BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-123

CHAPTER 9
STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

9.1 Genera! 9.1 General

- -
9.1.1 Scope 9.1.1 Scope
This Chapter provides minimum requirements for Chapter 9 design procedures follow strength design
strength design of masonry. Masonry design by the strength methodology, in which internal forces resulti*g from
design method shall comply with the requirements of Part application of strength level loads must not exceed design
l, Part 2, Sections 9.1.2 through 9.1 .9, and either Section strength (nominal member strength reduced by a strength-
9.2 or 9.3. reduction factor S).
Materials are assumed to be homogenous, isotropic,
and exhibit nonlinear behavior.'Under loads that exceed
service levels, nonlinear material behavior, cracking, and
reinforcing bar slip invalidate the assumption regarding the
tinearityofthe stress-strain relation for masonry, grout, and
reinforcing steet. If nonlinear behavior is modeled,
however, nominal sfiength cail be accurately predicted.
Much of the substantiating data for the strength design
criteria in this Chapter was provided by research conducted
by the Technical Coordinating Committee for Masonry
Research (TCCMaR). This research program resulted in 63
research reports from 1985-1992. These reports are
available from The Masonry Society, Longmont, CO. A
summary of the TCCMaR program is found in Noland and
Kingsley (1995).

9.1.2 Required strength

Required strength shall be determined in accordance
with the strength design load combinations of the legally
adopted building code. Members subject to compressive
axial load shall be designed for the strength level moment
accompanying the strength level axial load. The strength
level moment, Mu, shall include the moment induced by
relative lateral displacement.

9.1.3 Design strength 9.1.3Design strength

Masonry members shall be proportioned so that the Nominal member strengths are typically calculated
design strength equals or exceeds the required strength. using minimum specified material strengths.
Design strength is the nominal strength multiplied by the
strength-reduction factor, /, as specified in Section 9.1.4.

9.1.4 Strength-reductionfoctors 9.1.4 Strength-reductionfactors

The strength-reduction factor accounts for the
uncertainties in
construction, material properties,
calculated versus actual member strengths, as well as
anticipated mode of failure. Strength-reduction (fl factors
are assigned values based on limiting the probability of
failure to an acceptably small value, with some adjustment
based on judgment and experience.
 c-124 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE

-rf
=Gt
(E', [Link] Anchor bolts For cases where the
6(J nominal strength of an anchor bolt- is controlled by masonry
Ei
C)o breakout, by masonry crushing, or by anchor bolt pryout, /
orE
oo shall be taken as 0.50. For cases where the nominal strength
str
oE of an anchor bolt is controlled by anchor bolt steel, Q shall
=b
F() be taken as 0.90. For cases where the nominal strength of
an anchor bolt is controlled by anchor pullout, / shall be
taken as 0.65.
[Link] Bearing For cases involving bearing
-
on masonry, Q shall be taken as 0.60.

[Link] Combinations of flexure and axial load

in unreinforced masonry The value of / shall be taken
as 0.60
-
for unreinforced masonry subjected to flexure, axial
load, or combinations thereof.

[Link] Combinations offlexure and axial load in

reinforced masonry The value of be taken as 0.90
- subjected to/shall
for reinforced masonry flexure, axial load, or
combinations thereof.

[Link] Shear and Shear-Friction The value

of / shall be taken as 0.80 for shear and -shear-friction
design.

9.1.5 Deformationrequirements
[Link] Deflection of unreidorced (plain)
masonry Deflection calculations for unreinforced (plain)
masonry -members shall be based on uncracked section
properties.

[Link] Deflection of reidorced masonry

Deflection calculations for reinforced masonry members
shall consider the effects of cracking and reinforcement on
member stiffness. The flexural and shear stiffness
properties assumed for deflection calculations shall not
exceed one-half of the gross section properties, unless a
cracked-section analysis is performed.
BUTLDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-'125

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

9.1.6 Anchor bolts embedded in grout 9.1.6 Anchor bolts embedded in grout
Design of anchor bolts ernbedded in grout may be
based on physical testing or, for headed and bent-bar
anchor bolts, by calculation. Due to the wide variation in
configurations of post-installed anchors, designers are
referred to product literature published by manufacturers
for these anchors.

[Link] Design requirements Anchor bolts

-
shall be designed using either the provisions of [Link] or,
for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts, by the provisions of
Section [Link].

[Link] Nominal strengths determined by test [Link] l,{ominal strengths detemined by test
[Link].1 Anchor bolts shall be tested in Many types of anchor bolts, such as expansion anchors,
-
accordance with ASTM E488, except that a minimum of five toggle bolts, sleeve anchors, etc., ge not addressed by Code
tests shall be performed. Inading conditions of the test shall Ssction [Link] ffid, therefore, such anchors must be
be representative of intended use ofthe anchor bolt. designed using test data. Testing may also be used to
establish higher slenglhs than those calculated by Code
[Link].2 Anchor bolt nominal strengths used
Sectio*:[Link].:AS,IA{ Bt88 requires only three tests. The
for design shall not exceed 65 percent ofthe average failure
variability of anchor bolt ste;gth in masonry and the
load from the tests. possibitity *bat s$chor bolts may be used in a non-
redundant manaer warrants an increase to the minimum of
five tests stipulated by the Code. Assuming a normal
probability distribution and a coeffrcient of variation of 20
percent for the test data, a fifth-percentile value for nominal
itrength is 67 percent, which is rounded to 65 percent of the
[Link]" strength value. Failure modes obtained from
testing should be reported and the associated $ factors
should be used when establishing design strengths.

[Link] Nominal strengths determined by [Link] Nominal strength determined by

calculationfor headed and bent-bar anchor bolts calculation -for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts
-Nominal
strengths of headed and bent-bar anchor bolts embedded in
-
Design equations provided in the Code stem from research
grout shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of (Brown and Whitlock (1983); Hatzinikolos et al (1980);
Sections 9. .6.3.
1 I through [Link].3. Rad et al (1998); Tubbs et al {1999); Allen et al (2000);
Brown et al (2001); Weigel et al (2002)) conducted on
headed anchor bolts and bent-bar anchor bolts (J- or L-
bolts) embedded in grout.
The anchor provisions in this Code define bolt shear
and tension capacities based on the bolt's specified yield
strength. Anchors conforming to 4307, Grade A
specifications are allowed by the Code, but the ASTM
A307, Grade A specification does not specifu a yield
strength. Use of a yield strength of 37 ksi in the Code delign
equations for 4307 anchors will result in anchor capacities
similar to those obtained using the American Institute of
Steel Construction provisions.

[Link].1 Nominal tensile strength of headed

and bent-bar anchor bolts The nominal axial tensile
-
strength of headed anchor bolts shall be calculated using
the provisions of Sections [Link].1.1. The nominal axial
tensile strength of bent-bar anchor bolts shall be calculated
using the provisions of Section [Link].1.2.
c-126 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

:

[Link].1.1 Axial tensile strength of [Link].1.1 Axial tensile strength of

headed anchor bolts The nominal axial tensile strength, B-, headed anchor bolts Tensile strength of headed anchor
-
of headed anchor bolts embedded in grout shall be determined - of the anchor steel,a Equation
bolt is governed by yield 9-2,
by Equation 9-l (nominal axial tensile stength governed by or by breakout of an approximately conical volume of
masonry breakout) or Equation 9-2 (nominal axial tensile milsonry starting at the anchor head and having a fracture
strength govemed by steel yielding). The design axial tensile surface oriented at approximately 45 degrees to the
sfrength, 08"", shall be the smaller of the values obtained from ffiesoflry: surface, Equation 9* 1,.' Steel, strength is c*Iculated
Equations 9-1 and 9-2 multiplied by the applicable Qvalue. using the effective tensile stress area of the anchor (that is,
including the reduction in area of the anchor shank due to
Bonb = 4Ar,JI (Equation 9-1) threads).

