CLAUSE 2. DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS PART C AWS D1.1/D1.
1M:2015
the root of the weld shall not exceed FSR as determined
0.10 + 1.24 ----
w
by Formula (4). t p
RFIL 0.167
- ≤ 1.0 (for mm)
= --------------------------------------
Formula (4) tp
8 0.333
44 × 10
F SR = R PJP ---------------------- ( ksi )
N
11 0.333
2.17 Detailing, Fabrication, and
14.4 × 10
F SR = R PJP --------------------------- ( MPa ) Erection
N
2.17.1 Transitions in Thickness and Width
In which:
RPJP = Reduction factor for reinforced or non- [Link] Butt-Joint Thickness Transitions. Butt
reinforced PJP joints joints between parts having unequal thicknesses and sub-
RPJP = ject to cyclic tensile stress shall have smooth transitions
between offset surfaces at a slope of no more than 1 in
0.65 – 0.59 ( 2a/t p ) + 0.72 ( w/t p ) 2-1/2 with the surface of either part. The transition may
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ≤ 1.0 (for in)
t p0.167 be accomplished by sloping the weld surfaces, by cham-
fering the thicker part, or by a combination of the two
1.12 – 1.01 ( 2a/t p ) + 1.24 ( w/t p ) methods (see Figure 2.2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ≤ 1.0 (for mm)
t p0.167 [Link] Butt-Joint Width Transitions. Butt joints
between parts of unequal width subject to cyclic stress
2a = the length of the nonwelded root face in the into the tensile range shall have a smooth transition be-
direction of the thickness of the tension- tween the offset edges at a slope of not more than 1 on
loaded plate 2-1/2 with the edge of either part or shall be provided
tp = the thickness of tension loaded plate element with a transition having a 24 in [600 mm] minimum
(in or mm) radius tangent to the narrower part at the center of the
w = the leg size of the reinforcing or contouring butt joint (see Figure 2.12). An increased stress range
fillet, if any, in the direction of the thickness may be used for steels having a yield stress greater than
of the tension-loaded plate (in or mm) 90 ksi [620 MPa] with details incorporating the radius.
(c) For end connections of tension-loaded plate ele- 2.17.2 Backing
ments using a pair of fillet welds, the maximum stress
range on the base metal cross section at the toe of the [Link] Welds for Attaching Steel Backing. Re-
weld governed by consideration of crack initiation from quirements for welds for attaching steel backing and
the root of the weld due to tension on the root shall not whether the backing shall be removed or left in place
exceed FSR as determined by Formula (5). Additionally, shall be determined as described in [Link], [Link],
the shear stress range on the throat of the weld shall not [Link], and the stress range categories of Table 2.5.
exceed FSR by Formula (3) Category F. The Engineer shall note the fatigue stress category on the
contract drawings. The Contractor shall note on the shop
Formula (5)
drawings the required location, the weld detail to be
8 0.333
44 × 10 used, whether the tack welds shall be inside the groove
F SR = R FIL ---------------------- ( ksi )
N or shall be allowed to be outside the groove, and whether
the backing shall be allowed to remain in place or
11 0.333
14.4 × 10 whether it shall be removed to provide for the intended
F SR = R FIL --------------------------- ( MPa )
N stress range category.
In which: [Link] CJP T- and Corner Joints Made from One
Side. Welds for attaching backing may be made inside or
RFIL = Reduction Factor for joints using a pair of outside the joint groove. Backing for joints subject to cy-
transverse fillet welds only clic transverse tension (fatigue) loading shall be removed
and the back side of the joint finished consistent with
0.06 + 0.72 ----
w
t p face weld. Any unacceptable discontinuity discovered or
RFIL = -------------------------------------
0.167
≤ 1.0 (for in) caused by removal shall be repaired to the acceptance
tp criteria of this code.
