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Problems of Beggars: A Case Study

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 67
Volume 2, No. 12, December 2013

Problems of Beggars: A Case Study

Dr. Jabir Hasan Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Dr. Menka, Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Shamshad, Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

ABSTRACT It is well known that problem of begging has not

originated recently but it is also very difficult to say that
The present research paper is an attempt to analyse the when begging began to be practiced first. Many studies
socio-economic problems faced by beggars and indicate that it was non-existent in primitive societies
governmental helps received by them as well as where small groups of relatives used to live together and
recommended by the authors for upliftment of the socio- support one another. Mutual aid served as self-protection
economic standard of their life in Aligarh district of Uttar and security for the clan or even the whole tribe. The
Pradesh. The study is based on primary source of data, phenomenon of begging has emerged in association with
collected through the field survey in the Aligarh district private property (Henderson, 1904: 5 and Ottaway, 1975:
carried out during 2009. The analysis reveals that poverty, 11). In the early civilizations, alms giving was considered
unemployment, lack of electricity, sanitation, potable as a holly deed and begging an honorable act. Ancient
water and proper housing, non availability of ration card, religious feast included alms giving as a ritual. However,
lack of money for marriage of their daughters, various the spread of the practice was checked by the discomforts
diseases, etc. are the main problems faced by the beggars. of the life and the existence of old support systems for the
The help received from the government by the beggars economically dependent groups such as polygamy,
merely are voter identity cards and ration cards. This prostitution, slavery, clientage and vassalage (MOLSA,
study demonstrates that this section of population is the 1992: 4). In traditional Indian society, beggary was never a
most poor among the poorest who are still thriving for one problem because the socio-economic system had built-in
of the traditional basic need, that is food, what may be safeguards for its prevention. Previously, religious faith of
predicted about the status of the other remaining needs the people has encouraged begging in India, believing that
(Clothing and shelter). The new additive modern needs it is one way to please the Almighty but now it has
(health, education and recreation) are the heavenly become a profession since no physical and mental effort is
dreams to them. required to earn one’s bread.

Keywords: Begging is one of the most endemic multifaceted social

Problems, Government services, Beggars, Aligarh, problems with great magnitude, but it is less understood in
all its dimensions. The begging in India has always been
an object of ephemeral attention of charity, the problem of
INTRODUCTION beggary as such has not become a subject for an in-depth
scientific inquiry. Though there have been a few works on
India, at the present time, has been facing two most vital this poignant problem by Kumarappa, 1945; Tirumalaiah,
problems i.e. the first one is to meet the swelling demand 2004; Azad India foundation, 2010; Sharell, 2010; Shah
for food and other consumptive products, and the second Nirav, 2011; Kamat, 2012 and they have concentrated on
is enervating the widespread poverty by the ever specific dimensions like philosophy of begging or, the day
increasing population. Hence, there is continuous wide to day temporal problems encountered by the beggars in
yawning gap between demand and supply of the food for the process of begging. The studies emphasizing on the
the Indian population. The increasing demands made by beggary pining in its socio-cultural and economic aspects,
exponential growth of population means the need for more are rarely carried out. The magnitude of the problem is
requirements of food, energy, water, land for human very much poignant in developing countries and
settlements, better civic infrastructural facilities and particularly in India. The larger the chunk of population
amenities for standard quality of life. Unfortunately, poor involved in begging, the heavier the burden on working
people are unable to satisfy even their basic needs due to population and lesser the usage of human resources for
mass prevalence of unemployment, under unemployment constructive human development. Begging has become the
and poverty in the country that force the socio- mainstay for a quite large section of the population.
economically backward poor people of the lower stratum
of the society to adopt the activity of begging to earn the The phenomenon of begging is a result of a number of
few pieces of bread for the survival of the life. factors, such as poverty (real poor or fraudulent poor),
religion, physical disability, culture, national disaster, civil

