ASSIGNMENT 2

Biology I, Pre-Health Sciences - Durham College

Your Full Name: Myriah Besser /71

EVALUATION NOTES

Read before submitting:

 This assignment is worth 15% of your final grade.

 This assignment is due ONLINE by the due date established by

your instructor: April 11th @ 11:59pm

a. An assignment submitted after the due date and time

established by your instructor is considered a late
submission. Late submissions will be penalized 10%
for any submission made within 24 hours after the
deadline, 20% for any submission made 24-48 hours
after the deadline, and 30% for any submission made
48-72 hours after the deadline. After 72 hours, a grade
of zero will be assigned.

 This assignment should be submitted online in DC Connect.

 While students may work in groups, each student must submit their own original work.

 Marks will be deducted for incorrect spelling. (0.5 mark per mistake up to 2 marks total)
PART 1 – Basic Knowledge [ 26 marks ]

Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These
questions are very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be
excellent study practice.

Instructions:.
 Answer in the spaces provided
 Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
 Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
 Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
 For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) clearly
 For short answer and matching questions please answer clearly

Topic: The Digestive System

1. (5 marks) Match the descriptions below with their correct term. Answers are used only once.

A. Common bile duct I. Muscularis

B. Duodenum J. Pancreatic duct
C. Epiglottis K. Peristalsis
D. Ileocecal sphincter L. Pyloric sphincter
E. Ilium M. Serosa
F. Lower esophageal sphincter N. Submucosa
G. Jejunum O. Uvula
H. Mucosa
_K__ Rhythmic, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle
__H_ Inner layer of digestive (GI) tract
__C_ Flap of skin that covers the trachea when swallowing
__B_ Part of the small intestine that the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder secrete into

__L_ Ring of muscle that allows chyme to exit the stomach

2. The pancreas releases pancreatic juice during digestion.

a. (1 mark) What is the purpose of bicarbonate within pancreatic juice?

Biacarbonate neutralizes the somach acid within the pancereatic juice.

b. (2 marks) List the 4 enzymes found in pancreatic juice.

Pancreadic amylase, trypsin, lipase, and nuclease.

 3. (1 mark) Which of the following accurately describes bile? Select ALL that apply.
a. It is produced by the gall bladder
b. It breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids
c. It emulsifies lipids
d. It travels down the common bile duct
e. It is released into the stomach during digestion
f. It is present in the hepatic portal vein
g. It is an enzyme

4. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select the best
answer.
a. Digestion of proteins begins in the mouth
b. Trypsin is produced by the stomach and the pancreas
c. Pepsin is inactive when hydrochloric acid is present
d. Nuclease is a brush border enzyme secreted by the small intestine
e. Peptidase breaks smaller polypeptides into amino acids

5. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of
feces through the large intestine? Select the best answer.
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus

Topic: The Integumentary System

6. (4 marks) Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE:

a. T The largest organ in the body is the skin

b. T A function of skin is to remove waste from the body
c. T Adipocytes are primarily found within the hypodermis
d. F The stratum basale is superficial to the stratum corneum
e. F Langerhans cells produce a pigment called melanin
f. T Arrector pili are responsible for “goose bumps”
g. T Genes, carotene, and hemoglobin can contribute to the colour of skin
h. T Melanocytes are primarily found within the epidermis

PHS – Pre-Health Sciences

 Topic: The Cardiovascular System
7. (5 marks) Answer the following questions regarding a Type AB – blood donor giving blood
(transfusion) to a person with Type A+ blood.

a) Will this blood transfusion be safe? Circle one YES/NO

b) Will antibodies in the recipient’s blood bind to antigens on the donor’s RBCs?
Circle one YES/NO
Provide details._The B antigen of the donor will bind with the b antibodies of the recipeient
which would cause aggulation, making it unsafe.
c) Will agglutination occur? Circle one YES/NO

d) What blood type would be safe to transfuse to all blood types? _O-_________

8. (2 marks) Match the descriptions with an appropriate term. Answers are used only
once.
A. Hemoglobin
B. Heme
C. Hemolysis
D. Hematopoiesis

___B___ Molecule found in hemoglobin that works with iron to bind oxygen.
___C___ Destruction of red blood cells in the liver and spleen.
___D___ Creation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
___A___ Protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen.