Bon, = [Link] (Equation 9-2)

[Link].1.2 Axial tensile strength of 9,1.63,1..2 *4xial, ,terwile strength of

bent-bar anchor bolts - The nominal axial tensile strength, - bent-bar uneho* botts;.ih",t"rrsi-ir .*;A r i?ri-uri"
B,n, for bent-bar anchor bolts embedded in grout shall be ,. "r anchor
bolt (J- or L-bolt) is gq,*ygssd,by yield ofthe
determined by Equation 9-3 (nominal axial tensile skength i ,$qil.,Equation 9-5, by tensile cone breakout of the
governed by masonry breakout), Equation 9-4 (nominal
,,
bI strai ghtening and pullout o f
maig_nry"*,P"qppligJ1,?:3,r. gL
axial tensile strength governed by anchor bolt pullout), or
i, ffi"r$q&'#W,StffiE opry, Equation 94. Capacities
Equation 9-5 (nominal axial tensile strenglh governed by ;lmffi#&fftibm iheif,rrmitwo failure modes are calculated
steel yielding). The design axial tensile strength, $B*,,shall i,Ss&r he$@@bolts. Code Equation 9-4 corresponds
be the smallest of the values obtained from Equations 9-3, *idirnp*O{thbtt'ffiilot*:"fne sebond term in Equation 9-4 is
9-4 and 9-5 multiplied bythe applicable gvalue. "thq'frbrtidfr'bftfiE anchor bott papacity due to bond berween
" bdit"-diIr'L*odt: "A#bifiifiEir;'
3pecifi cation Arricle' 3 2A "

Bo,b = 4Ao,J f- (Equation 9-3) requires that precautions be taken to ensure that the shanls
ofthe bent-bar anchor bolts are clean and free of debris that
Banp:1.5f *eudu +3O0nQ6 + eb + du\u would otherwise interfere with the bond between anchor
bolt and grout.
(Equation 9-4)
Borr: [Link] (Equation 9-5)

9.1,6,3.2 Shear strength of headed and 9.1.632 Shear strength ofheaded and bent-
bent-bar anchor bolts
- The nominal shear strength, 8,,,
of headed and bent-bar anchor bolts shall be determined by
bar anchor bolts - Shear strength of a headed or bent-bar
anchor bolt is governed by yielding of the anchor steel,
Equation 9-6 (nominal shear strength governed by masonry Equation 9-9, by masonry crushing, Equation 9-7, or by
breakout), Equation 9-7 (nominal shear strength governed milsonry ,shear breakout, Equation 9{. Steel strength is
by masonry crushing), Equation 9-8 (nominal shear calculated using the effective tensile stress area (that is,
strength governed by anchor bolt pryout) or Equation 9-9 threads are con$Brvatively:assumed to lie in the critical shear
(nominal shear strength governed by steel yielding). The plane). Pryout(see Figure CC-6.2-7)is also apossible failure
design shear strength 08u,, shall be the smallest of the mode. The pryout equation (Equation 9-8) is adapted from
values obtained from Equations 9-6, 9-7, 9-8 and 9-9 concrete research (Fuchs et al (1995)).
multiplied by the applicable Q value.
Under sktic shear loading, bent-bar anchor bolts do
: not exhibit straightening and pullout. Under reversed cyclic
Brrb aAorJ.f* (Equation 9-6)
shear, however, available research (Malik et al (1982))
suggests that straightening and pullout may occur.
8,." =nsollJ;4 (Equation 9-7)

Brnprr : 2.0B on6 : 8A

r,J -f; (Equation 9-8)

Bun, :0.6Abf y (Equation 9-9)

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-'127

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

[Link].3 Combined axial tension and [Link].3 Combined axial tension and
shear Anchor bolts subjected to axial tension in shear Commentary Section [Link].3 provides additional
-
combination with shear shall satisfo Equation 9-10.
-
information.

z ,
( b,,,
r5/3
)
*l !,-l
r5/3
., (Equation 9- l0)
l-au) \a8,, )

9.1.7 Shear strength in multiwythe masonry 9.1.7 Shear strength in multiwytlte masonry
[Link] Design of multiwyhe masonry for The nominal shear strength is based on shear stresses that
composite action shall meet the requirements of Sections are tnrice the allowable shear stesses in allowable stress
[Link] and9.l.7 .2. design. Commentary Section 8.1.4 provides additional
information.

[Link] The nominal shear stength at the interfaces

between wythes and collar joints or within headers shall be
determined so that shear sfiesses shall not exceed the
following:
(a) mortared collar joints, 14 psi (96.5 kPa).
(b) grouted collarjoints,26 psi (179.3 kPa).

(c) headers, r3{i psi. .

9.1.8 Nominal bearing strength 9.1.8 Nominol bearing strength

The nominal bearing strength of masonry shall be Commentary Section 4.3.4 provides further information.
calculated as 0.8 f'^ multiplied by the bearing area, Abr, as
defined in Section 4.3.4.
9.1.9 Materialproperties 9.1.9 Material properties
Commentary Section 4.2 provides additional information.
[Link] Compressive strength [Link] Compressive strength
[Link].1 Masonry compressive strength [Link].1 Masonry compressive strength
-
The specified compressive strength of masofiry, f '*, Design criteria are based on TCCMaR research (Noland
-shall equal or exceed 1,500 psi (10.34 MPa). The value of and Kingsley (1995)) conducted on structural masonry
components having compressive strength in the range of
f '* used to determine nominal strength values in this
chapter shall not exceed 4,000 psi (27.58 MPa) for concrete 1,500 to 4,000 psi (10.34 to 27.58 MPa) for concrete
masonry and shall not exceed 6,000 psi (41.37 MPa) for masonry and 1,500 to 6,000 psi (10.34 to 41.37 MPa) for
clay masonry. clay masonry. Thus, the upper limits given represent the
upper values that were tested in the research.

[Link].2 Grout compressive strength [Link].2 Grout compressive strength

For concrete masonry, the specified compressive strenglh
- Because most empirically derived design equations calculate
of grout, -f 'r, shall equal or exceed the specified nominal strength as a function of the specified compressive
compressive strength of masonry,f i,
but shall not exceed stenglh of the masonry, the specified compressive strength
5,000 psi (34.47 MPa). For clay masonry, the specified of the grout is required to be at least equal to the specified
compressive strength of grout, /', , shall not exceed compressive strength for concrete masonry. This
6,000 psi (41.37 MPa). requirement is an attempt to ensure that where the grout
compressive sffength controls the design (such as anchors
embedded in grout), the nominal strength will not be
affected. The limitation on the maximum grout compressive
stength is due to the lack of available research using higher
material strengths.
c-128 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

[Link] Masonry modulus of rupture The , .I^.9.2 Mosonry modulus of rupture -.= The
modulus ofrupture, f,,for masonry subjected to out-of-plane modulus of rupture values provided in Code Table [Link]
or in-plane bending shall be in accordance with the values in are dire0tly proportional to the allowable shess values for
Table [Link]. For grouted masonry not laid in running bond, flexural tension. In-plane and out-of-plane strain gradients
tension parallel to the bed joints shall be assumed to be are recognized as being different, but at these low stress
resisted only by the minimum cross-sectional area of
continuous grout that is parallel to the bed joints.
Historically, masonry not tuid in running bond has
been assumed to have no flexural bond strength across
mortared head joints; thus, the grout area alone is used to
resiet bending, Exarnples of a continuous grout section
parallel to the bed joints are shown in Figure CC-8.2-2.

The presence of flashing and other conditions at the base

of the wall can: sigqrificantly reduce the flexural bond. The
"valtres in" Table i.t.g.Z apply only to the flexural tensile
';# developEd between masonry units, rnorta{, and grout.

Table [Link] Modulus of rupture, f,, psi (kPa)

-
Direction of flexural tensile stress and Mortar types
masonry type

Portland cement/lime or mortar Masonry cement or air

cement entrained portland cement/lime
MorS N MorS N
Normal to bed joints
Solid units 133 (e1e) 100 (6e0) 80 (ss2) st (34e)
Hollow unitsr
Ungrouted 84 (s7e) 64(44r) sl (34e) 3t (zrt)
Fully grouted 163 (1124) 1s8 (108e) 1s3 (loss) l4s (1000)
Parallel to bed joints in running bond
Solid units 267 (t83e) 200 (137e) 160 (r 103) 100 (68e)
Hollow units
Ungrouted and partially grouted 167 (n49) r27 (873) 100 (68e) 64 (441)
Fully grouted 267 (183e) 200 (t37e) 160 (l 103) 100 (68e)

Parallel to bed joints in masonry not laid in

running bond
Continuous grout section parallel to bed joints 335 (2310) 33s (2310) 33s (2310) 335 (2310)
Other 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
I For partially grouted masonry, modulus ofrupture values shall be determined on the basis oflinear interpolation between
fully grouted hollow units and ungrouted hollow units based on amount (percentage) of grouting.
BUTLDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-129

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

[Link] Reinforcement strengths [Link] Reinforcement strengths

[Link].1 Reinforcement .fo, in-plane [Link] Reidorcement for in*plane
Jlexural tension and Jlexural tension perpendicular to bed flexural tension and flexural tension perpendicular to bed
joints Masonry design shall be based on a reinforcement joints TCCMaR Research (Noland and Kingsley (1995))
- equal to the specified yield strength of
strength -
conducted on reinforced masonry components used Grade
reinforcement, fr, which shall not exceed 60,000 psi 60 reinforcement. To be consistent with laboratory
(413.7 MPa). The actual yield strength shall not exceed 1.3 documented investigations, design is based on a nominal
multiplied by the specified yield strength. steel yield strength of 60,000 psi (413.7 MPa). The
limitation on the flexural steel yield strength of 130 percent
of the nominal yield strength is to minimize the over-
strength unintentionally incorporated into a design.