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 68
Volume 2, No. 12, December 2013

war, bad habits (drug, alcohol, and gambling i. to identify the socio-economic problems of beggars,
dependencies), family heritage, uncontrolled rural to urban ii. to assess the government’s services received by the
migration, and psychiatric disabilities and disorders, etc. beggars,
(Ogunkan & Fawole, 2009: 498-503; Namwata et al., iii. to give remedial measures for improving their socio-
2012: 133-143; Adedibu and Jelili, 2011: 75; Hanchao, economic condition.
1999: 16; Adedibu, 1989 cited by Adedibu and Jelili,
2011: 75; Demewozu, 2005: 187; Carter, 1998 cited by STUDY AREA
Carter, 2007: 5; MOLSA, 1992). In the absence of any
means of livelihood, a large number of people were driven Aligarh district, a medium sized district, is spreading over
to begging, some temporarily and some permanently an area of 3700.4 square kilometers in the Western part of
(Demewozu, 2003: viii). Uttar Pradesh. It occupies the north-western part of the
Uttar Pradesh which is fertile region of Ganga and
Mukharjee (1945:19) had pointed out that beggary is a Yamuna Doab. In the world map, the geographical
symptom of social disorganization and the widespread location of this district is in North-Eastern Hemisphere
custom of alms-giving by individuals and institutions by and lying between the parallels of 27o29' and 28o11' north
which the disability, helplessness or social inadequacy of latitudes and meridians of 77o29' and 78o38' east
the beggars has been sought to be mitigated in India. He longitudes. Its boundary touches the boundaries of five
said that the most frequent cause of beggary is the other districts (Bulandshahr, Badaun, Mathura, Hathras
increasing proportions of population by which workers and Etah) of the Uttar Pradesh and one state (Haryana) of
displaced from the land and unable to find employment or India. At present, the district is divided into five Tahsils
subsistence but in addition to this displaced worker, there namely, Koil, Khair, Gabhana, Atrauli and Iglas for the
are the physically handicapped, the blind, the deaf-mutes, purpose of land record keeping, land revenue collection,
etc. who also take to begging. judicial administration, etc. These tahsils are further sub-
divided into 12 development blocks namely: Atrauli,
Begging generates various reactions from people; some Gangiri, Bijauli, Jawan, Chandus, Khair, Tappal,
see it as a sign of poverty and lack of services including Dhanipur, Lodha, Akrabad, Iglas and Gonda.
affordable housing for marginalized groups. Others view
it, as a negative effect on businesses, outcome of alcohol According to 2001 Census, the district accommodates a
and substance abuse, the result of family breakdown; or as residential population of 29, 92, 286 of which 29 per
the actions of those unable or unwilling to sustain cent was classified as urban and 71 per cent as rural. The
themselves by other activities (Carter, 2007: 1). Anderson general density of population in the district was 820
(1961) has classified causes of begging into persons per sq. km. However, it was 607 persons per sq.
unemployment and seasonal work; the misfits of industry; km. in the rural sector and 5,949 persons per sq. km. in the
defects of personality; crisis in the life of the person; racial urban sector. The general sex ratio that is the number of
or national discrimination and wanderlust. females per thousand males was 862 in the district,
The thorough knowledge of causes of begging is essential whereas, the figures for the rural and urban areas were 856
for framing rational policies to uproot the menace of and 876 respectively. The literacy rate in the district is
begging from the society. Moreover, the study of the 58.5 per cent and the male literacy rate is 71.7 per cent and
socio-economic problems of beggars is also equally females are 43.0 per cent literate while, the percentage of
important for solving their problems with the literacy in rural and urban population was 56.5 and 63.2
recommendations suggested by the respondents as well as respectively.
authors. Therefore, the present paper deals with these
aspects of begging in the Aligarh district. The matter of begging is not the ignorable issue of the
society, but in fact, the begging has become one of the
AIMS & OBJECTIVES most problematic social issues of India. It is, therefore,
necessary that empirical studies have to be undertaken
The present study has been undertaken with the following aimed at collecting relevant data on the subject.
specific objectives:

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 69
Volume 2, No. 12, December 2013

Source: Census of India and Vikas Bhawan, Aligarh, 2008.