PHS – Pre-Health Sciences

 9. (4 marks) Compare and contrast a vein and an artery. List ONE similarity and THREE
differences.
Differences:

Artery Vein

No valves Valves

Thick walls Thin walls

High blood pressure Low blood pressure

Similarity: There are 3 layers of tissue.

PART 2 – Case Study [ 45 marks ]

Rationale: In this section you will develop your

problem-solving and critical thinking skills by
applying your knowledge of basic concepts to a
case study. This is an important skill to develop
as it allows you to relate what you are learning to
the everyday world and helps prepare you for
future programs and careers in the health care
field. As you proceed through this section, think
about how these questions connect to your other
courses and to your future goals.

Instructions:
 Answer in the spaces provided
 Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
 Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
 Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
 For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) clearly.
 For short answer and matching questions, please answer clearly as indicated.
Scenario: Mary is a student enrolled in the Pre-Health Sciences program at Durham College. Like
many of her classmates, she has applied to several competitive healthcare programs including
Paramedics and Nursing and is very proud of the hard work that she has accomplished so far.

Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all-time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All of
this exhaustion has caused her digestive disorder (lactose intolerance) to flare up despite the fact that
she can normally manage it very well with diet and medication. Specifically she has been forgetting to
restock her supply of Lactaid medication (an over-the-counter-drug) and has picked up the habit of
eating cheap, frozen pizzas that contain high quantities of starch and lactose. This has left her with
extreme bloating, nausea, and pain and has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the bathroom
while at school and at work.

10. (1 mark) Multiple choice – People with lactose intolerance cannot digest: Select the best answer.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Maltase
d. Maltose
e. Amylase

11. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Medications like Lactaid contain , a digestive

enzyme that is normally made by the . Select the best answer.
a. Maltase, small intestine
b. Amylase, pancreas e. Lactase, pancreas
c. Lactose, small intestine
d. Lactase, small intestine

12. (9 marks) Track a piece of pizza through Mary’s digestive system by drawing a simplified sketch of
how various biological molecules are processed by Mary’s digestive system. Start with the pizza
entering through the mouth and show how the various enzymes break it down into nutrients that can
be absorbed within the body. For this question, you may assume that the only biological molecules in
the pizza are polysaccharides, from the starch-filled dough, and lactose, from the cheese. You may
ignore any other molecules that might be present. You should also assume that Mary did NOT take
her Lactaid medication when eating the pizza.

A reminder that your image must be original – i.e. it is not copied directly from course resources
(E.g. lecture slides) or the internet.
 Use the checklist below as a guide:

ANATOMY of the digestive system is drawn and labeled:

 Regions: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine
 Accessory organs: salivary glands, gall bladder, liver,
pancreas
Digestion of polysaccharides and lactose is clearly shown:
 Names of all enzymes are provided
 Names of the organs that make each enzyme are
provided
 Descriptions/diagrams are provided as to how each
enzyme breaks down the molecules

Draw your image in the space below:

Within the mouth the food gets mechanically

broken down by the teeth and salvary amylase.
Lipase are produced and start to break down
the polysaccharides in the pizza. The tongue
will form bolus and the salivary glands will start
the chemical breakdown

Once the bolus is chewed it will move to the

pharynx where the muscles will allow it to be
swallowed. It will then travel down the
esophagis to the stomach