[Link].2 Reinforcement -fo, in-plane [Link].2 Reinforcement for in^plane

shear and .flexural tension parallel to bed joints shear andJlexural tension parallel to bed joinrs Studies
Masonry design shall be based on a specified yield strength, of minimum shear reinforcement requirements- (Schultz
.fi, which shall not exceed 60,000 psi (413.7 MPa) for (1996a);Baetuiger and Porter (2Bll); Porter and Baenziger
reinforcing bars and which shall not exceed 85,000 psi (2007); Sveinsson et al (1985); Schultz and Hutchinson
(586 MPa) for reinforcing wire. (2001)) have shown that when sufficient area, strength, and
sain elongation properties of reinforcement are provided
to resist the Ioad uansferred from the masonry after
cracking, then the reinforcement does not rupture upon
crackiag of the masonry. Equivalent performance of shear
rralls with bord beams and shear walls with bed joint
roinforcement under simulated seismic loading was
observed in the laboratory tests (Baenziger and Porter
(2011); Schultz and Hutchinson (2001)). Minimum Code
requirements have been provided (Schvltz (1996a)) to
satisff both strength and energy criteria. The limitation on
steel yield strength of 130 percent of the nominal yield
strength, in Section [Link].1, does not apply to shear
reinforcement because the risk of brittle shear failures is
reduced with higher yield strength.

Joint reinforcement of at least 3116 in. (4.8 mm)

diameter longitudinal wire is deemed to have sufficient
strain elongation and, thus, was selected as the minimum
size when joint reinforcement is used as the primary shear
and flexural reinforcement. The research (Baenziger and
Porter (201l)) was for walls that contained a minimum of
two 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) diameter longitudinal wires in a bed
joint. Other research (Schultz and Hutchinson (2001)
contained two No. 9 gage (0.148 in. (3.76 rnm)) diameter
longitudinal wires or two No. 5 gage (0.207 in. (5.26 mm))
diameter longitudinal wires in a bed joint. The No. 5 gage
longitudinal wires exhibited similar ductility to the joint
reinforcement in the B aenzi ger/Porter research.
 c-130 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COTTIIMENTARY

-o
:C,)
(s', 9.2
- Unreinforced (plain) masonry 9.2- Unreinforced (ptain) masonry
qro
Ei
Oo
9.2.1 Scope g.2.1 Scope
orE Design of unreinforced masonry by the stength design Commentary Section 8.2.1 provides further information.
oo
sftr method shall comply with the requirements of Part l,Part2,
oE Section 9.1, and Section 9.2.
=b
F(J
g.2.2 Design criteria
9.2.2 Design criteria
Unreinforced masonry members shall be designed in The design of unreinforced masonry requires that the
accordance with the principles of engineering mechanics structure performs elastically under design loads. The
and shall be designed to remain uncracked. system response factors used in the design of unreinforced
masonry assurne an elastic respoilse. Commentary Section
8.2.2 provides further information.

9.2.3 Design assumptions 9,2.3 Design assumptions

The following assumptions shall be used in the design Commentary Section 8.2.3 provides further information.
of unreinforced masonry members:
(a) Strain in masonry shall be directly proportional to the
distance from the neutral axis.

(b) Flexural tension in masonry shall be assumed to be

directly proportional to strain.
(c) Flexural compressive stress in combination with axial
compressive stress in masonry shall be assumed to be
directly proportional to strain.
(d) Stresses in the reinforcement are not accounted for in
determining the resistance to design loads.

9.2.4 Nominal Jlexural and axial strength 9.2.4 Nominalfiexurol and axial strength
[Link] l,{ominal strength The nominal sfrength [Link] Nominal strength This section gives
-
of unreinforced (plain) masonry cross-sections for combined -
requirements for constructing ui interaction diagrari for
flexure and axial loads shall be determined so that: unreinforced masonry members subjected to combined
flexure and axial toads. The requirements are illustrated in
(a) the compressive stress does not exceed 0.80 f '^.
Figure CC-9.2-1. Also shown in Figure CC-9.2-l are the
(b) the tensile stress does not exceed the modulus of requirements of Section [Link], which give a maximum
rupture determined from Section [Link]. axial force.

9.2,4.2 I'{ominal axial strength The nominal 9.2,4.2 Nominal @cial strength Commentary
-
axial strength, P,, shall not be taken greater than the Section [Link] -
.l gives additional information.
following:
(a) For members having an h/r ratio not greater than 99:

P. : o 80{ o BoA. ttl, (#)']}

(Equation 9-l l)
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-l31

COMMENTARY

Axial stren grth Ii rrit, Section [Link]

Co mp ression controlled:
Compression stressdoes not
exceed 0.80 f '^

-c
(r,
tr
o
t;
o
a,
x
Tensioncmtrolled:
Ten sion sfess does n of exceed
mod dus of rupturc, Table 9.1 .9.2

:' tomentStrength

Figure CC-9.2-1 Interaction diagramfor unreinforced masonry members

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

(b) For members having an h/r ratio greater than 99:

p, = 0.80[0.*or, tt(+)') (Equation s-12)

L

[Link] P-Delta effects 9.2.43 P-delta effects *- P-delta effects are either
[Link].1 Members shall be designed for the determined by a second-orderanalysis, which includes P-delta
strength level axial load, Pu, and the moment magnified for effects, or a first-order analysis, which excludes P-delta effects
the effects of member curvature, M,. and the use of moment magnifier. The moment magnifier is

,:;#
determined as:
[Link].2 The magnified moment, M,, shall
be determined either by a second-order analysis, or by a
first-order analysis and Equations 9-13 and 9-14.

Mu : VMu,o (Equation 9-13) 0*P"rt",

where fu is astiffoess reduction factor or a resistance factor

I (Equation 9-14)
V= D to account for variability in stiffness, C, is a factor relating
1- 'u the actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment

An.f,,(+), diagram, and P"a,, is Euler's buckling load. For reinforced

concrete design, a value of fu = 0.75 is used (Mirza et al
(1e87)).
[Link].3 A value of V: I shall be permitted
for members in which hI r a 45 . Euler's buckling load is obtained as

P*to = [Link] /h22

. lJsing E^ =700f *, which is the
lower value of clay and conerete rnasonry, Euler's buckling
load becomes:
 c-132 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

o,,
=
(E'.
61 O
E. [Link].4 Avalue of V : 1 shall bepermitted n ,rz E*Arrz
()(E
6tc
for members in which 45<h/r<60, provided that the 'eurur
oo hz
$tr nominal strength defined in Section [Link] is reduced by
oi l0 percent. o'7oaf'* Arr.' * , ft [[Link])'
=b
F() "nt m\
hz h )
, C rynt design prplrisiorrs [Link] axial strength
of weils w* wb99 as A,{'*0*, tft}z . siction [Link]
of the Commentary gives the background of this equation.
It is based on using E*:l}$Af^, neglecting the tensile
strength of the rnasonry, and considering an accidental
eccentriciry of 0.10r In spite of thE fact that this equation
nrras volopod using n,highgr rnodulus fun in the ourrent
T€:WffiWWgirf\{'f'i;ffi,ea#hof (7CIl83.1)2-0.71of
buffiirig loa for cla$,ryoqry,, ifhe valuo of 0.7I
rximately the value q *
that has been used as a
M"f :T: [Link] and.b3c3': ?f
hf (70 r / h)isused for Euler's
lffiff, afr ,,explicit stiffiie$s, redust,ion
C*- , The mome*t mlgnifier ean
f

Figure CC-9'.2-2 shows'the ratio of the second-order

P.
- 4 6M
a ":"u
sffess,
"An,Sr)J , divided by the first-order stress,

+.
An +,when
the second-order stress is at the sfrength
'S,,
design limit d0.8f'*). fypically slendemess effects are
ignored ifthey contribute less than 5 percent (MacGregor et
al (1970). From Figure CC-9.2-2, slenderness effects
contribute less than 5 percant for values of hlr <45. An
intermediate wall is one with a slenderness h/r greater than
45 but not greater than 60. Slenderness effects contribute
about l0 percent to the design atMr: 60. tntermediate walls
eanbe designed using eitherthe moment magnifier approach
or a simplified method in which the nominal strsses are
reduced by 10 percent. The Code requires walls with h/r >
60 to be designed using the moment magnifier approach.

9.2.5 Axial tension g.2.5 Axiot tension

Axial tension resistance of unreinforced masonry shall Commentary Section 8.2.5 provides frnther information.
be neglected in design.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-133

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

9.2.6 Nominal shear strength 9.2.6 Nominal shear strength
[Link] Nominal shear strength, V,, shall be the [Link] For a rectangular cross-section,the shear
smallest of (a), (b) and the applicable condition of (c) stress is assumed to follow a parabolic distribution. The
through (f): Code is based on an average shear stress, which is two-
thirds of the maximum shear stress for a parabolic shear
(a) [Link], Jn stress distribution. Commentary Section 8.2.6 provides
(b) 300Anu further information.