Figure 1

DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY Pertaining to the problems, an open question was asked by
the head of household that ‘what are the main problems
The study is based on primary source of data that has been faced by you?’ to assess the nature of the problems faced
collected the through field survey in the Aligarh district, by beggars population of Aligarh district. Poverty and
carried out during 2009. The villages have been selected unemployment are the main problems found among the
on the basis of stratified random sampling technique. beggars in the study area along with the problems like
According to 2001 Census, the district had 1210 revenue irregular supply of electricity and water, lack of sanitation,
villages of which 1180 were inhabited. The inhabited proper housing condition, unavailability of ration card,
villages were stratified into three categories based on the daughter’s marriage, diseases, etc. The newly settled
size of population, so that, all types of population and beggar population of rural background have mostly the
villages may get reasonable representation in the samples housing and water problems, and they do not feel much
randomly drawn for the survey. Keeping in view the about electricity, sanitation, types of roads and schools,
constraints of time and cost, it was decided to collect data etc. because most of them have adopted themselves in
for this enquiry from 6 per cent villages of each category. these worst condition and their major problem is two
In this way 70 villages were selected for the survey. Apart square meal a day.
from it, all the 13 towns were selected for urban survey.
Altogether, 892 households were selected for the present An analysis of the Table 1 gives a detailed account of
study, in which the rural survey consisted of 496 various problems faced by beggars at district level. It is
households and the urban survey comprised 396 clear from the data that majority of the beggars (79.6 per
households. However, district has been considered as the cent) are suffering from poverty, unemployment, lack of
smallest unit of study. After the field work was over, the supply of electricity, sanitation, supply of water and
data collected by using individual slips were scrutinized dwelling place in the study area and the corresponding
and were processed in tabular forms in percentages figures in the rural and urban areas are 86.0 per cent and
according to the requirements of the various facets of the 77.8 per cent respectively. Some beggars also face
study. problems like unavailability of ration card, lack of money
for daughter’s marriage, diseases, etc. The data also
reveals that 6.5 per cent beggars of the district, 1.6 per
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF cent rural beggars and 10.8 per cent urban beggars do not
BEGGARS have anything within their households.
Table 1 provides a comparative picture of the prevailing
problems faced by the beggars of Aligarh district.

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 70
Volume 2, No. 12, December 2013

Table 1: Block-Wise Percentage Distribution of Socio-Economic Problems Faced by Beggar

Population in Aligarh District, 2009
Socio-Economic Problems of Beggars

Unemployment
Name of

Have Nothing
Ration Card
Block

Electricity

Sanitation

Daughter
Marriage
Poverty

Disease

Others
House
Water
Lodha 14.5 12.9 11.4 10.1 10.1 5.5 3.4 2.8 2.7 7.8 19.0
Dhanipur 13.4 13.4 13.8 13.8 13.4 9.8 7.1 3.4 1.7 10.2 -
Akrabad 15.9 14.7 15.0 14.1 7.2 8.9 6.9 4.6 0.9 10.7 1.2
Gonda 19.2 17.3 1.9 14.1 1.9 7.7 12.2 1.3 - 13.5 10.9
Iglas 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 8.2 - 3.6 1.3 2.0 -
Khair 14.1 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 7.5 3.5 0.5 1.5 -
Tappal 32.6 32.6 - - - 22.0 - 3.5 2.8 5.0 1.4
Chandaus 14.9 15.8 15.8 15.8 12.6 10.6 7.0 1.5 2.5 2.3 1.1
Jawan 14.1 14.1 13.4 13.4 13.4 7.0 13.4 2.1 1.4 1.4 6.3
Atrauli 18.4 18.4 9.2 9.2 7.9 16.3 8.8 3.8 2.5 5.4 -
Bijauli 22.4 22.4 16.0 13.8 11.8 2.7 2.7 3.7 1.5 2.9 0.2
Gangiri 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 11.5 - 4.0 0.7 6.2 -
Rural 18.2 18.1 14.0 14.1 12.1 9.5 6.7 3.0 1.4 1.3 1.6
Urban 15.6 14.7 13.4 12.9 11.5 9.7 2.4 3.8 2.4 2.6 10.8
Aligarh 16.5 16.2 13.2 13.1 11.4 9.2 4.9 3.2 1.7 4.1 6.5
Source: Calculation is based on sample survey.