The bolus will enter the stomach where gastric

juices is added and will continue the chemical
breakdown. The following will be added: pepsin
– to break down protiens, hydrochloric acid –
low pH activates pepsin and kills bacteria and
intrinsic factor will help absorb the vitamin B12.
Food is then churned and leave the stomach Food that hasn’t been absorb by the small
as chyme and enter the small intestine intestine will enter the large intestine. The water
(duodenum) through the pyloric sphincter. 3 and vitmains produced by intestinal bacteria are
more juices are added: bile, pancreatic juice absorbed. The left over waste is then eliminated
(amylase – starch, lipase or in Mary’s case fat) from the body (the lactose that wasn’t broken
and intestinal juice (maltase and lactose. down or absorbed will also be removed).
Lactose wouldn’t be realeased as Mary did not
take Lactaid).
 13. (1 mark) How would the digestion above change if Mary took Lactaid with her meal?

If Mary took Lactid with her meal it would have helped the digestion in the small intestine to break
down the food rather than having it pushed through body and not being able to properly break down
and absorb the food during digestion.

14. (3 marks) Untreated lactose intolerance leads to inflammation within the gut that prevents key
nutrients from being absorbed. Explain how carbohydrate monomers normally get absorbed into
the body. Provide at least THREE details using correct terminology.

- 3 monomer glucose, fructose and galactose start as polysaccahrides and get broken down by the
salivary amylase when food enters the mouth.

- During the digestion process enzyme pancreatic amylase breaks down further from the disaccharides
to the monosaccharides.

- In the small intestine once broken down the microvilli will absorb the nutrients into the body.

Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While not
life threatening, Mary has noticed that she experiences constant outbreaks of acne, despite having a
history of clear, blemish-free skin. After doing a bit of research and chatting with her Biology professor,
she learns that stress can aggravate sebaceous glands in the skin and cause acne.

15. (5 marks) Answer the following questions about sebaceous glands:

a. (1 mark) Where are sebaceous glands located in the body? Be as specific as possible.

Sebaceous glands are found all throughout the skin usually where hair is present. It is
located in the dermis.

b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?

A sebaceous gland is an oil gland which lubricates the skin and hair, where the
sudoriferous gland is the sweat gland which is primary located on the eccrine and apocrine.

c. (1 mark) What is sebum made of? List at least THREE components.

Sebum is made up of triglycerides, wax esters, squalene and fatty accids.

d. (2 marks) Explain in detail how an excess of sebum can lead to the production of acne.

When sebaceous glands over produce sebum, the skin cells are not able to shed normally
which will clog the hair follicle. This will trap the sebum inside and will cause
inflammation from the bacteria build up. This will then lead to acne being produced.
Scenario: As the final weeks of school approach, Mary’s stress begins to reach a breaking point as her
assignments and test dates loom. What is more, her son Andrew has been experiencing troubles at school
and has recently been diagnosed with ADHD. She confides in a friend that she feels as though she is
“barely hanging on.” She is just hoping she can make it through these final weeks.
One day, as she is walking into her Biology lab, Mary starts to feel funny. She beings to feel faint and
light-headed, almost as if the “walls are closing in.” She sits down quickly at the lab bench but a huge
wave of nausea suddenly overwhelms her and she begins to breathe rapidly. Just as class is about to
begin, Mary reaches a state of full-blown panic as she finds herself with unexpected chest pain and
difficulty breathing. Noticing her distress, her classmates and professor immediately call Campus Safety
and the Campus Emergency Response Team (CERT). An ambulance soon arrives and after an initial
assessment by paramedics, it is determined that she needs to get to Lakeridge Health immediately. She is
quickly loaded into the ambulance, connected to an IV (containing water, sugar and salt), given her an
aspirin, and offered additional oxygen. As they pull into the hospital, paramedics do their best to keep
her calm but Mary overhears them say her symptoms align with that of a heart attack.

16. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is most
likely compromised? Select the best answer.
a. Coronary
b. Systemic
c. Hepatic
d. Pulmonary
e. None of the above

17. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic?
Select the best answer.
a. Electrolytes
b. Blood plasma
c. Erythrocytes
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
18. (3 marks) List THREE specific components of blood that are NOT present in Mary’s IV fluid
Briefly describe the function of each within the body.
- Plasma. This contains water, antibodies, fibrinogen and contains salt/ions, nutrients and gases
- White blood cells and platalets. This contains leukocyte and thrombocyte and will fight
infections and clot blood.
- Red blood cells. This contains erythrocyte and carries O2.

19. While in the ambulance, the additional oxygen that Mary receives enters her nasal cavity and
travels through the respiratory system until it reaches the blood. From there, it travels to her
heart so that it can be pumped to the various cells in her body.

a. Once absorbed into the blood in the lungs oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.

i. (1 mark) What is the scientific name for a red blood cell?

Erythrocyte

ii. (1 mark) During hypoxia, what hormone would be released to increase the
number of red blood cells within the blood?
Erythropoietin

iii. (1 mark) True or False – A red blood cell is able to live for years within the
blood.
False
iv. (4 marks) What features do a red blood cell have that allows it to effectively
move through the blood and transport oxygen? List at least FOUR features
and explain how they help RBCs carry out their functions.

 They contain hemoglobin, a protein that “traps” oxygen. It makes the blood red.

 They have no nucleus allowing more room for hemoglobin

 From having no nucleus it creates a bioncave shape that increases surface area for
oxygen diffusion.

 They are flexible allowing them to squeeze threw capillaries.

Scenario: Upon arriving at the hospital, Mary is assessed by the on-call cardiologist, Dr. Hiba Khaled.
After an initial assessment and blood draw, Dr. Khaled orders an EKG and echocardiogram for Mary
to determine if she is experiencing a heart attack.

Superior vena cava  Right atrium  Tricuspid valve  right ventricle  Pumonary valve  pulmonary
artery  lungs – capillaries  pulmonary vein  left atrium  mitral valve  left ventricle  aoric
valve  aorta

20. (8 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through
the aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
 4 heart valves are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
 4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway (2marks)
 4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
 All structures are listed in the correct chronological order (1mark)
 All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors (1mark)

Scenario: Luckily, Dr. Khaled reports that the blood work, EKG, and echocardiogram came back clean,
i.e. there is no evidence to support that Mary experienced a heart attack. Dr. Khaled suggests that Mary
may have actually experienced a panic attack instead, explaining that the symptoms of a heart attack
are often the same (chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea). She goes on to say how under
severe stress, the nervous and endocrine systems within the body can trigger a rapid heart rate during a
panic attack.

21. (1 mark) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle? Select
ALL that apply.
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine

Scenario: After trying the various breathing exercises, Mary feels calmer and less anxious. She books
an appointment with one of the counsellors at Durham College’s Campus Health Centre in G1030 and
does some additional research on the Solace Centre in C111 to see when the various wellness coaches
and meditation classes are available. She also sends an email to the Access and Support Centre (ASC)
in SW116 and Student Academic Learning Services (SALS) in SSB204 to see if there are any
additional supports she can access to help her manage her academics while she recovers. She also opens
the pamphlet on CBD oil to see if this is a route she wants to pursue. Specifically, she is wondering if
CBD oil could also help her manage her symptoms of lactose intolerance as well.

22. (4 marks) Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and digestive health. Is there any
CREDIBLE evidence to suggest that CBD can help manage inflammation within the gut? Justify
your answer and provide the link to your source.

TIP 1: Credible sources include government websites and peer-reviewed journal articles. If you
are unsure of how to pick a credible source, watch the following video or take a look at the
resources posted on the SALS course in DC Connect: [Link]
v=bZ122WakNDY

TIP 2: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your job to
formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence.

Answer:
During my research I could not find a credible source of evidence for CBD oil and
digestive health. There were many bloggers making refrence to CBD oil and the multiple
health benefits it had including “aiding in digestion”. However, none were from a scholary
resource. Most of the credible resources in regards to CBD oil that I found were
discussing pain management, anxiety and cancer.