(c) For running bond masonry not fully grouted;

56A,,+0.45N,
(d) For masonry not laid in running bond, constructed of
open end units, and fully grouted;
56A,,+0.45|tt,
(e) For running bond masonry fully grouted;
904,,+0.45Nu
(0 For masonry not laid in running bond, constructed of
other than open end units, and futly grouted;
234n,

[Link] The minimum nonnalized web area of [Link] Ouf-of-plane flexure causes horizontal
in accordance with
concrete masonry units, determined Vfiical shear stresses are resisted
and Vertical shear skesses.
ASTM C140, shall not be less than 25 in.2lft2 bythe connection between the web and face shell ofthe unit.
(173,600 mm2lm2l or the nominal shear strength based on A norrnalized web area of 25 in.2lff (173,60A ffi*h*\
the unit web shall not exceed .[Link][J; t,bu..o / e provides sufficient web area so that shear stresses between
the web and face shell of a unit, resulting from out-of-plane
loading, will not be critical. For simplicity, the same nominal
out-of-plane shear strength as for in-plane shear is
conservatively used, although peak shear stresses instead of
average shear stresses are being checked.

1.4

1.35
o
o
o
o 1.3
o
tl- Pu= 0.10 f ', An
oI 1.25
to

1.2
o
th
o
1.15
o
o
t 1.1
!Ic
o 1.05
o
o
o
1

2A 40 60 80 100

hlr

Figure CC-g.2-2 Ratio of second-order stress tafirst-order stress

c-134 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 GODE GO]UI[,IENTARY

9.3 Reinforced masonry 9.3 Reinforced masonry

- -
9.3.1 Scope 9.3.1 Scope
This section provides requirements for the design of The high tensile strength of reinforcement
structures in which reinforcement is used to resist tensile complements the high compressive strength of masonry.
forces in accordance with the principles of engineering Increased strength and greater ductility result from the use
mechanics and the contribution of the tensile resistance of of reinforcement in masonry structures as compared with
the masonry is neglected except as provided in Section unreinforced masonry.
[Link].2. Design of reinforced masonry by the strength
design method shall comply with the requirements of Part
1, Part 2, Section 9.1, and Section 9.3.
9.3.2 Designassumptions 9,3.2 Design assumptions
The following assumptions shall be used in the design The design assumptions listed have taditionally been
of reinforced masonry: used for strength design of reinforced masonry members.

(a) Strain compatibility exists between the reinforcement, vaiue, fdthe maiimu*rhsable strain are based on
grout, and masonry. on masonry materials (Assis and Hamid (1990);
(1987). Concern has been raised as to the implied
(b) The nominal strength of reinforced masonry cross-
, the Committee agrees
sections for combined flexure and axial load is based
for the maximum usable strain
on applicable conditions of equilibrium.
obeerved during testing.
(c) The maximum usable strain, tmu, at the extreme i.'tti,,'$iffiigfi'lhiisit# may develop in the masonry of a
masonry compression fiber is 0.0035 for clay masonry
rei?rfotidd'iheriiter,'it is not considered in calculating
and 0.0025 for concrete masonry. "strenprthi.
;ii;i'and fl eiuiai strengths.
(d) Strains in reinforcement and masonry are directly
proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
(e) Compression and tension stress in reinforcement is E,
multiplied by the steel strain, but not greater than fr.
Except as permitted in Section [Link].1 (e) for
determination of maximum area of flexural
reinforcement, the compressive stress of steel
reinforcement does not contribute to the axial and
flexural resistance unless lateral restraining
reinforcement is provided in compliance with the
requirements of Section [Link].

(f) Masonry in tension does not contribute to axial and

flexural strengths. Axial and flexural tension stresses
are resisted entirely by steel reinforcement.

(g) The relationship between masonry compressive stress

and masonry strain is defined by the following:

Masonry stress of 0.80 .f ', is uniformly distributed

over an equivalent compression stress block bounded by
edges of the cross section and a straight line located parallel
to the neutral axis and located at a distance a :0.80 c from
the fiber of maximum compressive strain. The distance c
from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall
be measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-135

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

9.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details 9.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details
[Link] Reinforcement size limitations [Link] Reinforcement size limitations
(a) Reinforcing bars used in masonry shall not be larger (a) The limit of using a No. 9 (M #29)bar is motivated by
than No. 9 (M#29). The nominal bar diameter shall not the goal of having a larger number of smaller diameter
exceed one-quarter of the least clear dimension of the bars to transfer stesses rather than a fewer nurnber of
cell, course, or collar joint in which the bar is placed. larger diameter bars. Some TCCMaR research
The area of reinforcing bars placed in a cell or in a investigations (Noland and Kingsley (1995)) haye
course of hollow unit construction shall not exceed 4 concluded that in certain applications masonry
percent ofthe cell area. reinforced with more uniformly distributed smaller
diameter bars performs better than similarly configured
masonry using fewer larger diampter barq, I[ i]e not
every investigation is conclusive, the Committee does
agee that incorporating larger diarneter reinforcement
.. may dictate unreasorable cover distancss or
,*,,,*,{grclopment lengths. Th6 lil]litations on clear spacing
"II it rnd p€rcentage of cell {trea are indirect methods of
,, " .:..iFovonting problems associated with over-reinforcing

(b) Joint reinforcement longitudinal wfuE used in nusonry as

shear reinforcement shall be at least 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) joim r€ihftrcement used,as shear reinforcement is to
diameter. provide zufficient strain capacity to avoid rupture. The
minimum wire size does not apply to wire reinforcement
used to satisfy prescriptive seismic reinforcement.

[Link] Maximum area of /lexural tensile 9.33.2 Maximum orea of flexural tensile
reinforcement reinforcement Longitudinal reinforcement in flexural
[Link].1 For masonry members where -
members is limited to a maximum amount to ensure that
M"l(Vd,) > 1, the cross-sectional area of flexural tensile masonry compressive strains will not exceed ultimate
reinforcement shall not exceed the area required to values. In other words, the compressive zone of the member
maintain axial equilibrium under the following conditions: will not crush before the tensile reinforcement develops the
inelastic strain consistent with the curvature ductility
(a) A strain gradient shall be assumed, corresponding to a
implied by the R value used in design.
strain in the extreme tensile reinforcement equal to 1.5
multiplied by the yield strain and a maximum strain in For masonry components that are part of the lateral-
the masonry as given by Section 9.3.2(c). force-resisting system, maximum reinforcement is limited in
accordance with a prescribed stain distribution based on a
(b) The design assumptions of Section 9.3.2 shall apply.
tensile strain equal to a factor times the yield strain for the
(c) The stress in the tension reinforcement shall be taken reinforcing bar closest to the edge of the member, and a
as the product of the modulus of elasticity of the steel maximum masonry compressive strain equal to 0.0025 for
and the strain in the reinforcement, and need not be concrete masonry or 0.0035 for clay-unit masonry. By
taken greater than J:u, . limiting longitudinal reinforcement in this manner, inelastic
curvature capacity is directly related to the strain gradient.
(d) Axial forces shall be taken from the loading
combination given by D + 0.75L + 0525Qr. The tensile strain factor varies in accordance with the
amount of curvature ductility expected, and ranges from 1.5
(e) The effect of compression reinforcement, with or
to 4 for specially reinforced masoffy shear walls. Expected
without lateral restraining reinforcement, shall be curvature ductility, controlled by the factor on tensile yield
permitted to be included for purposes of calculating
strain, is assumed to be associated directly with the
maximum flexural tensile reinforcement.
displacement ductility, or the value of Ca as given for the
tlpe of component. For example, a strain factor of 3 for
intermed i ate re i nforced masonry shear walls corre sponds to
the slightly smaller Cafactor of 2.5, and a strain factor of4
for specially reinforced walls coresponds to the slightly
smaller Ca factor of 3.5.
 c-136 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