Figure 2

A block wise analysis of data related to the problems highest percentage (32.6) of it is recorded in Tappal block
depicts that poverty is the main problem which is found in and lowest in Dhanipur block (13.4). Unemployment is the
all the blocks of the district among the beggars and the second major problem which is registered highest (32.6

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 71
Volume 2, No. 12, December 2013

per cent) in Tappal block and lowest (12.9 per cent) of it is various measures like free education, scholarship for
found in Lodha block. Regarding the problem of children, mid day meal, various rozgar yojana like
electricity, Chandaus block has highest share (17.0 per MNREGA, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, etc. the benefits of
cent) and Gonda block has lowest share (1.9 per cent), these measures are percolate to the least and down trodden
where as, the problem of sanitation is evidenced highest in segments of the society including the beggars upto certain
Iglas block (17.0 per cent) and lowest in Atrauli block (9.2 extent.
per cent). Another major problem, supply of water was
highest in Iglas block with 15.5 per cent and lowest in GOVERNMENT’ SERVICES RECEIVED
Gonda block with 1.9 per cent. The maximum ratio (22.0 BY BEGGARS
per cent) of lack of dwelling place is found in Tappal
block, while, lowest (2.7 per cent) in Bijauli block of the he percentage distribution of the various helps received by
district. Apart from these major problems, beggars were the beggars from the government side is given in Table 2.
suffering from various diseases, unavailability of ration It is clear from the district level data that out of the total
card and marriage of daughters, it is found that they are share (82.2 per cent) of beggars who received help from
highest in Tappal (2.8 per cent), Jawan (13.4 per cent) and government side, 73.3 per cent beggars got help in the
Akrabad (4.6 per cent) blocks whereas lowest in Khair form of voter Identity card, below poverty line card and
(0.5 per cent), Bijauli (2.7 per cent) and Gonda (1.3 per above poverty line cards with individual shares of 41.2 per
cent) blocks respectively. cent, 20.9 per cent and 11.2 per cent respectively. Apart
from it, some beggars’ children also got scholarship and
Thus, it may be conclude that beggars face a lot of mid day meal facilities in their respective schools. Both
problem related to basic amenities like dwelling place, scholarship and mid day meal facilities will enhance the
ration card, supply of water, electricity, etc. To remove strength of schools and solve the problem of illiteracy.
these problem, Government of India should provides

Table 2: Block-Wise Percentage Distribution of Government’s Services Received by the Beggars in Aligarh
District, 2009
Government Services
Name of Voter Below Above Scholarship for Food for
Block Identity Poverty Line Poverty Line children in children in Others Nothing
Card Card Card schools schools
Lodha 28.7 11.6 5.8 2.3 3.1 3.2 45.3
Dhanipur 46.2 29.2 2.8 - - - 21.7
Akrabad 28.2 21.8 - - - 25.5 24.5
Gonda 22.4 23.0 - 3.1 1.5 - 50.0
Iglas 46.5 16.1 27.6 1.9 4.1 3.8 -
Khair 45.4 20.8 24.3 4.2 6.3 - -
Tappal 50.2 32.8 11.2 3.4 2.3 - -
Chandaus 60.6 18.9 20.5 - - - -
Jawan 44.4 2.2 20.0 - - 13.3 20.0
Atrauli 59.5 30.1 4.1 2.1 4.1 - -
Bijauli 43.8 38.7 2.1 - - 14.9 0.5
Gangiri 42.3 16.1 32.9 4.6 3.1 - -
Rural 43.6 21.5 13.2 2.3 3.3 8.0 8.1
Urban 36.2 18.5 7.1 1.4 2.1 1.3 33.4
Aligarh 41.2 20.9 11.2 2.2 1.3 5.4 17.8
Source: Calculation is based on sample survey.

An analysis of the rural-urban break-up of the data on the who received help from government, nearly, 78 per cent
government services received by the beggars in the study beggars got only voter identity cards, below poverty line
area reveals that from a majority (92 per cent) of beggars cards and above poverty line cards with 43.6 per cent, 21.5

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 72
Volume 2, No. 12, December 2013

per cent and 13.2 per cent respectively and only 2 to 3 per get any help from the government is recorded higher (33.4
cent beggars got scholarship and mid day meal for their per cent) in urban areas because most of the beggars in
children. The data on urban beggars shows that from the city area migrated from different parts of India and have
66.6 per cent of beggars who received help from no permanent residence at their places of destinations. It is
government, nearly, 62 per cent beggars got only voter analysed that rural beggars get higher response from the
identity cards, below poverty cards, above poverty line government and most of the urban area beggars still
cards, scholarship and mid day meal with 36.2 per cent, waiting for the government to reach upto them for solving
18.5 per cent, 7.1 per cent, 1.4 per cent and 2.1 per cent their problems by providing better opportunities.
respectively. The proportion of the beggars who did not