14
AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015 CLAUSE 2. DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS
Figure 2.2—Transition of Butt Joints in Parts of Unequal Thickness
(Cyclically Loaded Nontubular) (see [Link])
37
AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015 CLAUSE 5. FABRICATION
Table 5.5 Table 5.6
Camber Tolerance for Typical Girder Camber Tolerance for Girders without a
(see 5.22.3) Designed Concrete Haunch (see 5.22.4)
Camber Tolerance (in inches) Camber Tolerance (in inches)
a/S a/S
Span 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Span 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
≥ 100 ft 9/16 1 1-1/4 1-7/16 1-1/2 ≥ 100 ft 1/4 1/2 5/8 3/4 3/4
< 100 ft 1/4 1/2 5/8 3/4 3/4 < 100 ft 1/8 1/4 5/16 3/8 3/8
Camber Tolerance (in millimeters) Camber Tolerance (in millimeters)
a/S a/S
Span 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Span 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
≥ 30 m 14 25 34 38 40 ≥ 30 m 7 13 17 19 20
< 30 m 7 13 17 19 20 < 30 m 4 6 8 10 10
Table 5.7
Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes (see 5.13)
Minimum Size
Base Metal Thickness (T)a of Fillet Weldb
in mm in mm
T ≤ 1/4 T≤6 11/8c
3c
1/4 < T ≤ 1/2 6 < T ≤ 12 3/16 5
1/2 < T ≤ 3/4 12 < T ≤ 20 1/4 6
3/4 < T 20 < T 5/16 8
a For nonlow-hydrogen processes without preheat calculated in
conformance with 4.8.4, T equals thickness of the thicker part joined;
single-pass welds shall be used.
For nonlow-hydrogen processes using procedures established to
prevent cracking in conformance with 4.8.4 and for low-hydrogen
processes, T equals thickness of the thinner part joined; single-pass
requirement shall not apply.
b Except that the weld size need not exceed the thickness of the thinner
part joined.
c Minimum size for cyclically loaded structures shall be 3/16 in [5 mm].
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CLAUSE 6. INSPECTION AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015
Table 6.1
Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria (see 6.9)
Statically Loaded Cyclically Loaded
Nontubular Nontubular
Discontinuity Category and Inspection Criteria Connections Connections
(1) Crack Prohibition
X X
Any crack shall be unacceptable, regardless of size or location.
(2) Weld/Base Metal Fusion
Complete fusion shall exist between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal X X
and base metal.
(3) Crater Cross Section
All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the ends of X X
intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.
(4) Weld Profiles
X X
Weld profiles shall be in conformance with 5.23.
(5) Time of Inspection
Visual inspection of welds in all steels may begin immediately after the completed welds
have cooled to ambient temperature. Acceptance criteria for ASTM A514, A517, and X X
A709 Grade HPS 100W [HPS 690W] steels shall be based on visual inspection performed
not less than 48 hours after completion of the weld.
(6) Undersized Welds
The size of a fillet weld in any continuous weld may be less than the specified nominal
size (L) without correction by the following amounts (U):
L, U,
specified nominal weld size, in [mm] allowable decrease from L, in [mm]
≤ 3/16 [5] ≤ 1/16 [2].0 X X
1/4 [6] ≤ 3/32 [2.5]
≥ 5/16 [8] ≤ 1/8 [3].00
In all cases, the undersize portion of the weld shall not exceed 10% of the weld length.
On web-to-flange welds on girders, underrun shall be prohibited at the ends for a length
equal to twice the width of the flange.
(7) Undercut
(A) For material less than 1 in [25 mm] thick, undercut shall not exceed 1/32 in [1 mm],
with the following exception: undercut shall not exceed 1/16 in [2 mm] for any accumu- X
lated length up to 2 in [50 mm] in any 12 in [300 mm]. For material equal to or greater than
1 in [25 mm] thick, undercut shall not exceed 1/16 in [2 mm] for any length of weld.
(B) In primary members, undercut shall be no more than 0.01 in [0.25 mm] deep when
the weld is transverse to tensile stress under any design loading condition. Undercut shall X
be no more than 1/32 in [1 mm] deep for all other cases.
(8) Porosity
(A) CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed tensile stress
shall have no visible piping porosity. For all other groove welds and for fillet welds, the
X
sum of the visible piping porosity 1/32 in [1 mm] or greater in diameter shall not exceed
3/8 in [10 mm] in any linear inch of weld and shall not exceed 3/4 in [20 mm] in any
12 in [300 mm] length of weld.
(B) The frequency of piping porosity in fillet welds shall not exceed one in each 4 in
[100 mm] of weld length and the maximum diameter shall not exceed 3/32 in [2.5 mm].
Exception: for fillet welds connecting stiffeners to web, the sum of the diameters of X
piping porosity shall not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm] in any linear inch of weld and shall not
exceed 3/4 in [20 mm] in any 12 in [300 mm] length of weld.
(C) CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed tensile stress
shall have no piping porosity. For all other groove welds, the frequency of piping porosity
X
shall not exceed one in 4 in [100 mm] of length and the maximum diameter shall not
exceed 3/32 in [2.5 mm].
Note: An “X” indicates applicability for the connection type; a shaded area indicates non-applicability.
209