pB [Link].2 For intermediate reinforced The maximum reinforcement is determined by
(E'r
q;O masonry shear walls subject to in-plane loads where considering the prescribed strain distribution, determining
Er
(J(E M,l(Vd,)) l, a strain gradient conesponding to a strain in the corresponding stress and force distribution, and using
[Link] the extreme tensile reinforcement equal to 3 multiplied by statics to sum axial forces.
oo
\ftr
oE the yield strain and a maximum strain in the masoffy as For a fully grouted shear wall subjected to in-plane
=b
FC) given by Section 9.3.2(c) shall be used. For intermediate
loads with uniformly distributed reinforcement, the
reinforced masonry shear walls subject to out-of-plane maximum area of reinforcement per unit length of wall is
loads, the provisions of Section [Link].1 shall apply.
determined as:
[Link].3 For special reinforced masonry /
M,l(Vd") 2 l, a
shear walls subject to in-plane loads where 0.64f; bl €*" )P
I- a, .
strain gradient coffesponding to a strain in the extreme A, \t*"*My )
tensile reinforcement equal to 4 multiplied by the yield
strain and a maximum strain in the masonry as given by
d, -'*,)
Section 9.3.2(c) shall be used. For special reinforced
,{*,
.f "
\t*"+My )
masonry shear walls subject to out-of-plane loads, the
provisions of Section [Link].1 shall apply.
ffii',it't;:;"
[Link].4 Formasonry members where ,,u,,.,,For &.,Slly+,Brouted,mernber with only concentrated
M,l(Vd") < I and when designed using R < 1.5, there is no ffi-*#Offfit*nt the maximum reinforcernent is:
upper limit to the maximum flexural tensile reinforcement.
For masonry members where MJ(Vd) S 1 and when
designed using R > 1.5, the provisions of Section [Link].1 "fi=--.A*
shall apply. 'bd -
fy
If there is concentrated compression reinforcement
with an area equal to the concentrated tension
reinforcement, A r, tie maximum reinforcement is :

r
0.64f;l '*" )P
t-
A.
D = ---.4- =l
-
\"*u+My ) Dct
'bd
/, - *,r{ €
^u
-*G -, + a€ y), ",
}r,
where d'is the distance from the extreme compression fiber
to the centroid of the compression reinforcement.

For partially grouted cross-sections subjected to out-

of-plane loads, the maximum reinforcement is determined
based on a fully grouted member with tension
reinforcement only, provided that the neutral axis is in the
flange. If the neutral axis is in the web, the maximum
reinforcement is determined as:
I
,..s
frt
DA

p=
o@f;(*l(?) +o8of, ,rl*l*
.fy

where &, is the width of the compression section minus the

strm of the length of ungrouted cells, and t6 is the specified
face-shell thickness for hollow masonry units.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-l37

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

Because axial force is implicitly considered in the

:(f,
(!',
determination of maximum longitudinal reinforcement, 6O
?*,
inelastic curvature capacity can be relied on no matter what dk
[Link]
the level of axial compressive force. Thus, the strengtrh- Q0,
\ftr
reduction factors, Q,for axial loadand flexure canbe the sade oE
as for flexure alone. Also, confinernent reinforcement is not =b
FC)
required because the ma:rimum nusonry compressive shain
will be less than ultimate values.
The a:rial force is tlre expected load at the tirmo of the
desigr earthquake. It is derived from ASCE 7 Allowable
Stess L,oad Combination 9 and consideration of the horizontal
muponant ofthe seismic loading. The vertical component of
the earthquake loa4.E, should not be included in calculating
&e. gxi*fa$e Js gmmp*d*determining maximum area of
:":
tensile Gffiorcement
l #6t# "
ffiffir structures intendld to rmdergo inelastic
&k1.2i1, [Link].2 and [Link].3 are
rffiaHeving the design objective of
thpagty. These provisions ff€,
ffi restriptive for those structures not
flelastic fleformation under the design
r,3*.?^2r*iaddresses a relaxation of the
ma:rimum reinforcement limits.
[Link] Bundling of reinforcing bars [Link] Bundling of reinforcing bars This
Reinforcing bars shall not be bundled. requirement stems from the lack of research on masonry -

9.3.3,4 Joint reinforcement used as shear [Link] Joint reinforcement u&ed, ,, as shear
reinforcement Joint reinforcement used as shear reinforcement The quantities of joint reinforcement
reinforcement shall consist of at least two 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) -
indicated are minimums and the designer should evaluate
diameter longitudinal wires located within a bed joint and whether additional reinforcement is required to satisf
placed over the masonry unit face shells. The maximum specific seismic conditions. Research (Schultz (1996a))
spacing ofjoint reinforcement used as shear reinforcement provides additional guidelines as to the strength and energy
shall not exceed 16 in. (406 mm) for Seismic Design requirements of shear reinforcement. Other research
Categories (SDC) A and B and shall not exceed 8 in. (203 (Schultz and Hutchinson (2001); Baenziger and Porter
mm) inpartially grouted walls for SDC C, D, E, and F. Joint (2011)) provides additional perspective on the behavior of
reinforcement used as shear reinforcement in fully grouted joint reinforcement under cyclic loading conditions.
walls for SDC C, D, E and F shall consist of four 3116 in.
(4.8 mm) diameter longitudinal wires at a spacing not to
exceed 8 in. (203 mm).

9.3,4 Design of beams and columns

9.3.4 Design of beams ond columns
Member design forces shall be based on an analysis that
considers the relative stiffrress of structural members. The
calculation of lateral stiffrress shall include the contribution
of all beams and columns. The effects of cracking on
member stiffness shall be considered.

9,3.4.1 Nominol strength

[Link].1 Nominal axial and flexurol 93.4.1 Nominal strength
strength The nominal axial stren*h, Pn, and the nominal
[Link].1 Nominal axial andfiexural strength
- The nominal flexural strength of a member may be
flexural strength, Mn, of a cross section shall be determined -calculated using the assumption of an equivalent
in accordance with the design assumptions of Section 9.3.2
and the provisions of this Section. The nominal flexural rectangular stress block as outlined in seCtion 9.3.2.
strength atany section along a member shall not be less than Commentary Section 8.2.4 gives further information
one-fourth of the maximum nominal flexural strength at the regarding slenderness effects on axial load strength as taken
into account with the use of Equation 9-15 and Equation
 c-138 TMS 402.16

TMS 402 CODE

-@
: c,)
(E', critical section.
qro
Ei
(Jc
The nominal axial compressive strength shall not
6ttr exceed Equation 9-15 or Equation 9-16, as appropriate.
oo
ttr
U'C (a) For members having an hlr ratio not greater than 99:
=b
F(J
P, = o.8o[o .Bof;(A,- A,,)* frA,,f[,
[*)']
(Equation 9-15)

(b) For members having an hlr ratio greater than 99:

P, :0.80 [Link](t, - A,,)*.f ,A,,1(+)'

(Equation e-16)

9.3.4,1,2 Nominal shear strength

Nominal shear strength, Yn, shall be calculated using
Equation 9-17 , and shall not be taken greater than the limits
given by [Link].2 (a) through (c).

vn:(vr*+vrr\s (Equation 9-17)

(a) Where MJ(V, d") 3 0.25:

/
v, <\6A,, J f ;)y r
-\ (Equation 9-18)

(b) Where MJ(V" d") >- 1.0

/
v,<\4A,,Jf;hr
-\ (Equation 9-19)

yr : 0.75 for partially grouted shear walls and 1.0

otherwise.

(c) The maximum value of V,for M,l(V, d") between 0.25

and 1.0 shall be permitted to be linearly interpolated.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-l39

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

9.3.4,1.2.1 Nominal masonry shear [Link].2.1 Nominal masonry shear

strength Shear strength provided by the masorrry, V,^, strength Equation 9-20 is empirically derived from
-
shall be calculated using Equation 9-20: -
research (Shing et al (1990a); Shing et al (1990b).

vn*:[rr- ,rt(h)]*, Ji*o.2sP,>o

(Equation 9-20)

MJ(V"d,) shall be taken as a positive number and need not

be taken greater than I .0. P, shall be considered positive for
net compressive axial loads and negative for net tensile
axial loads.
9.3.4,1.2.2 Nominal shear strength [Link].2.2 Nominal shear strength
provided by reinforcement Nominal shear strength prcvided by reinforcement *
Equation 9-21 is empirically
- V^, shall be calculated as
provided by shear reinforcement, derived &om research (Shing et al (1990a); Shing et al
follows: (1990b)). The nominal shear sfength provided by shear
reinforcement, Equation 9 -21, represents half the theoretical
(t\
V,,:0 5l lf , d, (Equation 9-21) contribr$ion. In other words, the nominal shear strength is
\s,/
= determind as tb€ full masonry contribution plus one-halfthe
contribution from the shear reinforcement. Other coefficients
were evaluated (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0), but the best fit to the
experimental data was obtained using the 0.5 factor (Davis
et al (2010)).

[Link] Beams Design of beams shall meet the [Link] Beams This section applies to the
-
requirements of Section5.2 and the additional requirements -
design of lintels and beams.
of Sections [Link].1 through [Link].4.
[Link].1The strength level axial compressive load
on a beam shall not exceed 0.05 A,f '^.