Figure 3

The block-wise distribution of data given in Table 4 shows An overall analysis of the data reveals that a majority of
that excluding Gonda block, the beggars of all the blocks beggars received only voter identity and ration cards
of the district received the higher share of voter identity (above poverty line and below poverty line) from the
card from the government, and the highest percentage government. Few beggars also got scholarship for their
(60.6) of it is found in Chandaus block and lowest (22.4) child and mid day meals in their respective schools,
in Gonda block. The second important item received by money for making houses through the Indira Awas
them was below poverty line card which accounts highest Yojana, widow and old age pension. The government of
(38.7 per cent) in Bijauli block and lowest (2.2 per cent) of India should take some steps to solve the problems of
it is found in Jawan block. Above poverty line card as the beggars by giving them proper help and try to uplift this
third most important help received by government was segment from the curse of begging.
recorded highest (32.9 per cent) in Gangiri block, while,
lowest of it is found in Bijauli block. The maximum ratio CONCLUSION
(4.6) of children of beggars who got scholarship from
government is registered in Gangiri block and lowest (1.9) The overall analysis of the data shows that poverty and
in Iglas block and the share of mid day meal has been unemployment are the main problems faced by these
recorded highest (6.3 per cent) in Khair block and lowest people along with others problem i.e. supply of electricity,
(1.5 per cent) in Gonda block. Only five blocks (Akrabad, lack of sanitation, potable water and proper housing, non
Bijauli, Jawan, Iglas and Lodha) of the district have availability of ration card, daughter’s marriage, various
evidenced the other types of helps and highest share (25.2 disease, etc. in both rural and urban areas. The newly
per cent) of it is recorded in Akrabad block and lowest settled beggars of rural origin have mostly housing and
(3.2 per cent) in Lodha block. Nearly, 45-50 per cent water problems. Nearly, 6 per cent beggars of the district,
beggars of the two blocks (Gonda and Lodha) of the 2 per cent of rural areas and 11 per cent of urban area have
district do not received any help from anybody. nothing within their households and facing severe

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 73
Volume 2, No. 12, December 2013

problems for their survival. The data in terms of are to be kept busy in the institutions through
governments’ help received by the beggars show that voter vocational education and some kind of productive
identity card and ration card are the only things received activity. The programmes of vocational training like
by the government. Few households of beggars also tailoring, sewing, spinning, mat weaving, book
getting scholarship for children education, mid day meals, binding, gardening, mid-wifery, incense-stick making,
money (20,000) for making houses through the Indira cooking, catering, doll making, poultry and bee-
Awas Yojana, widow and old age pension ( 1800 per keeping, carpentry etc.
year). In urban and rural areas, beggars get only below • Give them kind not money. Neither imprisonment fine
poverty line and above poverty line cards along with nor legislation can solve the problem by themselves.
scholarship for children and mid day meal. In addition, It needs to be tackled in a humanistic, sympathetic,
eight per cent of rural and 1.3 per cent of urban beggars rational and scientific way. Effective legislation may
have reported that they get other types of government be enacted to check begging among able-bodied
helps for their socio-economic problems. persons. Unorganized charity has to be channelized
through the institutions of Beggar Homes for the
RECOMMENDATIONS effective rehabilitation of beggars.
• The government must include the help of NGOs,
The following suggestions may be put forward to improve Social Workers and also the civic bodies, so that the
the socio-economic status of beggar population in the cancerous growth of beggary can be eliminated.
study area: Academic researches on the issue should be
• Slum clearance and better housing facilities should be encouraged from time to time to check and enhance
provided to these people through various housing the curbing of beggary problem.
yojanas like Indira Awas Yojana (1985-86) in the • Media can play a big role for solving this problem
rural areas of Lodha (Mai Nath, Rana and Ahmedpur), because it takes very short time to reach everybody’s
Iglas (Zaroth and Mandora), Akrabad, Khair (Gomat) mind and heart i.e. Slum dog Millionaire Movie.
blocks and Rajiv Awas Yojana (2009) and VAMBAY
(2001) in the urban areas to make slum free India.
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