent events that have a result inthe present. Ive (already) bought: the tickets We can go inside. Icarit,goouts{ haverit done my homework (yet). Present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous + foractions that have been happening recently and repeatedly, \We've been playing anew computer game recently. Ive been working hard this torm ‘= tosay how long an action has been in progress. (We use for, since or how long) Jake has been watching TV for three hours, ‘= toexplain a current situation in terms of recent events. Tintired because ve (just) been playing tennis. Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous + We use the present perfect simple to emphasise that an action is complete. Compare: Ivebeen reading The Hobbi. "m half way through) Iveread The Hobbit. (It was great) + ifwe specify an exact number of occasions, we cannot use the continuous form Weve been arguingalot. We've argued twice this week, [NOT fester mentee ton thine ‘We can use the simple or continuous form with just and already. However, we do nat use the continuous form with yet. Ive]ust spoken to Jack. /vejust been speaking to Jack. Ive already wornit./ ve already been wearing. Has he packed yet? (NOT Hashebeerpacking.yot2) Grammar Builder and Reference (LEIrm 1 Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 (search) for hours but | (not find) my phone yet. 21 (visit) the USA a few times but | (never see) a baseball game. 3 (you / see) my watch? | {look} forit since this morning, 4) (just / talk) to Abby on the phone. Do you want a quick word with her 5 Ive (eat) all morning. tm so full 6*____{you/see) Martha?’ ‘Yes. she (work) in the library. You can go along and see her? 7 Iimtired because | _ (play) three tennis matches today. 8 We (watch) Twilight. Do you want to see the ‘end with us? 9 Fantastic! England (wir) the word championship! 0 ‘you ever (take) partina sports competition? 1,5 State verbs and dynamic verbs Dynamic verbs describe actions and can be used in simple or continuous tenses. Compare: Dadimakes dinner every Friday. = regulary) Dad cant come to the phone:he's making dinner: (= now) Jake has watched TY every right this week. (+ recently and repeatedly) This evening, heisboen watching TV for three hours, progress fora specific period of time) State verbs describe states, not actions. They are often connected with abstract ideas «emotion: care, envy, fear hate, lite, love, mind, prefer, want, ete. + possession: belong, own, posses, ete. + thought: agre, believe, cisagre, doubt, know, mean, recognise, understand, etc + others: contain cost depend, fit, matter need, seem, weigh, et State verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. ‘hate cheese. hate this song (NOT Farhan —) Ive know Eva for yearo, (NOT Frebeemtnowing==) Ive never understood baseball INOT Keneverbeomtinderstanding—) ction in Grammar Builder and Reference Grammar Builder and Reference Some verbs can be state or dynamic depending on the meaning Only the dynamic sense can be used in continuous tenses Pad State verb think _|Imthinking about work_| think she’s at work, feel |Timnot feeling confident. | He feels im eekish, have [Hebhavnga shower/a | Shehae three cats. Piano leeson /lunch, Took | What-are youlookingat?_| He looks very calm. see__| Iinseeing Dan later Ieee what you mean smell | Whyare yousmeling that | Doesthe sandwich emel sandwich? allright? taste | Shestaetingthesoup | Thesoup tastes greatl ‘appear | Heb been appearingon | She appears tobe quite stage in London assertive. 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 ‘Stop it! You {behave} selfishly: "why? (not understand) what you (mean)” 2 “Why (you / laugh) at my Tshirt? “Because it (not fit) your 3 “This bag that | (carry) weighs a tonne!” 1 (know).it {contain} all my books” a (you / like) this play?” “Not really butt (not matter) (not mind) staying until the end. 5 "We (need) to go home. t's midnight?” 4 (potcare.| (enjoy) myselt 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. Use each verb twice, once ina simple and once ina continuous form. have look see think 1 Inoticed thata man 2 My great grandfather London in the 1950s. 31 ‘the doctor tomorrow about my cough. 4 | missed my stop because | about dinner. 5 When we artved, the teachers a meeting, 6 Itsraining, but itwill stop soon. 71 ‘that you've been eating my crisps! 8 That game fun. Can! have a go? atour car. aaclothes shop inUnit 1 11:1 Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous Past perfect simple ‘We use the past perfect simple ‘+ fora completed action that happened before a specific time inthe past. After had showered. had my breakfast. ‘+ with state verbs (now, be ke, etc) and for or since to say how Jong an action had been in progress. Weld only been at the beach fora few minutes when it started raining Past perfect continuous ‘We use the past perfect continuous ‘+ for longer actions or situations before a specific time in the past. They had been lving nthe same apartment for buelve years. ‘+ to show the cause of something in the past. He was exhausted. He had been runing, ‘+ with action verbs and for or since to say how long an action hhad been in progress. They'd been playing footizallforhalFanhourbefore anyone scored.a goa 1 Choose the correct tense. 