[Link].2 Longitudinal reinforcement [Link].2 Longitudinal reinforcement

[Link].2.1 The variation in longirudinal [Link].2.1 Restricting the variation of
reinforcing bars in a beam shall not be greater than one bar bar sizes in a beam is included to increase the depth of the
size. Not more than two bar sizes shall be used in a beam. member compression zone and to increase member
ductility. When incorporating two bars of significantly
different sizes in a single beam, the larger bar requires a
much higher force to reach yield strain, in effect
"stiffening" the beam.
[Link].2.2 The nominal flexural [Link].2.2 The requirement that the
strength of a beam shall not be less than 1.3 multiplied by nominal flexural strength of a bearn not be less than 1.3
the nominal cracking moment of the beam, Mr,. The multiplied by the nominal cracking momeRt is imposed to
modulus of ruptura, -f,, for this calculation shall be prevent brittle failures. This situation may occur where a
determined in accordance with Section [Link]. beam is so lightly reinforced that the bending moment
required to cause yielding of the reinforcement is less than
the bending moment required to cause cracking.

[Link].2.3 The requirements of [Link].2.3 This exception provides

Section [Link].2.2 need not be applied if at every section sufficient additional reinforcement in members in which the
the area of tensile reinforcement provided is at least one- amount of reinforcement required by Section 9.3,[Link]
third greater than that required by analysis. would be excessive.
 c-l40 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 GODE COMMENTARY

-o
:tt
(E', [Link].3 Transverse reinforcement [Link] Transverse reinforcement Beams
6(J Transverse reinforcement shall be provided where Vu
-
recognized in this section of the Code are often desigued to
Bi
()G exceeds d V,*. The strength level shear, V, , shall include the resist only shear forces due to gravity loads. Beams that are
e.r E controlled by high seismic forces and lateral drift should be
co effects of lateral load. When transverse reinforcement is
sc
oi, required, the following provisions shall apply: designed as ductile members.

=6
F(J (a) Transverse reinforcement shall be a single bar with a (a) Although some concerns have been raised regarding
I S0-degree hook at each end. the difficulty in constructing beams containing a single
bar stimrp, the Committee feels such spacing
limitations within beams inhibits the construction of
necessary lap lengths required for two-bar stimrps.
Furthermoreo the added volume of reinforcement as a
result of lap splicing stimrps may prevent adequate
consolidation of the grout.
(b) Transverse reinforcement shall be hooked around the (b) The requirenrent that shear reinforcement be hooked
longitudi nal reinforcement. iiiiili;ffisluaS the longitudinal reinforcement not only
, .furilitut.r construction but also confines the
, '.,fen*'i,1t4ipal,
,,; ,[Link] and contributes to the
t,1, ,t6**opm€dd of ghe shCar reinforcement.
(c) The minimum area of transverse reinforcement shall ,'Lq),.4.,,ffiitr11p *rep of hansverse reinforcement is
be 0.0007 bd". flrffiffilri$ #s$ent brittle shear failures.
1i{ir".'r
'.($$Fqugh.A$fei€ht
(d) The first transverse bar shall not be located more than codes contain different spacing
one-fourth of the beam depth, du , from the end of the requirements for the placement of transverse
beam. reinforcernent, the Commiffee has conservatively
established this requirement.

(e) The maximum spacing shall not exceed one-half the (e) The requirements of this section establish limitations
depth of the beam nor 48 in. (1219 mm). on the spacing and placement of reinforcement in order
to increase member ductility.

[Link].4 Construction Beams shall be [Link].4 Construction Although beams

fully grouted. - -
can physically be constructed of partially grouted masonry,
the lack of research supporting the performance of partially
grouted beams combined with the increased probability of
brittle failure dictates this requirement.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-141

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

9.3.5 Wall designfor out-of-plane loads 9.3.5 Wall designfor out-of-plane loads
[Link] Scope The requirements of Section [Link] Scope
-
9.3.5 shall apply to the design of walls for out-of-plane loads.

[Link] Nominal axial andJlexural strength- The [Link] Nominal axial and flexural strength
nominal axial stren*h, P,, and the nominal flexural strength, When the depth of the equivalent stress block is in the face -
Mn, of a cross-section shall be determined in accordance with shell of a wall that is fully or partially grouted, the nominal
the design assumptions of Section 9.3.2. The nominal axial moment may be found from:
compressive strength shall not exceed that determined by
Equation 9-15 or Equation 9-16, as appropriate.
M, =(r, r 6* A,.f y\T)* n,r,(a -*)
r
Arfr+P, lQ
a-----
o.8of;b :

The above equations are valid for both centered and

foncentered flexural reinforcement. For centered flexural
rcigfucement, d : t,/2 and the nominal moment, Mn, is
obtaired as:

M, =:tp, / o+ i,fr\, -;)

These equations take into account the effect of
compressive vertical loads increasing the flexural strength
of the section. In the case of axial tension, the flexural
strength is decreased.

[Link] Nominal shear strength The nominal

-
shear strength shall be determined by Section9.3.4.l.2.

[Link] P-delta effects

[Link].1 Members shall be designed for
the strength level axial load, P,, and the moment magnified
for the effects of member curvatura, Mu. The magnified
moment shall be determined either by Section [Link].2 or
Section [Link].3.

[Link].2 Moment and deflection [Link].2 The provisions of this section are
calculations in this section are based on simple support derived from results of tests on simply supported
conditions top and bottom. For other support and fixity specimens. Because the maximum bending moment and
conditions, moments and deflections shall be calculated deflection occur near the mid-height of those specimens,
using established principles of mechanics. this section includes only design equations for that
condition. When actual conditions are not simple supports,
the curvature of a wall under out-of-plane lateral loading
will be different than that assumed by these equations.
Using the principles of mechanics, the points of inflection
can be determined and acfual moments and deflections can
be calculated under different support conditions. The
designer should examine alt moment and deflection
conditions to locate the critical section using the
assumptions outlined in Section 9.3.5.
The procedures set forth in this Section shall be used The criterion to limit vertical load on a sross section was
when the stress from the strength level axial load at the included because the slender wall design method was based on
location of maximum moment satisfies the requirement data from testing with typical roof [Link]:h/t ratios greater
calculated by Equation 9-22. than 30, there is an additional limitation on the axial stess.
 c-142 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE

.N
Yrt
(E 'r The required moment due to lateral loads, eccentricity
61 O
(*)<o2or; (Equation 9-22) of axial load, and lateral deformations is assumed
8i
()(E maximum at mid-height of the wall. In certain design
6ttr
oo conditions, such as largeeccentricities acting
ttr When the ratio of effective height to nominal
simultaneously with small lateral lo3j.r, tf design
oE thickness, h/t, exceeds 30, the axial stress from the strength
maximum moment may occur elsewhere. When this occurs,
=6
F(J level axial load shall not exceed 0.05f'*- the designer should use the maximum moment at the
The strength level moment and axial load shall be critical section rather than the moment determined from
determined at the midheight of the wall and shall be used Equation g-23.
for design. The strength level moment, M, , atthe midheight
of the wall shall be calculated using Equation 9-23.

M, =+aPur)+P,d, (Equation 9-23)

Where:

Pr:Pr*qPu-f (Equation 9-24)

The deflection due to strength level loads (d") shall be

obtained using Equations 9-25 andg-26.

(a) Where Mu I M,,

5M uh2
6"- (Equation 9-25)
488*I n

(b) Where M,,1 M, Mn

=

6, _ , s(t t, - M,,)h'
5M,,h' .1--
488 *I n 48E *I ,,

(Equation 9-26)
[Link].3 The moment magnifier
sha, be a.t.,*i n.t3;,t;., iI .,ffilfl:H: iilifril';ff; provisions in this section were developed to provide an
a first-order analysis and Equations 9-27 through 9-29. alternative to the traditional P-delta methods of Section
[Link].2. These provisions also allow other second-order
M, :a// Mu,o (Equation 9-27) analyses to be used.
The proposed moment magnification equation is
Where Mu,o is the strength level moment from first-order very similar to that used for slender wall design for
reinforced concrete. Concrete design provisions use a

'rz
analysis.
factor of 0.75 in the denominator of the moment magnifier
I (Equation 9-28)
l/:- to account for uncertainties in the wall stiffness. This factor
is retained for uncracked walls. It is not used for cracked
walls. Instead, the cracked moment of inertia is
Where: conservatively used for the entire wall height. Trial designs
lt 2n.L.1t indicated that using this approach matches design using
P
ae- --
.)
"1 (Equation 9-29) Section [Link].[Link] a 0.75 factor were included along with
h' using the cracked moment of inertia for the entire height
would result in design moments approximately 7Yo greater
For Mu<M,,,I,1shall be taken as 0.751,.For Mu>Mu, 1,6 than using Section [Link].2. The Committee did not see
shall be taken as 1,,. Pu/P" cannot exceed 1.0. any reason for the additional conservatism.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-143

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

[Link].4 The cracking moment of the wall [Link].4 The cracking moment, M,,, is
shall be calculated using the modulus of rupture, f,, taken the calculated moment corresponding to first cracking. The
from Tabl e 9.1 .9.2. Code permits the applied axial force to be included in the
calculation of the cracking moment.

