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Matrix A and Its Transpose Properties

The document discusses different types of filters and noise. It defines causal, non-causal, pink noise, and white noise. It also describes Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic filters and their characteristics. Strategies for reducing noise include filtering and modulation techniques like Hamming encoding. FIR filters are numerically stable while IIR filters can have stability issues. FIR filter order is not the same as length. IIR filters contain feedback and represent systems using poles, not just zeros. State space representation can model higher order derivative systems.

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Vincent Chia
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58 views2 pages

Matrix A and Its Transpose Properties

The document discusses different types of filters and noise. It defines causal, non-causal, pink noise, and white noise. It also describes Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic filters and their characteristics. Strategies for reducing noise include filtering and modulation techniques like Hamming encoding. FIR filters are numerically stable while IIR filters can have stability issues. FIR filter order is not the same as length. IIR filters contain feedback and represent systems using poles, not just zeros. State space representation can model higher order derivative systems.

Uploaded by

Vincent Chia
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Causal: output of system is independent of future value of input

Non-causal output of system depend on the future value of


input
Pink noise: In lower frequencies, the magnitude of pink noise is much higher
than in the higher frequencies
White noise: constant magnitude of random noise. It as equal energy per
frequency
Butterworth filter: ‘buttery smooth in pass band and stop band
Chebyshev : cheby type 1&2 have steeper roll offs than the Butterworth,
cheby 1 has ripple in pass band and cheby 2 has ripple in stop band
Elliptic: have a very steep roll off howeverthey significant ripple in the pass
and stop band

Strategies for beating noise


Filtering: remove noise above and below and between the frequencies
Modulation
Hamming encoding

Hamming/hanning encoding
Adv: has lower peak sidelobe level than rectangular(less leakage)
Dsadv: large mainlobe width (move spectral spread)

Matrix A times transpose matrix A


will be square matrix and det(A)=0
and not invert

linear
Time Invariant
Causal

Not linear
Time Invariant Indeter
Non-causal

Indeterminate Linear
Time variant
Causal
FIR has numerical stability issues : False
IIT has numerical stability issues: True
IIR filter do not contain feedback: FAlse
FIR filter order is same fitter length: false
IIR filters are poles:false

FIR only return zeroes always stable


IIR return both zeroes and poles

State space:
Make x1 = 1
Make x2= x1dot= s
Make x3=x2 dot =s^2
Make x3dot =s^3

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