1 Thad tried / had been trying to get tickets forthe show for ‘weeks when they sold out. 2 She had finished / had been fir dinnertime, 3 had been knowing / had known the truth for days, 4 He was tired because he'd been playing / he'd played basketball all afternoon 5 Pam had liked /had been child. 6 They were watching /had watched TV when the telephone rang ing her homework by ding horses since she was a 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the past. perfect simple or the past perfect continuous. noteat have learn putup sleep think wait 1 He for eight hours and still wasn't awake when |called 2. She was hungry because she since breakfast, 31 for half an hour outside the cinema before my friends arrived. 4 They Spanish for five years before they visited Mexico. 51 Lee was at home but he was already in town, 6 By the age of 30, she 7 We all went to sleep after we five different jobs. the tent. Grammar Builder and Reference 1.2 used to and would ‘+ We use used to or would to describe habits and situations in the past that are now finished. When he was young, he used to live in France. When lived inthe city. I'd go jogging in the park every morning. didnt. use to enjoy tennis, but | donow. Did there use tobe a bookshop in the centre of town? ‘+ Wedo not use used to or would when we say how long a situation or habit in the past continued; we use the past simple. He cycled to school for three years, ‘+ We can't use would with state verbs. We use used to. My mum used to bea nurse. (NOT Mymutnwoudtbea nurse) ‘+ We do not usually use would with questions and negatives; we use used to. ‘+ The structures never used to and would never are common, negative forms. I never used to like curry. ‘She would never come swimming with us. 1 Complete the sentences with used to or would. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 They to Paris. 2 Hewas a bad student and do his homework. (ive)in London but they moved (forget) to 3 Inever (enjoy) baseball but now im a huge fan ate (want) to be a vet but he's changed his mind. 5 They (go) on holiday twice a year but, they can't afford to nowadays. 6 Our old flat was neara park and we (play) there at weekends. 7 Myolder brother but he shaved it off 8 Can you believe that years ago, people (not / own) smartphones! (rave) a moustache 113 Position and order of adjectives ‘© Wecan use most adjectives before a noun oraftera linking verb (be, become, fee, get, ook, seem, smell sound, taste, etc) He's an excellent cook! His cooking is delicous. ‘+ When we use more than one adjective to describe a noun, we use this order: fo E |aninteresting_|small [oid | siver_| Roman | ‘There are some adjectives (eg alone, afraid alive, annoyed, asleep. glad) that we do not usually put before a noun. We can se them after a linking verb or use another adjective with a similar meaning He lived a lonely fe without many friends, Hevecsanstone tent het meer treme Grammar Builder and Reference (ES1 Write the adjectives in the correct order. 1 This café serves some (Spanish, tasty) dishes 2 He used to own a (big, scary, black) dog. 3 Have you seen that (new, Mexican, funny) film yet? 4 We watched as a (sver, huge) ‘moon rose in the sky. '5- The woman was holding a (tiny, young). baby. 6 Who owns that (red. French, new) carover there? 2 Choose the correct adjective to complete the sentences. 11 My grandmother lives on her own but she's not.a lonely / analone person 2. Have you heard the expression ‘let asleep / sleeping dogs lie? 3 The main character in this book is an annoyed / angry man atthe beginning. 4 Sadly, her only living / alive relatives live in Australia, 5 They were glad / happy parents when theirson got home safely 6 Someone ought to help that frightened / afraid child BEES rama sutder and teterence Grammar Builder and Reference Unit 2 2.1 Comparative structures ‘+ Comparative and superlative adjectives are formed with -erand-est or more / most and less / least, unless they are iregular: difficult most difficult (regular) hot hottest good best irregular Anes Ter further furthest ‘+ Comparative and superlative adverbs are usually formed with ‘more and most, unless they are irregular. (cegular) [slowly | moresiowly | most sowiy badly worse | worst (irregular) 2 ss wel better | best ‘+ A few comparative and superlative adverbs are formed with -er [Link], ike adjectives: eary, fast, har, late, near, soon. larriveda lot later than realised. Who gets up the earliest in your family? ‘© Some determiners also have comparative and superlative forms. few fewer fewest litle less least ‘much / many more most 2.2. Qualifying comparatives ‘We_can use (sc) much or farto make the meaning of a comparative form more extreme. ive farhotter than expected He eae so much more healthy than he used to. + Weuse even to express surprise Iimtall but youre even taller! + Wecan use a it, slighty, abit, alot, or noto modify a comparison. iteabitcolder than lexpected. They played no worse than last time + Wecan modify comparison with as...as by using just, imost, nearly, nowhere near, or nothing like Hei just as competitiveashissister Silver is nowhere near as expensive as oo. + Wecan talk about a gradual change by repeating a comparative form, Itisgetting harder andl harder to save money. + We an use this comparative structure to show that two things change because they are connected, The more lexercice, the fitter get + Comparisons often havea clause after than Flying to Australia is quicker than used to be