[Link].5 The neutral axis for determining the [Link].5 The Code requires that the
cracked moment of inertia, 1.,, shall be determined in neutral axis used to calculate the cracked moment of inertia
accordance with the design assumptions of Section 9.3.2. be determined using the strain distribution at nominal
The effects of axial load shall be permitted to be included strength. Amrhein and Lee (19S4) used this condition to
when calculating 1.,. develop the original slender wall design provisions.

Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more Equations 9-30 and 9-31 are valid for both centered and
comprehensive analysis, the cracked moment of inertia for non-centered vertical reinforcement. The modification term
a wall that is partially or fully grouted and whose neutral of (t,/2d) in Equation 9-30 accounts for a reduction in the
axis is in the face shell shall be obtained from Equation 9- contribution of the axial load to the cracked moment of
30 and Equation 9-31. inertia when the reinforeetneft is near the face of the wall.

Equation 9-31 is similar to the equation presented in the

r,, =,(o, * - 4' ** (Equation e-30) Co& commentary for Seaion [Link]. The commentary
|dr eqrution isusedto determine the compression block depttr, a,
and slrould be 8tr/o of the expression for c described in
Arf,+P, Equation 9-3I. However, the expressions correctly address the
L
--
(Equation 9-31) applied axial laad- P",differently because they do not describe
0.64f'* b
tle sarre mditions. Equation 9-30 is used to determine the
cracked mornentofinertia for a given load and thus the second
ordermoment. The equation in [Link] is usedto determine the
nominal moment capacity ofa wall where the applied load, P,,
is set equal to the nominal axial capacity (the condition where
Pu: 6Pn),and thus P, must be divided by /.
[Link] DeJlections The horizontal midheight [Link] Deflections Historically, the
-
deflection, d,, under allowable stress level loads shall be recommendation has been to limit the deflection under
limited by the relation: allowable stress level loads to 0.01&. The Comrnittee has
chosen a more stringent value of 0.007ft.
6, <0.007 h (Equation 9-32)
The C-ode limits the lateral deflection under allowable stress
P-delta effects shall be included in deflection level loads. A wall loadd in this range retums to its original
calculation using either Section [Link].1 or Section vertical position when the lateral load is removed, because the
[Link].2. shess in the reinforcement is within its elastic limit.
[Link].1 Equation 9-25 is for mid-height
[Link].1 For simple support conditions top deflection of a simply supported wall for an uncracked
section, and Equation 9-26 is for mid-height deflection for a
and bottom, the midheight deflection, 6,, shall be
cracked section. A wall is assumed to deflect as an uncracked
calculated using either Equation 9-25 or Equation 9-26, as
section until the modulus ofrupture is reached, after which it
applicable, and replacing Muwith M, and 6,, with 6,.
is assumed to deflect as a cracked section. The cracked
moment of inertia is conservatively assumed to apply over
the entire height of the wall. The cracked moment of inertia,
1,,, for a fully grouted or partially grouted cross section is
usually the same as that for a hollow section because the
compression stress block is generally within the thickness of
the face shell.

These equations represent good approximations to test

results, assuming that the wall is simply strpported top and
bottorq and is subjected to a uniformly distributed lateral load.
If the wall is fixed at top, bottonl or bottU other formulas
should be developed considering the support conditions atthe
 c-1M TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

-lf
:att
(E" top or bottom and considering the possible deflection or
q(J rot tion of the foundation, roof, or floor diaphragm.
8.
(Jo The Code requires that the neutral axis used to calculate
(\c
oo the cracked moment of inertia be determined using the strain
{tr
Oc distribution at nominal strength. Amrhein and iee (1984)
=b
FC) used this condition to develop the original slender wall
design provisions.

Equation 9-30 and 9-31 me valid for both centered and

non-centered vertical reinforcement. The modifi cation term
of (t,/Zd) in Equation 9-30 accounts for a reduction in the
contribution of the axial load to the cracked moment of
inertia when the reinforcement is near the face of the wall.

[Link].2 The deflection, d,, shall be determined [Link].2 This section allows other second-
by a
';ilaiiiil=tb bi usia 16r
second-order analysis that includes the effects of , ,9. iiredict wall deflections,
cracking, or by a first-order analysis with the calculated 1,ifl-,B g first-order deflections- amplified using a moment
deflections magnified by a factor of 1/(1 - P I P"), where P" ' uraffircation factor.
, ,, . , , 1., . ,, :. :'
:#ttidiation for first*order wall
-
is determined from Equation (9-29).
Ei!:,':,'uffi*l
i
,,$
aef,orliiijtion c*a'be ohtained using an effective / value that
,.[Link], ffi,fiqll:cmcking lof the sections, such as that
gft,S diiu$effi b\#r.4.7i:
,ffi
9.3.6 Wall designfor in-plane loads 93.6 Walt designfor in-plane loqds
[Link] Scope The requirements of Section
-
9.3.6 shall apply to the design of walls to resist in-plane
loads.
[Link] Reinforcement Reinforcement shall
-
be provided perpendicular to the shear reinforcement and
shall be at least equal to one-third A,. The reinforcement
shall be uniformly distributed and shall not exceed a
spacing of 8 ft (2.44 m).
[Link] Flexural and axial strength The
nominal flexural and axial strength shall be determined in
accordance with Section [Link].1.
[Link] Shear strength The nominal shear
strength shall be calculated
-
in accordance with Section
9.3.4.t.2.
[Link] Shear-Friction strength Provisions of 9.3.6.$ Shear-Friction strength ; lvYhen
-
this section shall apply to shear transfer across horizontal subjected to in-plane lateral loads, walls that have a low
interfaces. The nominal shear-friction strength, V,7 , at a axial compressive load and a low shear-span ratio are
horizontal interface shall be determined as follows. vulnerable to shear sliding, which normally occurs at the
base. Shear sliding is iesisted by three mechanisms,
Where M, l(V,d,)< o.s namely, the friction, the dowel action of the reinforcement
crossing the shear plane, and'the shear strength of the
reinforcement. The dowel action and shear strength of the
vnr:ttlA,p-fy*n)>o (Equation 9-33)
reinforcement will not be fully activated until the ftiction
resistance has been [Link]*, and shear sliding initiates.
The reinforcement A,oin Equation 9-33 shall be adequately
Shear sliding can cause severe damage to the masonry due
anchored above and below the horizontal shear plane to
to the simultaneous actions ofthe shear stress, compressive
develop the yield strength of the reinforcement. The value
stress, and dowel action; it can weaken lap splices adjacent
of Pu is negative when it is a tension force. The coefficient
to the shearplane; it can fracture the reinforcement crossing
of friction, pr, shall be 1.0 for masonry on concrete with an
the shear plane.
unfinished surface, or masonry on concrete with a finished
surface that has been intentionally roughened; pr shall be
0.70 for all other situations.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-14s

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

Where M, l(V,d,)> t.O The coeffrcient of friction is a function of the

roughness of the surface. See Commentary Section 8.3.6
for additional information.
Vrf =0.42f*A* Vn-f :0.42f^A," (Equation g-34)
Equation 9-33 is adopted from FEMA 306 (ATC
1998). It has been found to be adequate for walls with low
Where M"/(Vd,) is between 0.5 and 1.0, the value of V,y
shear-span ratios. However, studies by Murcia-Delso and
shall be determined by linear interpolation between the
Shing QAn) have concluded that Equation 9-33 over-
values given by Equations 9-33 and9-34.
predicts the shear-friction resistance of walls with
M,l(Yd,): l.o . Experimental data of Shing et al (1989)
and Ahmadi et al (2013) have shown that flexure-
dominated walls normally reached their flexural
capacities before significant base sliding occurred. When
a wall reaches its flexural capaciry, a portion of the
vertical reinforcement crossing the horizontal shear plane
eaa be in compression. The reinforcement in compression
redsces the compressive force exerted by masonry on the
sliding surface and thus decreases the friction resistance,
'while the reinforcement in tension provides a clamping
force tbt enharces the friction resistance.
.' ,,Equatian9*34 accounts for this effect and also for the
iedwtion of the coefficient of friction as the masonry in
compression is damaged when the flexural capacity is
reached. The reduced friction coeflicient is assumed to be
0.65 regardless of the surface condition. The value of A* is
to be determined with flexural analysis. The equations have
been validated by the wall test data of Shing et al (1989),
Voon and Ingham (2006), and Ahmadi et al (2013).
For flanged walls, the effective flange widths defined
in Section [Link].2 are included in the calculation of net
area A,", in Equation9-34. However, in Equationg-33, Arp
represents the reinforcement crossing the net shear area
(A*), which is limited to the webs of flanged walls.
[Link] The maximum reinforcement [Link] The maximum reinforcement requirements
requirements of Section [Link] shall not apply if a shear of Section [Link] are intended toensure that an
wall is designed to satisfo the requirements of [Link].1 intermediate or a special reinforced masonry shear wall has
through [Link].5. sufficient inelastic deformation capacity under the design-
basis earthquake of ASCE 7 or the model building codes.
Inelastic deformability is the ability of a structure or
structural member to continue to sustain gravity loads as it
deforms laterally under earthquake (or some other type of)
excitation beyond the stage where the response of the
strucfure or the structural member to that excitation is
elastic (that is, associated with no residual displacement or
damage). In the alternative shear wall design approach
given in Sections [Link].1 through [Link].5, such inelastic
deformability is sought to be ensured by means of specially
confined boundary elements, making compliance with the
maximum reinforcement requirements unnecessary. These
requirements are therefore waived.
 c-146 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE

:sf
-(l)
[Link].1 Special boundary elements need not
.E',
qO be provided in shear walls meeting the following conditions:
8i
()c
c.r E
oo
1. Pu < 0.10 Asf ', for geometrically symmetrical
$tr wall sections
aE
=b
F(J P, < 0.05 AJ'^ for geometrically unsymmetrical
wall sections; and either

2. Mu < l.o
Vud,

or

3. vu <3An,rtr 3.0
^"0 #<

[Link].2 The need for special boundary

elements at the edges of shear walls shall be evaluated in
accordance with Section [Link].3 or [Link].4. The
requirements of Section [Link].5 shall also be satisfied.

[Link].3 This Section applies to walls

bending in single curvature in which the flexural limit state
response is governed by yielding at the base of the wall.
Walls not satisfuing those requirements shall be designed
in accordance with Section [Link].4
(a) Special boundary elements shall be provided over
portions of compression zones where:

l"'
"",- 600 (co6,,lh,)
and c is calculatedfor the P, given by ASCE 7 Strength
Design Load Combination 6 (1.2D + Ev+
E1,+ L + 0.2O or the coresponding strength design
load combination of the legally adopted building code,
and the colresponding nominal moment strength, M, ,
at the base critical section. The load factor on Z in
Combination 6 is reducible to 0.5, as per exceptions to
Section 2.3.6 of ASCE 7.

Cadn":0oh*:(6ut p)h* :[r.

?)r-
(Equation 1)
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-147

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

assuming that (o:{n/2, as is permitted to be

assumed by the 1997 UBC,

where 6, : ultimate curvature, and

ep: plastic rotation at the base of the wall.

If at the stage where the top deflection of the walt is

6,", the extreme fiber compressive strain at the critical
section at the base does not exceed e,rr, no special
confinement would be required anywhere in the wall.
Figure CC-g.3-2 illustrates such a strain distribution at
the critical section. The neutral axis depth
corresponding to this strain distribution is c"", and the
corresponding ultimate curvature is d, : t,,u / c.,.
From Equation l,

Cadn" =(T?)'" (Equation 2a)

€*'
ar. c^ - (Equation 2b)
2 (Ca6n" I h*)

From the equations above (see Figure CC-9.3-2),

special detailing would be required ifl

- €r*, {n 0.003 (.
*
2
L L-

(Ca6," /h*) 2 (Ca6n"l h*)

I" li' I"w
=-E
667 (Cd6""/ h) 600 (Cd,,"l h*)

because if the neuffal axis depth exceeded the critical

value, the extreme fiber compressive strain would
exceed the maximum usable strain [Link] purposes of
this derivation, and to avoid having separate sets of
drift-related requirements for clay and concrete
masonry, a single useful strain of 0.003 is used,
representing an average of the design values of 0.0025
for concrete masonry and 0.0035 for clay masonry.
(b) Where special boundary elements are required by (b) These special extensions are intended to be an upp€r-
Section [Link].3 (a), the special boundary element bound estimate of the plastic hinge length for special
reinforcement shall extend vertically from the critical reinforced masonry shear waIls.
section a distance not less than the larger of /*. or
M"l4V,.
c-148 TMS 402-16

COMMENTARY
LOAD WALL EISSTICCURVATURE INELASTIC CURVATURE
&DISPLACEMENT ,
a,
&DISPLACEMENT
fJ dinetdsttc

H H
,M, H frH
(a) TheoreticelModel (b) Simplifled Model

!
+

r :{i
li,: '
c
i)
:x

t
p

Figure CC-9.3-2 -Strain distribution at critieal section

TMS 402 CODE GOMMENTARY

[Link].4 Shear walls not designed by [Link].4 A stresstased approach is included

Section [Link].3 shall have special boundary elements at to address wall configurations to which the qpplication of
boundaries and edges around openings in shear walls where displacement-based approach is not appropriate (for
the maximum extreme fiber compressive stress, example, walls with openings, walls with setbacks, walls
corresponding to forces from strength level loads including not controlled by flexure).
earthquake effect, exceeds 0.2 "f i. The special boundary
The Code has adopted the stress-based triggers of ACI
element shall be permitted to be discontinued where the
318-99 for cases where the displacement-based approach is
calculated compressive stress is less than 0.15 f '*. Stresses
not applicable, simply changing the threshold values of
shall be calculated from strength level loads using a linearly
0.2f '" and 0.15f ', for reinforced concrete walls la 0.2f '*
elastic model and gross section properties. For walls with
and 0.15 f '., respectively, for reinforced masonry walls.
flanges, an effective flange width as defined in Section
Other aspects of the ACI 318-99 approach are retained.
[Link].3 shall be used.
Design for flexure and axial loads does not change
depending on whether the neutral axis-b*sed trigger or the
stress-based trigger is used.

[Link].5 Where special boundary elements [Link].5 This Code requires that testing be
are required by Section [Link].3 or [Link].4, requirements done to veri$ th"flt tho detailing provided is capable of
(a) through (d) in this section shall be satisfied and tests shall developing a stain capacity in the boundary element that
be performed to verifr the strain capacity of the element: nould be in sxc€s$ of the maximum imposed srain.
Reasonably extensive tests need to be conducted to develop
prescriptive detailing requirernents for specially confined
boundary elements of intermediate as well as special
reinforced masonry shear walls.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-149

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

ct)
(a) The special boundary element shall extend (a) Figure CC-9.3-2 shows that when the neutral axis depth
-
=\i
aE 'r
horizontally from the extreme compression fiber a c exceeds the critical neutral axis depth c",,the extreme qro
distance not less than the larger of (c - 0. I /,,) and cl2. ?*,
compression fiber strain in the masonry reaches a value 6h
crE
e^, in excess of the maximum usable strain e*u. The oo
corresponding ultimate curvature Sis e*, / c. Based on
str
U' ;,
the model of Figure CC-9.3-l(b),
=b
FC)
(.
Ca6n" :?rh*. : (0rl o)h*, :l ?* z \ln-
\ c z)
(Equation 3)
From Equation 3:

€*-=r(T\*) (Equation 4)

The wall length over which the strains exceed the

limiting value of e*u, denotedas c", can be determined
usiag similar riangles from Figure CC-9.3-2:

n=4''*) (Equation 5)

An expression for the required length of

confinement can be developed by combining Equations
2 and3:

(Equation 6)
l* ln (cod,"tn)
The term c I (. * in Equation 4 accounts for the
influence of material properties (f '^, fr), axial load,
geometry, and quantities and distribution of
reinforcement, whereas the term (u,*, / z)t(crd,. t n*)
accounts for the influence of system response (roof
displacement) and the maximum usable strain of
masonry.

The wall length over which special transverse

reinforcement is to be provided is based on Equation 6,
with a value of Ca6," / h*. :0.015:

tn {o 0.015 (*. 2

The value of Ca'," / h* was selected to provide

an upper-bound estimate ofthe mean drift ratio oftypical
shear wall buildings constructed in the United States of
America (Wallace and Moehle (1992)). Thus, the length
of the wall that must be confined is conservative for
many buildings. The value of clT represents a minimum
length of confinemen! is adopted from ACI318-99, and
is arbitrary
c-l50 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

(b) In flanged sections, the special boundary element shall (b) This requirement originated in the 1997 UBC. Where
include the effective flange width in compression and flanges are highly stressed in compression, the web-to-
shall extend at least 12 in. (305 mm) into the web. f,lange interface is likely to be highly stressed and may
sustain local crushing failure unless special boundary
element reinforcement extends into the web.

(c) Special boundary element transverse reinforcement at (c) rhesame extension is requirel;Yffi,fi1;:ilHfg
the wall base shall extend into the support a minimum element transverse reinforcemer
of the development length of the largest longitudinal concrete shear walls and for special tr&nsverse
reinforcement in the boundary element unless the reinforpement in reinforced concrete columns
special boundary element terminates on a footing or supporting reactions from discontinued stiffmembers in
mat, where special boundary element transverse buildings assigned to high seismic design categories.
reinforcement shall extend at least 12 in. (305 mm) into
the footing or mat.
(d) Horizontal shear reinforcement in the wall web shall
be anchored to develop the specified yietd strength,J,
within the confined core of the boundary element.

anhhorage sohemes, inst€ad 0f

are recofirmended.